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The Arawaks were the first natives seen by Columbus, upon the occasion of his discovery of the continent of South America, in the summer of 1498. (accessgenealogy.com)
South America is the fourth-largest continent on earth, and is home to more than 386 million people. (masoncrest.com)
The lavishly illustrated books in the DISCOVERING SOUTH AMERICA: HISTORY, POLITICS, AND CULTURE series survey the countries of this continent, and detail the geography, history, economy, and culture of each nation. (masoncrest.com)
Argentina, located in the southern part of South America, is the world's eighth-largest country. (masoncrest.com)
Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering nearly half of the continent. (masoncrest.com)
The world's longest country, the ribbon-like Republic of Chile extends for about 2,650 miles (4,265 km) along the Pacific coast of southwestern South America. (masoncrest.com)

North American Indians fought among one another long before Europeans arrived on the continent. (historynet.com)
In the colonial era, through the Revolutionary War, the foundation of America was oratorically clarified as an act of prudence-that is, God led people, specifically the white Europeans, to America to find a new and superior or incomparable societal order that would be the light unto all realms.2 In fact, many settlers also believed in creating a new nation filled with history and stories. (ipl.org)
Greg H. asks: Diseases from Europe wiped out most of the Indians, so why didn't the Europeans also get wiped out by diseases from America? (todayifoundout.com)
So why didn't 19 out of 20 Europeans die from Native American diseases? (todayifoundout.com)
Second, Europeans lived in more densely populated areas than Native Americans. (todayifoundout.com)
All of these things resulted in Europeans being regularly exposed to many more pathogens than Native Americans were. (todayifoundout.com)
The Europeans' immune systems simply developed to ward off the worst of some of the nastier diseases that incapacitated entire Native American populations. (todayifoundout.com)
Only then did epidemics sweep through the remaining Indian populations, finishing the extermination the Europeans had begun intentionally. (bluecorncomics.com)
Jennings rejects this ideology and examines the relationships between Europeans and Indians from a far more critical point of view. (uncpress.org)

Indian removal was the United States government policy of forced displacement of self-governing tribes of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River - specifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma). (wikipedia.org)
The Indian Removal Act, the key law which authorized the removal of Native tribes, was signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830. (wikipedia.org)
the U.S. Constitution of 1787 (Article I, Section 8) made Congress responsible for regulating commerce with the Indian tribes. (wikipedia.org)
In 1790, the new U.S. Congress passed the Indian Nonintercourse Act (renewed and amended in 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) to protect and codify the land rights of recognized tribes. (wikipedia.org)
There was simply no way for the government to prevent the hundreds of thousands of westering whites from overrunning the vast stretches of Western land held by a relatively small population of seminomadic tribes. (historynet.com)
The Crows and Pawnees had long been at war with the more powerful Lakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho confederation and had lost much land to the combined tribes. (historynet.com)
These irritations for a long time kept a large portion of the Indians in a state of chronic hostility, and whole tribes utterly refused all overtures of the government to accept its protection and fostering care. (tufts.edu)
52,065 were included in the five civilized t e Indians in a state of chronic hostility, and whole tribes utterly refused all overtures of the government to accept its protection and fostering care. (tufts.edu)
There are among our Settlements several small Tribes of Indians, consisting only of some few families each: but those Tribes of Indians which we, on account of their being numerous and having lands of their own, call Nations are all of them situated on the Western Side of this Province, and at various distances as I have already mentioned. (rug.nl)
The tribes who inhabit the wilderness between the Amazon and the seacoast settlements at the north, upon the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic, have been classified as belonging to the same family with the aboriginal inhabitants of Brazil. (accessgenealogy.com)
His many other books include Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America and The Creation of America: Through Revolution to Empire . (uncpress.org)
Treaty violation, however, does not nullify their legality, and Native American tribes to this day still live under the laws and restrictions that have controlled their sovereignty for hundreds of years. (lu.se)
The publication of a text so carefully constructed with legally non-binding terms and saturated with use of the passive voice was, to many Native Americans, unsurprising in the context of dealings between Native American tribes and the Federal Government. (lu.se)

