• Although serotonin (5-HT) was proposed to be responsible for sleep regulation, whether the activity of 5-HTergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is affected by chronic pain has been studied only infrequently. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The firing rate of 5-HT-containing dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons decreases during slow wave sleep relative to that in wakefulness[ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT and LDT, respectively) cholinergic neurons innervate the thalamus and cortex firing most actively during wakefulness. (pediagenosis.com)
  • ACh cells are located within collections of nuclei within your brainstem and midbrain such as nucleus basalis, the septum, the substantia innominata, the diagonal band of Broca, pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental area. (poweronpoweroff.com)
  • A single seed voxel (2 x 2 x 2 mm) was chosen in the PPN just lateral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and the Diffusion Toolbox of the Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain was used to process the acquired MR images. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Consistent with this, we observed synaptic contacts on L-ITCc dendrites from nociceptive intralaminar thalamic nuclei. (jneurosci.org)
  • RESULTS: The PPN region was connected with the cerebellum and spinal cord below and to the thalamus, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and motor cortex above. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
  • Their input comes instead from a set of other brain structures, and in particular from a region called the subthalamic nucleus. (elifesciences.org)
  • Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can help to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (elifesciences.org)
  • The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and the ventral striatum contains the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike glutamate and GABA, whose cells are located throughout the brain, dopamine cell bodies are only found in small collections of nuclei within your "midbrain" - such as the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. (poweronpoweroff.com)
  • 6 LBs are widely distributed in the brains of PD patients, including the SNc, raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, olfactory bulb, and some cortical structures. (touchneurology.com)
  • GABAergic-containing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) promote sleep by inhibiting arousal centers. (pediagenosis.com)
  • UII receptor mRNA is also expressed in the CNS, in particular in cholinergic neurons located in the mesopontine tegmental area, including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei. (touro.edu)
  • The highest density of GABAergic neurons is present in the so-called intercalated cell (ITCc) masses, which surround the deep amygdaloid nuclei ( Millhouse, 1986 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • A study of the percentage of striatal axons from the sensorimotor (dorsolateral putamen) and associative striatum (caudate nucleus and ventromedial putamen) to the globus pallidus found important differences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also in primates, the dorsal striatum is divided by a large tract called the internal capsule into two masses named the caudate nucleus and the putamen-in most other species no such division exists, and only the striatum as a whole is recognized. (wikipedia.org)
  • An associative input goes to the caudate nucleus and possibly to the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2017). Control of behavioral flexibility by the lateral habenula. (spu.edu)
  • 2017). The Lateral Habenula and Adaptive Behaviors. (spu.edu)
  • 2017). Lateral habenula integration of proactive and retroactive information mediates behavioral flexibility. (spu.edu)
  • 2016). The lateral Habenula circuitry: reward processing and cognitive control. (spu.edu)
  • 2016). Ongoing behavioral state information signaled in the lateral habenula guides choice flexibility in freely moving rats. (spu.edu)
  • In terms of the role of the lateral habenula (LHb), the LHb is expected to suppress maladaptive behaviors and mental processes by controlling the DA system. (frontiersin.org)
  • Focal HS was always found in the anterior hippocampus, between the pes hippocampus and the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and most commonly located at the junction of CA2 and CA1 (seven cases). (gp120inhibitor.com)
  • OBJECT: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) region of the brainstem has become a new stimulation target for the treatment of gait freezing, akinesia, and postural instability in advanced Parkinson disease (PD). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Local administration of UII into the PPT nucleus increases REM sleep without inducing changes in the cortical blood flow. (touro.edu)
  • Orexin - containing cells in the lateral hypothalamus project widely to the cerebral cortex and fire actively during waking to support arousal. (pediagenosis.com)
  • F, A control scan of patient 3, taken 1.5 years after (E), is axial, T 1 -weighted, and shows a small residual tegmental lesion close to the aqueduct of Sylvius, sparing the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and diffusion tensor imaging in surgical targeting. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although the cells within these nuclei have their cell bodies located within these specialized dopamine hubs, their "axons" - the neuronal projections which get sent out of the cell body to connect with other brain cells - extend out into the far reaches of the brain as a diffuse neural network. (poweronpoweroff.com)
  • Those that propound an extended localization of the pedunculopontine nucleus (Garcia-Rill, 1991) expand the nucleus from the posterior end of the substantia nigra to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, which is caudally adjacent to the pedunculopontine nucleus within the central grey matter. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, important modulatory afferents come from substantia nigra pars compacta ( dopamine ) and the raphe nuclei (serotonin) in the midbrain. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, PHA-L-labelled fibers and varicosities suggestive of terminal fields were observed in the anterior, tuberal, and posterior lateral hypothalamic regions, the ventral pallidum in the region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the dorsal and intermediate lateral septal nuclei, and in the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala. (nih.gov)
