Lateral root endogenous plant cytokinin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cytokinins act in concert with auxin, another plant growth hormone. (wikipedia.org)
According to the "direct inhibition hypothesis", these effects result from the ratio of cytokinin to auxin. (wikipedia.org)
Applying auxin to the cut stem again inhibits lateral dominance. (wikipedia.org)
When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. (wikipedia.org)
When cytokinin and auxin are both added together, the cells expand and differentiate. (wikipedia.org)
When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. (wikipedia.org)
A higher ratio of cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while a higher ratio of auxin induces root formation. (wikipedia.org)
miR393-mediated auxin signaling regulation is involved in root elongation inhibition in response to toxic aluminum stress in barley. (chinaagrisci.com)
By adding auxin and sugar continued growth of callus may be obtained and new shoots and even new plant can be produced. (agrilearner.com)
Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between wild type plants and STTM159 transgenic plants showed that genes involved in cell division, auxin, cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis and signaling are significantly down-regulated in STTM159 plants. (biomedcentral.com)
The auxin signaling pathway directly upregulates euAINTEGUMENTAb (SkeuANTb), and then SkeuANTb directly promotes the expression of SkeuANTa and the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX13b (SkWOX13b) for RAM maintenance, partially similar to the molecular pathway involving the euANT-branch PLETHORA (AtPLT) genes and AtWOX5 in root initiation in the seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (bvsalud.org)
Auxin polar transport regulates plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
Olive explants included of pieces of young stems which were divided into nodal explants cultured on MS media supplemented with cytokinins and auxin. (ikprress.org)

For example, cytokinins have been described to induce resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. (wikipedia.org)
A zinc finger protein gene ZFP5 integrates phytohormone signalling to control root hair development in Arabidopsis. (chinaagrisci.com)
Cell-type-specific cytokinin distribution within the Arabidopsis primary root apex. (chinaagrisci.com)
miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses. (chinaagrisci.com)
Studies on miR159 are mostly done on model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
compared the change of root system architecture of Arabidopsis in homogeneous, heterogeneous provision of nitrate and phosphate, founded that the primary root length was decreased with increasing availability of nitrate, while increased with more supply of phosphate. (frontiersin.org)
Arabidopsis root growth is stimulated by Piriformospora indica , phosphate limitation and inactivation of the WRKY6 transcription factor. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to stimulating Pi metabolism, P. indica also enhances the expression of genes for nitrate reductase and the starch-degrading enzyme glucan-water dikinase in Arabidopsis roots [ 17 ] suggesting a strong fungal influence on the plant primary metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
HST is one of at least 17 members of the importin-βfamily in Arabidopsis and is the first member of this family shown to have an essential function in plants. (silverchair.com)
They showed that misregulation of components that control the circadian oscillator causes alterations in water-use efficiency in Arabidopsis plants. (garnetcommunity.org.uk)

The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root (LR) formation and adventitious root (AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. (chinaagrisci.com)
It causes the elongation of the plants along the axis. (assignmentsbag.com)
Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem , the elongation zone, and the hair. (wikimili.com)
Cytokinins regulate root apical meristem size and promote lateral root elongation. (wikimili.com)
For example, maize ( Zea mays ) plants with few but long lateral roots usually have greater N acquisition than that with many but short lateral roots, because of deeper rooting and greater axial root elongation ( Zhan and Lynch, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. (wikipedia.org)
Fresh weights of roots and shoots, as well as the 1st and 2nd lateral root numbers were recorded. (ishs.org)
In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesise cytokinin , which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. (wikimili.com)
Flow cytometric analysis also revealed that most of the in vitro developed shoots of T. insularum possessed similar nuclear DNA content as well as ploidy level as initial material and plants from natural population. (researchsquare.com)
In vitro rooting of shoots was achieved at 100 % efficiency containing 2.9 µM IAA. (researchsquare.com)
The procedure for Heuchera villosa 'Caramel' propagation was investigated, which involves shoot regeneration, rooting of regenerated shoots, and acclimation of regenerated plantlets. (ashs.org)

indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA) and cytokinins (CK). (bio-fit.eu)
Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)