Indian removal, a popular policy among incoming settlers, was a consequence of actions by European settlers in North America during the colonial period and then by the United States government (and its citizens) until the mid-20th century. (wikipedia.org)
The policy traced its origins to the administration of James Monroe, although it addressed conflicts between European and Native Americans which had occurred since the 17th century and were escalating into the early 19th century (as European settlers pushed westward in the cultural belief of manifest destiny). (wikipedia.org)
Amy Greenberg's book, Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, provides documented evidence that settlers believed they were destined for expansion throughout the continent. (ipl.org)
Unfortunately for Native Americans, the European settlers' gratitude was short-lived. (lankaweb.com)
Not knowing either Cherokee or Itsate Creek, or that the Itsate Creeks occupied the entire region at one time, early Caucasian settlers passed down inaccurate interpretations of Native American words. (accessgenealogy.com)

Generally speaking, the native people were not able to resist the Spanish colonization of North America. (custom-essay.org)
In this iconoclastic book, Francis Jennings recasts the story of American colonization as a territorial invasion. (uncpress.org)

He gave as the stated purpose of his book the presentation of "the conquest of the American West as the victims experienced it," hence the book's subtitle, An Indian History of the American West . (historynet.com)
The genocide begun in 1637 marks the beginning of the conquest of the entire continent until most Native Americans were exterminated, a few were assimilated into white society, and the rest were put in reservations to dwindle and die. (lankaweb.com)
In A Suppressed Chapter in the History of American Capitalism ( Fourth International , January 1949), we refuted the contention that capitalist America was not based on conquest, by setting forth the real historical facts about the wars of extirpation against the Indians. (marxists.org)

In the North American English colonies, the pattern was set early as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. (bluecorncomics.com)
The traditional history of early America paints the colonies as a transplantation of European culture to a new continent--a "virgin land" in which Native Americans were assigned the role of foil whose main contribution was to stimulate the energy and ingenuity of European dispossessors. (uncpress.org)
Since the planting of the first colonies, white America has never been without privileged possessing classes at its head. (marxists.org)

In the indictment section of the Declaration of Independence, the Indigenous inhabitants of the United States are referred to as "merciless Indian Savages", reflecting a commonly held view at the time by the colonists in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Because externally imposed resource extraction threatens Indigenous peoples' land-based self-determination, industrial sites often become contested, politicized landscapes. (mdpi.com)
However, with the 2006 election of the country's first indigenous president, Evo Morales, and the passage of a new constitution in 2009, Native Americans have gained greater rights and freedoms. (masoncrest.com)
Through a comparative analysis, the duality that characterises Pico's verse will be highlighted, and will place him in a tradition of indigenous poets who demonstrate that duality is a defining feature of Native American poetry. (lu.se)
In academic writing about Native American literature, one will find a variety of nomenclature to describe America's indigenous. (lu.se)

The powerful Indian nations entrenched on the ridge of the Appalachian Mountains held the balance among the colonial powers on the North American continent. (rug.nl)
Gerald Vizenor describes the word Indian as "a colonial enactment, not a loan word, [whose] dominance is sustained by the simulation that has superseded the real tribal names" (11). (lu.se)

Historians have often described the removal of Native Americans as paternalism, ethnic cleansing, or genocide. (wikipedia.org)
The destruction of the Indians of the Americas was, far and away, the most massive act of genocide in the history of the world. (bluecorncomics.com)
This event marked the start of a Native-American genocide that would take slightly more than 200 years to complete, and of course to achieve its ultimate goal, which was to take the land from Native Americans and systematically plunder their resources. (lankaweb.com)
These wars have left millions of people dead across the world in the course of American history, and they are still fought for the same reasons behind the Native American genocide and slavery: namely, to expand the wealth of the US elite. (lankaweb.com)
The history of Native Americans after the arrival of the pilgrims in 1620 is one of disenfranchisement, genocide, and forced migration. (lu.se)

