Lateral auxin auxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

For example, although Arabidopsis thaliana SAUR15 has been used as a marker to study the details of auxin-induced gene expression (Walcher and Nemhauser, 2012), the physiological role of SAUR15 was unknown. (plantae.org)
The following description is for early events in lateral root formation of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana: Lateral root formation is initiated in pericycle (located between the endodermis and vascular tissue) of the root system, and begins with a process referred to as priming. (wikipedia.org)
Research conducted by three independent groups and reported in The Plant Cell shows that fundamental developmental processes controlled by the plant hormone auxin are regulated by microRNAs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (sciencedaily.com)
Auxin is known to be a major regulator of adventitious root formation and normal Arabidopsis plants form multiple adventitious roots on the hypocotyl (stem just above the root) when treated with auxin but the ago1 mutants do not. (sciencedaily.com)
The EE of GmNAC20 improves the salt and freezing tolerance and promotes the lateral root formation in Arabidopsis . (frontiersin.org)
Lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis is dependent on transcription factor LBD29 regulating auxin influx carrier LAX3. (academictree.org)
2010): Bimodular auxin response controls organogenesis in Arabidopsis. (boku.ac.at)
In Arabidopsis thaliana, lateral root development is a classic example of a developmental process that is controlled by auxin at multiple stages. (boku.ac.at)
Arabidopsis PIN2 protein directs transport of the phytohormone auxin from the root tip into the root elongation zone. (cas.cz)
abstract = "Auxin and cytokinin are key hormonal signals that control the cellular architecture of the primary root and the initiation of new lateral root organs in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (edu.sa)
In Arabidopsis , auxin distribution along the central root axis has several maxima: in the root tip, in the basal meristem and at the shoot/root junction. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we reviewed the research progress of PIN protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and cereal crops from the aspects of protein structure, activity regulation and functional verification to provide new ideas and clues for exploring the auxin polar transport mediated by PIN protein family. (chinbullbotany.com)