While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. (wikipedia.org)
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of root cutting stress on the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content and growth characteristics of Quercus variabilis roots, and to explore the physiological role of endogenous hormones in regulating root-crown interactions in the short term. (techscience.com)
The results showed that the root growth indexes and root endogenous hormones in the RP group were superior to those in the CK group. (techscience.com)
Through comprehensive analysis of endogenous hormones, it was found that the crosstalk of IAA, JA, ABA and SA could activate the root growth defense. (techscience.com)
It is speculated that plant hormones may be the key factors affecting their development, but this is not only related to the content of a single hormone, but more importantly, it is the interaction between various hormones. (techscience.com)
Roots are the principal organ for water and nutrient absorption and the location for synthesizing different hormones, organic acids, and amino acids. (techscience.com)
Hormones of plants are referred as phytoHormones. (agrilearner.com)
Phyto Hormones are organic substances which are naturally produced in plants, control the growth or other physiological functions, at a sight remote from its place of production and active in extreme minute quantities. (agrilearner.com)
In this review, we summarize the roles of the major plant hormones in regulating abiotic and biotic stress responses with special focus on the significance of crosstalk between different hormones in generating a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. (beds.ac.uk)
Because of the complex interactions among various plant hormones and their ability to control a wide range of physiological processes, they serve as the key endogenous factors in mediating plant stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
Moreover, with nine diverse groups of plant hormones participating in defense responses, their signaling pathways are intricately interconnected to facilitate the generation of a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
Hormones are important signals for plants adaption to environmental stresses. (plant-ecology.com)
The Power of Movement in Plants " marks the beginning of the modern study of plant growth", including signals and growth stimuli, later shown to be plant hormones. (tamu.edu)
Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. (tamu.edu)

It has been well documented that PAs modify the reproductive and stress physiological process of plants. (ishs.org)
In conclusion, N deficiency significantly affected the morpho-physiological characteristics of roots that were regulated by miRNAs, but the miRNA-mediated mechanisms were different in wheat and cotton. (frontiersin.org)
To cope with Pi limitations, plants have evolved complex adaptive responses that include morphological and physiological modifications to improve Pi acquisition or remobilization via the differential expression of various Pi transporter genes [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dispensing a Synthetic Green Leaf Volatile to Two Plant Species in a Common Garden Differentially Alters Physiological Responses and Herbivory. (arizona.edu)
However, as with any inducible phenomenon, responding to volatile cues may incur physiological and ecological costs that limit plant productivity. (arizona.edu)

The morphological characteristics and endogenous hormone contents of normal roots (no root cutting, CK) and cut roots (cut by 1/3 of the length of the main root, RP) were determined by liquid chromatography, which was combined with mass spectrometry at different levels of different developmental stages. (techscience.com)
Our results indicated that the contents of root IAA, ABA, and GA 3 in Chinese fir clones with high P-use efficiency were closely related to the morphological changes of the roots. (plant-ecology.com)
Although N deficiency did not significantly impact the root biomass, an obvious change on the root morphological traits was observed in both wheat and cotton. (frontiersin.org)
Root architectural, morphological phenes, and phene aggregates affect the utilization of soil resource ( York and Lynch, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)

High soil temperature may damage roots, a primary site of cytokinin biosynthesis. (bioagservicescorp.com)

In vascular plants , the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. (wikimili.com)
The evolution of roots allowed vascular plants to adapt to land environments. (bvsalud.org)
Fossil evidence indicates that roots evolved independently in euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and lycophytes, the two lineages of extant vascular plants. (bvsalud.org)