  • In mammals, including humans, the pedunculopontine nucleus is bordered medially by fibres of the superior cerebellar peduncle and the peduncular decussation and laterally by the medial lemniscus. (medscape.com)
  • Zhou, S. ‑S. and Yeomans, J. S. Connections between anterior and medial cortex and caudate‑putamen nucleus in fixed brain with DiI‑‑a fluorescent labeling method. (utoronto.ca)
  • Moruzzi and Magoun [ 1 ] demonstrated cortical arousal in the cat by stimulating and lesioning the brain stem reticular formation and formulated the concept of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), that reaches the cortex through the non-specific thalamus, the medial and intralaminar nuclei, as well as through extrathalamic pathways. (springer.com)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report that stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in mice of both sexes modulates spiking activity in both NAc core and medial shell with fast excitation and slower, less synchronized inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
  • Labeled terminals were also found bilaterally in the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus , trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, and contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and inferior olive. (brainmaps.org)
  • from both medial and inferior rectus, they lie mainly in the C-group, on the dorsomedial border of oculomotor nucleus. (brainmaps.org)
  • and (3) other regions such as the red nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, pontine nuclei, three cerebellar nuclei (medial, interposed and lateral), Purkinje cells, cells in the granular layer of the cerebellum, locus coeruleus, several areas of the reticular nucleus and area postrema. (brainmaps.org)
  • Previous studies have found that the nucleus accumben is involved in the regulation of reward, addiction, feeding, learning, sleep-wake and other neurobiological behaviors, and has complex fibrous connections with the cortex and midbrain dopaminergic nuclei. (301hospital.com.cn)
  • Finally, dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra (pars compacta) (SNc) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the striatum, with important modulatory signals. (scholarpedia.org)
  • It is also possible that the cerebellum may influence the function of various basal ganglia components and the entire thalamus via a relay in the pedunculopontine nucleus (Hazrati and Parent, 1992). (medscape.com)
  • Direct connections to both input nuclei are from the thalamus , cerebral cortex and limbic structures ( amygdala and hippocampus ). (scholarpedia.org)
  • Globus pallidus (internal)/entopeduncular nucleus is one of the two output nuclei that receive inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides output to external targets in the thalamus and brainstem. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Neurones of the internal globus pallidus are GABAergic and exert powerful inhibitory effects on targets in the thalamus the lateral habenula and the brainstem (Parent et al. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Tracing experiments to chart cerebellar nuclei-NAc pathways identified disynaptic pathways that recruit the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and intralaminar thalamus (Centromedial and Parafascicular nuclei) as intermediary nodes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Dense vascular net is found in the supra trochlear nucleus which lies in the central gray substance of the midbrain. (brainmaps.org)
  • The terms mesencephalic reticular formation or mesencephalic locomotor region could be used to avoid over generalization as this nomenclature has been adopted in animal studies of lesioning or stimulation of the cuneiform or pedunculopontine nucleus (Steeves et al . (medscape.com)
  • Fletcher, P. J., Tampakeras, M. and Yeomans, J. S. Median raphe injections of 8‑OH‑DPAT lower frequency thresholds for lateral hypothalamic self‑stimulation. (utoronto.ca)
  • Yeomans, J. and Baptista, M. Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain‑stimulation reward. (utoronto.ca)
  • 5 In addition, it has recently been shown that pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) may reduce FoG and falls related to FoG in some, but not all, patients with PD. (bmj.com)
  • 11. Properties of distinct ventral tegmental area synapses activated via pedunculopontine or ventral tegmental area stimulation in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Of these, 61 (43%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of the C1-C2 junction, 14 (10%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of the oculomotor or trochlear nucleus , and 14 (10%) were antidromically activated by stimulation of both the oculomotor or trochlear nucleus and the spinal cord. (brainmaps.org)
  • The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and the ventral striatum contains the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. (wikipedia.org)
  • An associative input goes to the caudate nucleus and possibly to the nucleus accumbens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Role of nucleus accumbens in sleep-wake and general anesthesia[J]. ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF CHINESE PLA MEDICAL SCHOOL. (301hospital.com.cn)
  • In primates the striatum comprises the caudate nucleus and the putamen, and in all mammals, the ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens (Gerfen and Wilson 1996, Voorn et al. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Although the cerebellum is now recognized as part of a long-range brain network that serves limbic functions and motivated behavior, knowledge of cerebello-limbic connectivity is limited, and nothing is known about how the cerebellum connects functionally to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (elifesciences.org)
  • The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)