As plants grow, they produce new organs such as leaves, lateral roots, and flowers. (plantae.org)
SAUR15-OE plants have longer roots with more lateral root branches, while saur15 mutants have shorter roots and fewer lateral roots. (plantae.org)
2014). For example, auxin-mediated cell expansion is required for the formation of lateral root primordia and for emergence of the lateral roots through the outer layers of the primary root. (plantae.org)
Lateral and adventitious roots are critically important for plant growth. (plantae.org)
2018). Given the importance of lateral and adventitious roots, increased knowledge about their formation should improve our understanding of how plants respond to varying soil environments, and may provide opportunities for crop improvement. (plantae.org)
They found that arf6 and arf7 mutants have reduced SAUR15 expression and fewer lateral roots, but overexpression of SAUR15 in these mutants restores the number of lateral and adventitious roots. (plantae.org)
Lateral roots, emerging from the pericycle (meristematic tissue), extend horizontally from the primary root (radicle) and over time makeup the iconic branching pattern of root systems. (wikipedia.org)
Lateral roots increase the surface area of a plant's root system and can be found in great abundance in several plant species. (wikipedia.org)
In some cases, lateral roots have been found to form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia (bacteria) and mycorrhizae (fungi) found in the soil, to further increase surface area and increase nutrient uptake. (wikipedia.org)
Several factors are involved in the formation and development of lateral roots. (wikipedia.org)
The general zones of the primary root (taproot) that gives rise to eventual lateral roots are presented below from top to bottom. (wikipedia.org)
Stage I: The first morphologically identifiable stage is the asymmetric division of two cells of the pericycle, termed pericycle founder cells, which are adjacent to the protoxylem poles and from which the lateral roots are derived entirely. (wikipedia.org)
The number of lateral roots corresponds to the number of xylem bundles, and two lateral roots will never be found directly across from one another on the primary root. (wikipedia.org)
Signaling is important for the overall development and growth of a plant, including the production of lateral roots. (wikipedia.org)
Auxin is a good example of this, as it generally stimulates growth in the upper part of a plant when in high concentrations, but in roots, inhibits the elongation and growth of the roots when found in high concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
Root growth is often stimulated by another hormone, called ethylene, which is prevented from being produced in the roots when auxin levels are high. (wikipedia.org)
The roles of auxin in specific organs and tissues-the shoot apical meristem, roots, vasculature, and flowers-are described in detail. (cshlpress.com)
When lateral roots, or secondary roots, need to emerge from the primary root, the cells directly above the emerging root must separate from each other to make way. (udel.edu)
Closer examination revealed that the pattern involved cells that were overlying emerging lateral roots. (udel.edu)
Auxin influences development by affecting the expression of numerous genes that control the processes of cell division and cell expansion in specific plant tissues at specific stages during the plant life cycle - e.g. for leaves, roots, and floral organs to develop in the correct patterns and correct time sequence. (sciencedaily.com)
The weg1 mutant produces more L-type lateral roots, which are smaller roots produced from the parental root. (isaaa.org)
The researchers also found high auxin level accumulation at the outer bent regions (curvatures) of the wavy parental root where L-type lateral roots grow. (isaaa.org)
High auxin level likely induces the formation of L-type lateral roots," Lucob-Agustin said. (isaaa.org)
these miRNAs inhibited the total root growth but promoted the seminal roots growth and lateral root formation to tolerate N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
For example, maize ( Zea mays ) plants with few but long lateral roots usually have greater N acquisition than that with many but short lateral roots, because of deeper rooting and greater axial root elongation ( Zhan and Lynch, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
Brassinolide-controlled adjustments in PIN2 sorting and intracellular distribution governs formation of a lateral PIN2 gradient in gravistimulated roots, coinciding with adjustments in auxin signaling and directional root growth. (cas.cz)
Abnormal auxin accumulation was found in the proximal regions of the primary roots of RNAi mutant plants, which demonstrated that the absence of apyrase results in disrupted auxin distribution. (utexas.edu)
Other phenotypes in RNAi mutant plants, such as less lateral root formation and more adventitious roots, could also be associated with abnormal auxin distribution. (utexas.edu)
In this paper, sub-cellular and multi-cellular mathematical models are developed to investigate how interactions between auxin and cytokinin influence the size and location of regions of division and differentiation within the primary root, and describe how their cross-regulation may cause periodic branching of lateral roots. (edu.sa)
In plant roots, auxin is critical for patterning and morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Another outcome of the reflected flow mechanism - the predominance of lateral or adventitious roots in different plant species - may be based on the different efficiencies with which auxin inhibits its own transport in different species, thereby distinguishing two main types of plant root architecture: taproot vs. fibrous. (biomedcentral.com)
Made in the roots and also in the seeds and fruits, cytokinins travel up the xylem and promote lateral growth. (driftlessprairies.org)

The contributors discuss the biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation of auxin, the various transporters, receptors, and transcription factors involved in auxin signaling, the interactions of auxin with other plant hormones, and how these are spatiotemporally coordinated. (cshlpress.com)
Auxin gradients are established and maintained by polarized distribution of auxin transporters that undergo constitutive endocytic recycling from the PM (plasma membrane) and are essential for the gravitropic response in plants. (portlandpress.com)
We then use our model to generate testable predictions concerning the effect of varying the concentrations of the auxin efflux transporters on the sizes of the different root regions. (edu.sa)
The polar transport of auxin mainly depends on three transporters: AUX/LAX, PIN and ABCB protein families. (chinbullbotany.com)

Role of cytokinin and auxin in shaping root architecture: regulating vascular differentiation, lateral root initiation, root apical dominance and root gravitropism. (ac.ir)
Using a multi-cellular model, we also analyse the roles of cytokinin and auxin in specifying the three main regions of the primary root (elongation, transition and division zones), our simulation results being in good agreement with independent experimental observations. (edu.sa)
The mathematical model was extended with rules for discontinuous cell dynamics so that cell divisions were also governed by auxin, and by another morphogen Division Factor which combines the actions of cytokinin and ethylene on cell division in the root. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between wild type plants and STTM159 transgenic plants showed that genes involved in cell division, auxin, cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis and signaling are significantly down-regulated in STTM159 plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellins are phytohormones that promote root and shoot growth. (driftlessprairies.org)
Once the tip is removed, damaged, or destroyed, cytokinin is released and the lateral buds begin to grow. (driftlessprairies.org)