It is suggested that PAs may benefit nutrient uptake by roots through modified root morphology and mycorrhizal development. (ishs.org)
Plant roots play a signiﬁcant role in plant growth by exploiting soil resources via the uptake of water and nutrients 72 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Roots are essential for plant productivity and serve a variety of functions, such as water and nutrient uptake, forming symbioses with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere, anchoring the plant to the soil, and acting as storage organs. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
The configuration of root systems serves to structurally support the plant, compete with other plants and for uptake of nutrients from the soil. (wikimili.com)
The results demonstrate that P. indica promotes phosphate uptake and root development under Pi limitation in wrky6 mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
As in any other plant, in the grapevine roots play a vital role in terms of anchorage, uptake of water and nutrients, as well as storage and production of chemicals. (preprints.org)
Root development, nutrient uptake and stress tolerance are also important factors influencing yield. (allindianpatents.com)

Typically, cytokinins are transported in the xylem. (wikipedia.org)
The root contains a stele, comprised of the xylem, the phloem, and the pericycle 67 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)

There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). (wikipedia.org)
The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated and crystallised simultaneously by Miller and D.S. Lethum (1963-65) from the milky endosperm of corn (Zea mays) and named Zeatin. (wikipedia.org)
This study was designed to determine whether SWE-based cytokinins affect creeping bentgrass heat tolerance, and to compare effects of SWE-based cytokinins to those of a trans -zeatin riboside ( t -ZR)-standard. (bioagservicescorp.com)
2002) noted that root- zone-injection of zeatin riboside increased endogenous cytokinins, antioxidant activity, and delayed senescence in heat-stressed creeping bentgrass. (bioagservicescorp.com)

Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
and they are involved in many biological processes in plants, such as root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
By subjecting items to high-pressure, high-temperature steam for a specified duration, autoclaves effectively ensure a sterile environment, which is essential in preventing contamination in plant tissue culture processes. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Thimann (1987) found that cytokinins delay senescence processes probably by maintaining the integrity of the tonoplast membrane. (bioagservicescorp.com)

Root cutting inhibits seedling taproots growth and promotes lateral root development, improving seedling quality. (techscience.com)

Cambium and other actively dividing tissues also synthesize cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. (wikipedia.org)
However, root pruning can cause significant damage to the young root tissues, adversely affecting nutrient absorption, seedling growth, and survival. (techscience.com)
Induction of new shoot meristems from cultured root explants is a widely used, but poorly understood, process in which apical plant tissues are regenerated from adult somatic tissue through the de novo formation of shoot meristems. (biologists.com)
Regeneration of a patterned multicellular organism from isolated pieces of adult somatic tissues is a remarkable phenomenon that occurs both in plants and animals ( Morgan, 1901 ). (biologists.com)
It is typical for all cells , tissues and organs of a plant. (assignmentsbag.com)
A laminar flow hood is a critical tool in plant tissue culture laboratories, designed to provide a controlled, sterile workspace for handling delicate plant tissues. (plantcelltechnology.com)

Here, its regeneration ability on MS media supplemented with different plant growth regulators were evaluated using nodal segments. (researchsquare.com)

The rhizosphere, which is the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots, can comprise up to 10 11 microbial cells per gram of root and above 30,000 prokaryotic species that, in general, improve plant productivity. (bio-fit.eu)
IAA, IBA, NBA, 2,4-D are mostly used in soaking seed for germination- at low concentrations promotes germination but these effects are subjected to variation depending on form and species of plants. (agrilearner.com)
miR159 is a conserved miRNA among different plant species and has various functions in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae , and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots. (wikimili.com)
This system can be extremely complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients. (wikimili.com)
The overall loss of biodiversity as well as the number of threatened plant species in the world has increased in recent years due to several anthropogenic pressures and/or environmental factors (Corral et al. (researchsquare.com)
Additionally, IUCN Red List database shows that plant extinctions are dominated by insular species, and the extinction data are associated with lower competitive ability and anthropogenic factors (Gray 2018). (researchsquare.com)
The nature of high conservancy of plant miRNAs within the plant species made it possible to detect the conserved miRNAs by computational approaches. (springeropen.com)
Plant species-specific responses to an identical volatile cue have important implications for agronomic costs and benefits of volatile-mediated interplant communication under field conditions. (arizona.edu)
Each plant species has its own optimal temperature for growth, and its geographical distribution is determined to a major extent by the temperature zone in which it can survive. (allindianpatents.com)
This species is one of the most widely cultivated ornamental plants in the world, being grown as an ornamental plant in gardens and by the sides of roads throughout the tropics. (ikprress.org)