  • The finding extends previous investigations about the connections between these two brain areas, and are important for elucidating the role of the cerebellum in influencing functions supported by the nucleus accumbens, such as motivation and reward. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2. Cardiovascular responses induced by the activation of muscarinic receptors of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats. (nih.gov)
  • Mathur, A. Shandarin, A., LaViolette, S. R., Parker, J. and Yeomans, J. S. Locomotion and stereotypy induced by scopolamine: Contributions of muscarinic receptors near the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus. (utoronto.ca)
  • PHA-L injections in the zona incerta and the lateral hypothalamic area resulted in fiber and terminal labelings in many structures, including the basal forebrain, EP, SNC, and other brainstem areas that overlap with some of the terminal sites of STH projections. (nih.gov)
  • 2000). It is also directly connected to other motor nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord (Garcia-Rill et al . (medscape.com)
  • 1. Effect of the cholinergic system of the lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) on blood pressure and heart rate in normal and hydralazine hypotensive rats. (nih.gov)
  • The pedunculopontine nucleus forms a cluster of cells that is located in the caudal mesencephalic tegmentum, extending from the caudal border of the red nucleus to the parabrachial nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • 7. Effect of the Non-N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor of the Glutamatergic System of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus on Cardiovascular Responses in Normotensive and Hydralazine-Induced Hypotensive Rats. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Synaptically released and exogenous ACh activates different nicotinic receptors to enhance evoked glutamatergic transmission in the lateral geniculate nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • 1989). While still serving this function, it is now also considered a second important input nucleus of the basal ganglia (Nambu et al. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Also in primates, the dorsal striatum is divided by a large tract called the internal capsule into two masses named the caudate nucleus and the putamen-in most other species no such division exists, and only the striatum as a whole is recognized. (wikipedia.org)
  • 14. Pharmacological study of cholinergic system on cardiovascular regulation in the cuneiform nucleus of rat. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Effect of opioid receptors of the cuneiform nucleus on cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hypotensive hemorrhagic rats. (nih.gov)
  • and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. (brainmaps.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ascending projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the surrounding mesopontine tegmentum to the forebrain in the rat are here examined by using both retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
  • There were moderate projections to the neostriatum and sparse projections to the frontal cortex, substantia innominata, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, ventral part of the central gray matter including the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation. (nih.gov)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6. Evaluation of nicotinic receptor of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in central cardiovascular regulation in anesthetized rat. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Synaptic potentials mediated by alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in supraoptic nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Presynaptic α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors increase glutamate release and serotonin neuron excitability in the dorsal raphe nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • The posterior commissure system gave rise to dense terminal fields in the contralateral NIC, the oculomotor nucleus, and the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • the most dorsal aspect of the pedunculopontine nucleus is bound caudally by the cuneiform and subcuneiform nuclei and ventrally by the pontine reticular formation. (medscape.com)
  • The present study examines its afferents from some nuclei involved in motor and cardiovascular control with anterograde tracer injections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anterogradely labelled fibers and varicosities were observed in the thalamic nuclei, confirming the findings of our previous retrograde studies (Hallanger et al: J. Comp. (nih.gov)
  • The pedunculopontine nucleus is, together with the cuneiform and the subcuneiform nucleus, the major component of the mesencephalic locomotor region. (medscape.com)
  • The abbreviation Tg.pdpo (nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus) has been used in the human brain atlas of Schaltenbrand and Wahren (1977). (medscape.com)
  • Zhou, S. ‑S. and Yeomans, J. S. Bilateral connections of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis in fixed brain of adult rats with fluorescent labelling method. (utoronto.ca)
  • This part of the brain contains clusters of nuclei with diverse functions centered on speech, swallowing, cardiovascular and respiratory control and is expected to have different functional inputs from the rest of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Labeled terminals in the oculomotor nucleus and trochlear nucleus showed similar densities on both sides of the brain. (brainmaps.org)
  • Thus, some of these nuclei may provide relay signals to the cerebellum through Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The contralateral pattern consisted of motoneurons innervating the superior rectus and the superior oblique that were located respectively in the caudal portion of the ventral oculomotor nucleus and in the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • The highest levels of [ 3H]8-OH-DPAT binding were found in the ventrolateral subnucleus at the level of the caudal extent of the trochlear nucleus . (brainmaps.org)
  • BDA injections into the central amygdaloid nucleus result in labeled fibers to the ipsilateral Li. (biomedcentral.com)