Friml, J. Subcellular trafficking of PIN auxin efflux carriers in auxin transport. (nature.com)
Advances in Auxin Efflux Carrier PIN Proteins[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2021, 56(2): 151-165. (chinbullbotany.com)

We were able to demonstrate the complementary and sequential action of two discrete auxin response modules, the previously described SOLITARY ROOT/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (IAA) 14-AUXIN REPONSE FACTOR (ARF)7-ARF19-dependent lateral root initiation module and the successive BODENLOS/IAA12-MONOPTEROS/ARF5-dependent module, both of which are required for proper organogenesis. (boku.ac.at)
Proximal maxima may trigger lateral or adventitious root initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
These events may predetermine lateral root initiation in a rhyzotactic pattern. (biomedcentral.com)

Rates of shoot and root gravitropic response and patterns of apical dominance, as determined by lateral bud sprouting after decapitation, were determined in the absence of herbicide treatment. (bioone.org)
In contrast to susceptible biotypes, both apical and basal lateral buds on HRd plants elongated after decapitation, although differences between HRd and susceptible biotypes became smaller during succeeding weeks. (bioone.org)
We propose a reflected flow mechanism for the formation of the auxin maximum in the root apical meristem. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, the PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 proteins provide for a continuous auxin flow along the apical-basal root axis via the vascular system to the QC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Lateral root formation, maintenance of apical dominance and adventitious root formation. (wikimili.com)
Cytokinins regulate root apical meristem size and promote lateral root elongation. (wikimili.com)
Apical dominance (the inhibition of lateral bud formation) is triggered by auxins produced in the apical meristem (Boundless 2016). (driftlessprairies.org)
When the apical bud is removed, the source of auxin is removed. (driftlessprairies.org)
For example, apical dominance seems to result from a balance between auxins that inhibit lateral buds and cytokinins that promote bushier growth (Boundless 2016). (driftlessprairies.org)
Stage 4 - The lateral buds elongate, creating a separate shoot and establishing their own apical dominance. (driftlessprairies.org)
Organogenesis was occurred with three different forms including indirect with passing callus phase, direct with growth of lateral buds and elimination of dominance apical and direct with regeneration of new lateral buds on explants. (ikprress.org)

Auxin polar transport regulates plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)

Previously, promoter-GUS fusions showed that high expression of apyrase was associated with areas of rapid growth and regions with high auxin levels. (utexas.edu)
The mechanism is based on auxin's known activation and inhibition of expressed PIN family auxin carriers at low and high auxin levels, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Phosphate starvation also triggers increased lateral root formation in shallow soil layers, as plant-accessible phosphate is often more abundant near the soil surface (Atkinson et al. (plantae.org)

However, accumulating evidence concerning the primary role of auxin transport in both processes (reviewed in [ 2 ]) suggests that they can be united into a single system, the structural features and dynamics of which can be described by one mathematical model. (biomedcentral.com)

Auxin is a hormone that plays a central role in plant growth, tissue patterning, organogenesis, and responses to light. (cshlpress.com)
Previous results have shown that constitutive activation of the miR390/TAS3 pathway promotes lateral root growth but impairs nodule organogenesis and infection by rhizobia during the nitrogen fixing symbiosis established between Medicago truncatula and its partner Sinorhizobium meliloti. (conicet.gov.ar)

The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), commonly referred to as auxin, plays a major role in regulating plant growth and development. (sciencedaily.com)
Inhibition assays of root growth by natural and synthetic auxins showed that HRd root growth was less sensitive to dicamba, 2,4-D, naphthalene-1-acetic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid than was root growth of HRdf or the susceptible biotypes. (bioone.org)