Similarly, in rice, addition of Azotobacter , Azospirillum and Rhizobium promotes the physiology and improves the root morphology. (bio-fit.eu)
Interestingly, it was observed that Azospirillum inoculation can change the root morphology via producing plant growth-regulating substances via siderophore production. (bio-fit.eu)
Here, we report the influence of PAs on root morphology and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) of citrus seedlings. (ishs.org)
This study investigated the correlation between hormone content and the adaptability of Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ) to low P stress by examining the changes of hormone content, root morphology, root dry matter and root P distribution patterns in the passive tolerance (M1) and active activation (M4) genotypes under low P stress at different treatment periods. (plant-ecology.com)
Cymbidium goeringii is a very famous traditional orchid plant in China, which is well known for its spectacular and diverse flower morphology. (biomedcentral.com)

It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
The PIN proteins are fine-tuned at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modification, intracellular recycling and vacuolar trafficking for degradation, in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. (chinbullbotany.com)

When the apical bud is removed, the axillary buds are uninhibited, lateral growth increases, and plants become bushier. (wikipedia.org)
Removal of apical bud stimulates lateral buds. (agrilearner.com)

This promotes shoot growth, and restricts lateral branching. (wikipedia.org)
Azospirillum is another free-living, motile, Gram-variable, aerobic bacterium that can thrive in flooded conditions and promotes various aspects of plant growth and development. (bio-fit.eu)
MsmiR156 affects global gene expression and promotes root regenerative capacity and nitrogen fixation activity in alfalfa. (chinaagrisci.com)
Play floragenic role in day neutral plants IAA promotes formation of female flowers. (agrilearner.com)
Promotes crown root formation. (wikimili.com)

No correlation was found between the foliar hormone contents and the adaptive characteristics of M1 and M4 under low P stress, although the root hormone content was significantly correlated with the growth index of roots. (plant-ecology.com)
Fig. 2 Endogenous hormone contents of Cunninghamia lanceolata M1 at different sampling periods (mean ± SD). (plant-ecology.com)

Exogenous 6-BA also increased root cytokinin level (Wang et al. (bioagservicescorp.com)

After the root cutting treatment, the root growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings could compensate for the inhibition of taproot growth by promoting lateral root growth. (techscience.com)
Remodeling of root architecture, inhibition of primary root length, increase of root hair density and length, as well as associations with AM or AM-like fungi are typical developmental responses to low Pi [ 2 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A. chroococcum improves the plant growth by enhancing seed germination and advancing the root architecture by inhibiting the pathogenic microorganisms around the root systems of crop plants. (bio-fit.eu)
[4] The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle , which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. (wikimili.com)

In normal case, self produced auxins inhibit the growth and development of lateral buds, and as a result apical buds, remains dormant. (agrilearner.com)
Callus induction and different forms of shooting and adventitious lateral buds regeneration were dominant results. (ikprress.org)
Organogenesis was occurred with three different forms including indirect with passing callus phase, direct with growth of lateral buds and elimination of dominance apical and direct with regeneration of new lateral buds on explants. (ikprress.org)

