• The lateral horn (lateral protocerebrum) is one of the two areas of the insect brain where projection neurons of the antennal lobe send their axons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antennal lobe has two types of neurons that synapse with the olfactory receptor neurons in the antennae and maxillary palps, the local interneurons and projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • C: Unidentified neurons projecting into structures outside of the optic lobes especially the ventral lateral protocerebrum. (brembs.net)
  • The latter included relatively larger optic lobes containing ommatidia in which six (of the eight) retinula cells elongated the entire length of each ommatidia. (neiu.edu)
  • Several morphological classes of neurons in the lateral horn receive olfactory information through the projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In lateral horn, axons of pheromone-sensitive projection neurons are segregated from the axons of plant odor-sensitive projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, the dendrites of lateral horn neurons are restricted to one of these two zones, suggesting that pheromones and plant odors are processed separately in the lateral horn. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lateral horn neurons responsive to non-pheromonal odors arborize widely in the lateral horn, possibly integrating information from a large number of projection neurons (even if the projection neurons themselves project only to specific regions of the lateral horn). (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracellular recordings from lateral horn neurons show that many of these neurons respond broadly to odors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory receptor neurons in the antenna and maxillary palps project into the olfactory lobes of the insect brain, which in turn project the higher order processing centers, the lateral horn or the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lateral horn has vague boundaries in the brain but is bordered by the ends of the branching of projecting neurons in the lateral protocerebrum. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are at least 10 morphological classes of lateral horn neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The projection neurons can excite or inhibit action potentials in the mushroom body or lateral horn to which they project. (wikipedia.org)
  • When an insect encounters an odor to which it has no innate or learned response associated (an unconditioned stimulus), the signals are sent down the projecting neurons to the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the reason is not currently known, the same projecting neurons that synapse with these Kenyon cells also synapse with the cells in the lateral horn. (wikipedia.org)
  • B: Five visible cell bodies of unidentified neurons marked with a blue circle in the left hemisphere. (brembs.net)
  • Each thoracic ganglion housed four groups of motor neurons located in the anterior-lateral and posterior-lateral quadrants of each ganglia. (neiu.edu)
  • A: 4 PPM 2 DANs per hemisphere marked with blue circles, three clusters of Kenyon cell bodies per hemisphere marked with white arrows. (brembs.net)
  • Strong fluorescence of cell bodies of the Kenyon cells projecting into the Mushroom bodies is visible. (brembs.net)
  • The cerebral ganglia of all mantises that we examined had highly complex mushroom bodies with dense concentrations of Kenyon cells atop robust calyces. (neiu.edu)
  • The lateral horn is the brain region that accomplishes this olfactory information integration. (wikipedia.org)
  • While generally the lateral horn is said to be responsible for innate behavioral responses to olfactory stimuli and the mushroom bodies is responsible for learned behavior we now have a growing body of evidence that cross-talk between the two regions which means the true nature is more complicated than that. (wikipedia.org)
  • addressed how attractiveness or repulsiveness of a smell, and also the strength of a smell, are processed by a part of the olfactory system called the lateral horn in fruit flies. (elifesciences.org)
  • One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
  • The word "insect" (from Latin īnsectum "incised") was Germanized in the 18th century and therefore means "incised (animal)", which refers to the strongly separated body parts. (zxc.wiki)
  • Depending on their way of life, the body of the insect can be elongated, flattened or more or less spherical. (zxc.wiki)
  • This involved mapping the neuronal patterns that were generated in the lateral horn when a fly was exposed to particular odors. (elifesciences.org)
  • They project to the mushroom body is a random fashion but are very stereotyped in their projections to the lateral horn, making it easier to study in some ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • This provides further evidence of a more complicated connection between the lateral horn and learned behaviors. (wikipedia.org)
  • So the learned behavioral signal from the mushroom bodies can overrule the innate behavior signal emanating from the lateral horn. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, the innate behavioral signal from the lateral horn can also overrule the learned behavior signal from the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because the "stop" behavior associated with the sting alarm pheromone is an innate response mediated by the lateral horn which is strong enough to overrule the learned feeding behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • We analyzed how different odor features such as hedonic valence and intensity are functionally integrated in the lateral horn (LH) of the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster . (elifesciences.org)
  • In turn, the medulla projected to an unusual, multilayered lobula complex at the base of the optic lobe. (neiu.edu)
  • In addition, the center of the protocerebrum housed an elaborated central body complex with efferents displaying ACh-like immunoreactivity. (neiu.edu)
  • Honey bees use pheromones and specific body movements to communicate with other members of the hive. (wikipedia.org)
  • While NK2.1 and vax are expressed in distinct medial regions of the developing protocerebrum early in development, BarH , Bari , Emx , Hhex and Nedx are expressed in late developmental stages, after all major structures of the nervous system have been established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mushroom bodies have been associated with complex sensory processing in arthropods. (neiu.edu)
  • Elaborated mushroom bodies and central complexes have been associated both with complex sensory processing and complex control of motor behaviors in arthropods (analogous to the roles played by the basal ganglia in vertebrates). (neiu.edu)
  • Stick insects respond to visual or tactile stimuli with whole-body turning or directed reach-to-grasp movements. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ion transport peptide bidirectionally controls thirst and hunger behaviors, and it regulates water balance in the body as a hormone. (elifesciences.org)
  • Janu-AstA projects from the subesophageal zone to the superior medial protocerebrum, a higher order processing area. (elifesciences.org)
  • Yet, a growing body of evidence suggests that migratory insects may also rely on other compasses that use night sky cues or the Earth's magnetic field. (nih.gov)
  • Honey bees use pheromones and specific body movements to communicate with other members of the hive. (wikipedia.org)
  • These neurons invaded most brain neuropils, especially the posterior slope, posterior and ventro-lateral protocerebrum, the antennal mechanosensory and motor center, but less densely the lateral accessory lobes that are targeted by central-complex outputs. (bvsalud.org)