Research reported in The Plant Cell shows that microRNAs control the accumulation of transcription factor proteins that regulate the expression of genes in the auxin response pathway. (sciencedaily.com)
PIN2 proteins mediate basipetal auxin transport from the root tip via the epidermis as well as acropetal auxin transport in cortex. (biomedcentral.com)
The direction of auxin flow between cells is closely related to the polar localization of PIN proteins in cells. (chinbullbotany.com)

Auxin influx carriers stabilize phyllotactic patterning. (unibe.ch)

Strikingly, simulations indicate that PIN2 gradient formation is no prerequisite for root bending but rather dampens asymmetric auxin flow and signaling. (cas.cz)

mRNAs corresponding to several regulatory genes that mediate auxin responses contain short stretches of sequence that are complementary to microRNAs, and therefore have been considered potential targets of microRNA-mediated regulation. (sciencedaily.com)
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) constitute a large family of transcription factors that mediate auxin-regulated developmental programs in plants. (conicet.gov.ar)

Stages V to VIII: Expansion and further division of these four layers eventually result in the emergence of the young lateral root from the parent tissue (the overlying tissue of the primary root) at stage eight. (wikipedia.org)
A microscopic cross-section of primary root cells illustrates cellular separation during lateral root emergence. (udel.edu)
While our research suggests that plasmodesmal closure in these cells is important for lateral root emergence, we don't actually know why yet," said Sager. (udel.edu)

SAUR s are necessary for many auxin-mediated responses, particularly growth via cell elongation. (plantae.org)
In this stage, you have rhythmic bouts of gene expression and responses to auxin. (wikipedia.org)
The evolutionary history of auxin signaling and its roles in environmental responses (e.g., plant-pathogen interactions) are also reviewed. (cshlpress.com)
One of these targets is the transcription factor AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR17 (ARF17), which is thought to repress the expression of a number of other genes involved in auxin responses. (sciencedaily.com)
Despite the broad range of processes influenced by auxin, how such a single signaling molecule can be translated into a multitude of distinct responses remains unclear. (boku.ac.at)
Auxin-mediated responses of kochia biotypes resistant to dicamba (HRd) or resistant to dicamba and fluroxypyr (HRdf) were compared with those of two susceptible biotypes. (bioone.org)

In some cases, the activation of auxin biosynthesis takes place in these founder cells to reach a stable threshold. (wikipedia.org)

Differences in auxin concentrations in different regions of the plant result in dramatic changes in gene expression, up- or down-regulating distinct sets of target genes. (cshlpress.com)
Without the inhibitory effects of the high auxin concentrations, lateral buds begin to grow. (driftlessprairies.org)

Such control can be particularly useful, as increased auxin levels help to promote lateral root development, in young leaf primordia. (wikipedia.org)

The developmental steps in lateral root formation have been relatively well characterized, and auxin signaling appears to be critical at each step (Atkinson et al. (plantae.org)
Adventitious root formation appear to follow a similar pattern as lateral root formation, and is also reliant on auxin (Atkinson et al. (plantae.org)
For example, lateral root formation is upregulated in soil patches with higher moisture content, and suppressed in drier patches, in order to maximize water uptake (Maurel and Nacry, 2020). (plantae.org)
Regulation of root formation is tightly controlled by plant hormones such as auxin, and by the precise control of aspects of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
When auxin, the hormone that drives the formation of the lateral root tissue, signals to the plant cells that a new root is ready to form and emerge, it also tells those cells directly overlying the newly forming root to start producing PDLP5. (udel.edu)
which contributed to increasing in the total root length and primary root growth and to decreasing in the lateral root formation to adapt the N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, we used lateral root formation as a model system to gain insight into the multifunctionality of auxin. (boku.ac.at)

Kinins work in conjunction with auxins to promote swelling and division in the plant cells producing lateral buds. (daviddarling.info)
The elongation pattern of HRdf lateral buds was intermediate to that of susceptible and HRd plants. (bioone.org)
This keeps the growth at the tip and suppresses the lateral buds. (driftlessprairies.org)
Callus induction and different forms of shooting and adventitious lateral buds regeneration were dominant results. (ikprress.org)