To adapt to such adverse situations, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signal and enable optimal growth response. (beds.ac.uk)
Phytohormones play critical roles in helping the plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. (beds.ac.uk)
These comprehensive regulations of different organs is an essential survival strategy for plants to adapt to low P stress. (plant-ecology.com)
For example, a root system that has developed in dry soil may not be as efficient in flooded soil, yet plants are able to adapt to other changes in the environment, such as seasonal changes. (wikimili.com)
which contributed to increasing in the total root length and primary root growth and to decreasing in the lateral root formation to adapt the N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)

Thus, in our experiments, petioles from the plants of H. villosa 'Caramel' were used as explants. (ashs.org)

Auxins inhibit lateral bud formation since they are synthesised in apex. (agrilearner.com)
High concentration of auxins inhibit the growth and exert toxic effect on plants. (agrilearner.com)

Rooted and well-developed plantlets were initially acclimatized under greenhouse conditions and then moved to the botanical garden, where they matured and flowered. (researchsquare.com)
In the subsequent acclimation experiments, about 85% of rooted plantlets survived and grew normally. (ashs.org)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in plant growth and development. (biomedcentral.com)
Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-24 nucleotides (nt) long and widely exist as gene regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Extensive research has identified cytokinins as a class of very effective antisenescence growth regulators (Woo et al. (bioagservicescorp.com)

NAA, 10% induces 100% rooting in mango: Dashri, langra IBA+SUGAR application leads to greater number of roots-structure of roots also changed (Vascular bundles). (agrilearner.com)

The growth and development of compensatory lateral roots contribute to the increase the total root length of plants, thus promoting the absorption of water and nutrients. (techscience.com)
A deep and proliferative root system helps extract sufficient water and nutrients under these stress conditions 74 .Since roots grow underground, they are the ﬁrst to sense abiotic stresses and adjust their genetic program for post-embryonic development to survive the stress 43 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Abiotic stress conditions, such as shortage or excess of solar energy, water and nutrients, extremes of hot and cold temperatures, pollution (e.g. heavy-metal pollution) can all have a major impact on plant growth and can significantly reduce plant yield and growth. (allindianpatents.com)

Plant antioxidant enzymes [such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and other metabolites protect plant cells by scavenging ROS. (bioagservicescorp.com)

They are vital in establishing rhizosphere effects as the interface between plants and soil. (techscience.com)
Such microorganisms, in general, consist of diverse naturally occurring microbes whose inoculation into the soil ecosystem advances soil physicochemical properties, soil microbial biodiversity, soil health, plant growth and development and crop productivity. (bio-fit.eu)
Root is has great role for plant adaptation and productivity of the agricultural crops as well as other plants by exploiting the soil resource thus, important for plant growth and development or main growth factors. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Root system architecture has a central role in crop plants' response to abiotic (soil microorganisms) and abiotic stresses like water stress, mechanical impedance. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Phenotyping root is one of the drought management tools as roots are more prone to drought conditions and play a signiﬁcant role in the plant's life by extracting soil resources from deeper soil layers to carry on several metabolic functions in the plant's body and its phenotyping helps to understand different root traits. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Understanding interactions between roots and their surrounding soil environment is important to increase root growth, which can be improved through root phenotyping. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
[1] They are most often below the surface of the soil , but roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water. (wikimili.com)
[3] The root cap of new roots helps the root penetrate the soil. (wikimili.com)
Then, root hairs form that absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil. (wikimili.com)
It is a drought resistant plant that may thrive in poor or marginal soil, easy to cultivate, can be grown quickly and yields seeds up to 50 years [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
Plants absorb P from soil in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). (biomedcentral.com)
Due to low availability and poor mobility [ 4 , 5 ], the concentration of Pi in soil solutions is usually ~10 μM, which is below the critical level needed for the optimal performance of crops and plants [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Soluble Pi in the soil also forms complexes with cations like calcium, magnesium, aluminum or iron, which are not readily absorbed by plants. (biomedcentral.com)
The plants were grown in the root column up to the five-leaf stage, then exposed to either 0.9 fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) or 0.4 FTSW for five days. (preprints.org)