Many effects on plant development are made under the influence of cytokinins, often in conjunction with auxin. (driftlessprairies.org)
Olive explants included of pieces of young stems which were divided into nodal explants cultured on MS media supplemented with cytokinins and auxin. (ikprress.org)

They show that SAUR15 works downstream of ARFs to promote cell expansion, and that this function is especially important for lateral root development. (plantae.org)

The xylem system is seen to develop in this zone along with lateral root development. (wikipedia.org)

Auxins are the main plant growth hormones responsible for cell elongation (Boundless 2016). (driftlessprairies.org)

Mechanical Regulation of Auxin-Mediated Growth. (unibe.ch)

AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors are de-repressed upon auxin perception, and initiate downstream signaling pathways. (plantae.org)

These lines show contrasting phenotypes for a number of auxin-related growth characteristics, such as root architecture. (plantae.org)

PIN3 and PIN7 are also involved in the lateral redistribution of auxin in the root cap. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, it was found that low levels of auxin are actually found to stimulate the growth and elongation of the root system, even without the presence of ethylene. (wikipedia.org)

Many promoter analyses have suggested other hydathode functions in metabolite transport and auxin metabolism, but experimental demonstration is still lacking. (researchgate.net)

Simulations showed that these regulatory interactions are sufficient for self-organization of the auxin distribution pattern along the central root axis under varying conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Within minutes of auxin treatment, the transcription of a large family of plant-specific genes called the SAUR s is rapidly induced (Ren and Gray, 2015). (plantae.org)

Root gravitropism requires lateral root cap and epidermal cells for transport and response to a mobile auxin signal. (nature.com)

Hobecker KV , Reynoso MA, Bustos-Sanmamed P, Wen J, Mysore KS, Crespi M, Blanco FA, Zanetti ME (2017) The MicroRNA390/TAS3 pathway mediates symbiotic nodulation and lateral root growth. (mpg.de)

These pre-branching sites go on to form the pericycle founder cells after they are stable and have high auxin accumulations. (wikipedia.org)

Recent technological advances have provided insights into mechanistic details of auxin signaling and its many roles in plant biology. (cshlpress.com)
In the coordination of various developmental programs, several plant hormones play decisive roles, among which auxin is the best-documented hormonal signal. (boku.ac.at)

Pursuing this intriguing pattern led Sager and Lee to discover a critical feedback loop that seems to allow small subsets of cells to regulate their plasmodesmata connections via PDLP5, allowing them to operate independently from the rest of the plant as the lateral root develops and emerges. (udel.edu)

If sufficient signaling is present, pre-branching sites are developed in basal portions of meristematic tissue that are stable in the presence of high auxin environments. (wikipedia.org)

Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers recent insights into how auxin levels are regulated and, in turn, drive various developmental processes in plants. (cshlpress.com)

Gravity-regulated differential auxin transport from columella to lateral root cap cells. (nature.com)
After the new lateral root is fully emerged, the overlying cells reopen the plasmodesmata connections, effectively reconnecting to the plant communication pathways. (udel.edu)

Anatomy30

Organisms18

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes28

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science4

Arabidopsis12

Roots32

Transporters4

Cytokinin6

Efflux2

Initiation3

Apical11

Regulates1

High auxin levels2

Increased lateral root1

Role of auxin1

Organogenesis2

Indole-3-ac2

Proteins3

Influx carriers1

PIN21

Mediate2

Emergence3

Responses6

Biosynthesis1

Concentrations2

Promote lateral root1

Formation7

Buds4

Cytokinins2

Important for lateral root1

Xylem1

Cell elongation1

Regulation1

FACTOR1

Phenotypes1

PIN31

Ethylene1

Metabolism1

Interactions1

Genes1

Gravitropism1

Pathway1

Accumulations1

Roles2

Regulate1

Tissue1

Plants1

Cells2