As a typical ornamental plant, C. goeringii is characterized by highly specialized reproductive strategies and extremely diversified flowers [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], and commercially plays a very important role in world flower markets, especially in Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. (biomedcentral.com)

After root-cutting treatment, the taproot development is suppressed, and the number of lateral roots significantly increases, effectively improving water and nutrient absorption capacity [ 6 ]. (techscience.com)
After 8 days of treatment with N deficiency, the total root length, root surface area, root volume of both crops showed an opposite trend with significantly decreasing in wheat but significantly increasing in cotton, while the lateral root density was significantly increased in wheat but significantly decreased in cotton. (frontiersin.org)

Lateral root formation, maintenance of apical dominance and adventitious root formation. (wikimili.com)

Further analysis from the RNA-seq data showed that the decreased cell divisions in STTM159 transgenic plants may result, at least partly from the lower expression of the genes involved in cell cycle and hormone homeostasis, which provides new insights of rice miR159-specific functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression profiles from the roots of wrky6 seedlings identified genes involved in hormone metabolism, transport, meristem, cell and plastid proliferation, and growth regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

The main reason for the low survival rate of afforestation is often poor root development [ 2 ]. (techscience.com)
Studies on the relationship between transplanting or root cutting and plant root growth and development have gradually attracted the attention of researchers [ 3 , 4 ]. (techscience.com)
This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. (chinaagrisci.com)
We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
Students should revise these notes for Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development daily and also prior to examinations for understanding all topics and to get better marks in exams. (assignmentsbag.com)
Future research employing genome-scale systems biology approaches to solve problems of such magnitude will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of plant development. (beds.ac.uk)
Root system architecture is made up of structural features which exhibits great role in response to environmental stress, and critical to plant growth and development with sufficient root growth. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Based on a high-quality genome assembly, mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) data, and single-cell RNA-seq data for the lycophyte Selaginella kraussiana, we show that the two root origin events in lycophytes and euphyllophytes adopted partially similar molecular modules in the regulation of root apical meristem (RAM) development. (bvsalud.org)
Many of the target genes by the newly identified miRNAs were associated with plant growth and development, stress response, defense and hormone signaling, and oil synthesis pathways. (springeropen.com)
Growth Substance - all naturally-occurring or synthetically produced compounds that affect the physiology, growth and development of plants. (tamu.edu)
Since root development of wrky6 plants exposed to P. indica under phosphate limitation is strongly promoted, we propose that common genes which respond to all three growth stimuli are central for the control of root growth and architecture. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, making up to 0.2 % of the plant's dry mass. (biomedcentral.com)
To date, most of the studies on grapevine winter pruning have focused on the effects on yield and quality of grapes, achievable by using different pruning systems and techniques, while the knowledge of root distribution, development, and growth in relation to winter pruning is still not well understood. (preprints.org)
Our data indicated that winter pruning stimulated the root growth and distribution without compromising canopy development, while no-pruning treatment produced less growth of roots but a larger canopy. (preprints.org)
In addition, during their life cycle, plants are exposed to various environmental conditions which greatly influence development and which, when unfavourable, may limit the final yield. (allindianpatents.com)

All components of the root architecture are regulated through a complex interaction between genetic responses and responses due to environmental stimuli. (wikimili.com)
3) Tropism - response of plants to environmental or physical stimuli. (tamu.edu)
We generated and discuss here a list of common genes which are regulated in growing roots and which are common to all three growth stimuli investigated in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the plant's inability of locomotion as a means of responding to environmental stimuli, plants are exposed to a variety of stresses that limit their performance. (allindianpatents.com)

Altering expression of miRNAs can result in multiple visible phenotypes of a plant. (biomedcentral.com)
Some plant miRNA families have many members, and their mature miRNAs often have multiple target genes having similar complementary sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs with an approximate length of 18-22 nucleotides and involved in the regulation of gene expression in transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. (springeropen.com)
EST-based in silico approach can unravel new conserved miRNAs in plants, even when the complete genome sequence is not available. (springeropen.com)
To identify the novel miRNAs, a total of 46,865 ESTs from Jatropha curcas were searched for homology to all available 6746 mature miRNAs of plant eudicotyledons. (springeropen.com)
Additionally, the two crops had different root regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) to N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
these miRNAs inhibited the total root growth but promoted the seminal roots growth and lateral root formation to tolerate N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
25 miRNAs were also up-regulated in these roots. (biomedcentral.com)

Also, the number and total length of primary lateral roots in the root-cutting-treated seedlings were greater than those of the entire root seedlings, and the position was closer to the root base. (techscience.com)
At the same time, the seminal root length in wheat and the primary root length in cotton were increased after 8 days of N deficiency treatment. (frontiersin.org)

They were found to be associated with leaf morphogenesis, flowering time, vegetative phase change, and response to environmental cues in plants, where they act as a critical regulatory factor. (springeropen.com)

f., which belongs to the subgenus Jensoa of the genus Cymbidium , is one of the most horticulturally important and popular ornamental plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This active compound was named as Kinetin because of its ability to promote cell division and was the first cytokinin to be named. (wikipedia.org)
Primarily, Stapfer and Heuser (1986) reported micropropagation of H. sanguinea by shoot tip culture on woody plant medium supplemented with 16 m m BA or kinetin. (ashs.org)

Plant and Cell Physiology, 58, 426-439. (chinaagrisci.com)
This Letter to the editor of Plant Physiology is led by Macarena Mellado-Sánchez, who works with Dana MacGregor at Rothamsted Research. (garnetcommunity.org.uk)

The major functions of roots are absorption of water , plant nutrition and anchoring of the plant body to the ground. (wikimili.com)

The idea of specific substances required for cell division to occur in plants actually dates back to the German physiologist J. Wiesner, who, in 1892, proposed that initiation of cell division is evoked by endogenous factors, indeed a proper balance among endogenous factors. (wikipedia.org)

Plants are immobile and, to overcome harsh environmental conditions such as drought, salt, and cold, they have evolved complex signaling pathways. (mdpi.com)
The sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses initiates several complex signaling pathways in plants. (beds.ac.uk)
The mechanism of stress-response in plants is highly intricate and requires several integrated pathways to be activated in response to external stresses. (beds.ac.uk)
The hst loss-of-function phenotype suggests that this protein regulates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of molecules involved in several different morphogenetic pathways, as well as molecules generally required for root and shoot growth. (silverchair.com)

Beneficial effects of SWE on heat tolerance appear to be associated with their organic, especially cytokinin, components and not the mineral (ashed) fraction. (bioagservicescorp.com)

Overall, STTM159 plants exhibited short stature along with smaller organ size and reduction in stem diameter, length of flag leaf, main panicle, spikelet hulls and grain size. (biomedcentral.com)
Results indicated that PA application increased the leaf SPAD values, fresh weight and lateral root numbers. (ishs.org)
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants were exposed to a persistent, low dose (~10 ng/h) of the green leaf volatile cis-3-hexenyl acetate (z3HAC), which is a HIPV and damage-associated volatile. (arizona.edu)

It occurs in the meristems at the root apex & the shoot apex. (assignmentsbag.com)

Lethem (1963) proposed the term Cytokinins for such substances. (wikipedia.org)

More specifically, the present invention concerns altering tolerance in plants to various environmental stresses and to increasing seed yield by modifying plant haemoglobin gene expression and/or by modifying plant haemoglobin protein levels. (allindianpatents.com)

Well-developed roots are crucial for cultivating high-quality vegetation restoration seedlings. (techscience.com)
Root pruning is carried out to facilitate the transplanting and transportation of seedlings. (techscience.com)
Therefore, cultivating high-quality seedlings with well-developed roots is the top priority for nursery workers. (techscience.com)
8 ] found that after lateral root cutting, the main root of young Chinese juniper seedlings was lost. (techscience.com)

The ZT contents in the root lower under low P treatment, yet there was no significant correlation between its contents and the low P adaptive characteristics of M1 and M4. (plant-ecology.com)
The present invention concerns a method for altering growth characteristics of plants, in particular a method for altering stress tolerance and yield in plants. (allindianpatents.com)

As cereal yields have reached their yield potential in some regions, understanding their root system may help overcome these plateaus 34 .There is great potential to use the wide genotypic and agronomically induced diversity of root systems and their exuded chemicals to inﬂuence rhizosphere biology to beneﬁt crop production 57 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)

Also in context of biological control of plant diseases cytokinins seem to have potential functions. (wikipedia.org)
These data could also be used as an important resource for investigating the genetics of floral morphogenesis and various biological mechanisms of orchid plants. (biomedcentral.com)

They found that the survival rate of afforestation was related to the seedling diameter at the planting site. (techscience.com)
Efficient strains of Azotobacter , Azospirillum, Phosphobacter and Rhizobacter can provide significant amount of nitrogen to Helianthus annus and to increase the plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter percentage of seed filling and seed dry weight. (bio-fit.eu)
Images of the root system was captured and root length, root surface area, average root diameter, root tip number and root volume were analyzed with the software WINRHIZO. (ishs.org)
Root length, root surface area and root volume were also elevated by PA application, whereas average root diameter and R/S ratio was decreased. (ishs.org)
PAs mainly promoted the fine root length of diameter below 0.4 mm. (ishs.org)

In rice, studies on miR159 were either based upon genome-wide expression analyses focused upon responses to different nitrogen forms and abiotic stress or upon phenotypic studies of transgenic plants overexpressing its precursor. (biomedcentral.com)

Nonetheless, Ca 2+ and ROS-mediated responses of plants to environmental constraints just form the tip of the iceberg. (beds.ac.uk)
In addition, there are photoreceptors (red/far red light, blue light) that are involved in causing plant responses. (tamu.edu)
Ozone pollution compromises plant defense responses to insect herbivory. (arizona.edu)
Plant responses to airborne volatiles depend on signal source and specificity. (arizona.edu)

These root caps are sloughed off as the root goes deeper creating a slimy surface that provides lubrication. (wikimili.com)

Cytokinins participate in local and long-distance signalling, with the same transport mechanism as purines and nucleosides. (wikipedia.org)
To understand the mechanism of plants adaptation to nutrient deficiency from the perspective of hormone regulation is of great significance for breeding the genotypes with high phosphorus (P)-use efficiency. (plant-ecology.com)
In addition, it is unclear if the microRNA-mediated mechanism related to root growth complies with a common mechanism in monocots and dicots under N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms28

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes32

Technology, Industry, Agriculture9

Information Science4

Health Care2

Auxin13

Arabidopsis10

Elongation5

Shoots7

Gibberellins2

Hormones15

Physiological5

Morphological4

Biosynthesis1

Vascular plants3

Uptake7

Xylem2

Zeatin4

Processes4

Inhibits1

Tissues7

Media supplemented1

Species11

Morphology5

Degradation2

Apical bud2

Promotes5

Hormone contents2

Exogenous1

Inhibition2

Seed germination2

Buds3

Adapt5

Explants1

Auxins2

Plantlets2

Regulators3

Induces1

Water and nutrients3

Enzymes1

Soil14

Reproductive1

Significantly2

Adventitious root1

Genes involved2

Development15

Stimuli4

MiRNAs8

Primary2

Regulatory1

Ornamental plants1

Kinetin2

Physiology2

Absorption of water1

Initiation1

Pathways4

Organic1

Leaf3

Apex1

Substances1

Protein1

Seedlings4

Characteristics2

Biology1

Biological2

Diameter5

Genome1

Responses4

Deeper1

Mechanism3