I have always assumed that she was referring to the notion that the Pyrenees, where the Basque live, was roughly connected to India by a horseshoe shaped land mass connecting Atlantis of the Atlantic Ocean with Lemuria of the Pacific Ocean. (blavatsky.net)
America when Christopher Columbus mistakenly believed he had landed ashore in India. (lu.se)

How do you perceive the Indians who allied with whites? (historynet.com)
So far as the relations between the Indians and the whites are concerned, the subjugation of the natives initiated the distinctions between conquerors and conquered along the racial lines which have survived to this day. (marxists.org)
From the landing of the Spanish conquistadors through the crushing of the last insurgents among the Plains Indians by federal troops up to the present government policy of "enlightened guardianship," the American whites have maintained a hostile attitude toward the Indians. (marxists.org)
Alongside the degradation and suppression of the Indians by the whites there developed profound antagonisms between diverse sections of the new society. (marxists.org)

But in trying to correct the vast record of injustice done the American Indians, he went too far in the other direction. (historynet.com)
a wild, vast land ruled by the Indians. (shakes.cz)
It must be noted that the Lemuria, which served as the cradle of the Third Root-Race, not only embraced a vast area in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but extended in the shape of a horse-shoe past Madagascar, round "South Africa" (then a mere fragment in process of formation), through the Atlantic up to Norway. (blavatsky.net)

The expensive and complicated machinery for the management of Indian affairs has been much in the way of the elevation of the race in the scale of civilization, and has produced much evil by creating irritation, jealousy, and universal lack of faith in the white race. (tufts.edu)
This darker side, of the social transformation wrought by the impact of European civilization upon ancient America is usually passed by in silence, or at least slurred over without explanation, by bourgeois historians. (marxists.org)

After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, approximately 60,000 members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations (including thousands of their black slaves) were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands, with thousands dying during the Trail of Tears. (wikipedia.org)
In 1880 it was estimated that the number of potentially hostile Indians was fully 60,000. (tufts.edu)

Manifest Destiny is a term for the mentality common amid the nineteenth century time of American development that the United States could, as well as was bound to, extend across the nation. (ipl.org)
at least it might have been a reflection of something like national greatness, an affirmation in grease paint of nineteenth-century American heroism. (nybooks.com)

Through the use of several analytic methods and postcolonial theories, this thesis will analyse representations of language, place, and identity, and argue that they are constructed in the border between Native American and American consciousness. (lu.se)
For continuity, in this thesis the term Native American will be used. (lu.se)

Charismatic and brave, Lewis was the perfect choice and he experienced the savage North American continent before any other white man. (shakes.cz)
The concepts of liberty, freedom and free enterprise in the land of the free, home of the brave" are a mere spin. (lankaweb.com)

The Invasion of America launched the first major salvo against the provincialism of early American historiography, and the book's urgency, insights, and trenchant critiques endure. (uncpress.org)

page needed] American leaders in the Revolutionary and early US eras debated about whether Native Americans should be treated as individuals or as nations. (wikipedia.org)
In a draft "Proposed Articles of Confederation" presented to the Continental Congress on May 10, 1775, Benjamin Franklin called for a "perpetual Alliance" with the Indians in the nation about to be born, particularly with the six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy: Article XI. (wikipedia.org)
The Cherokees were generally more friendly with the English, but the other two Indian nations were dominated by the Spanish and French. (rug.nl)
Governor Glen of South Carolina recognized the role of the Indian nations in the contest among the outposts of Spanish, French, and English dominions. (rug.nl)

Groups of people and animals moved around a lot in Europe and had interactions particularly through war and trade, resulting in the spread of disease across continents-and, eventually, some level of immunity for the survivors. (todayifoundout.com)

In rewriting its own history about Thanksgiving, white America tells a Disney-like fairytale about the English pilgrims and their struggle to survive in a new and harsh environment. (lankaweb.com)
The pilgrims found help from the friendly and extremely generous Native-American tribe, the Wampanoag Indians, in 1621. (lankaweb.com)

Thanksgiving is the American Holocaust. (lankaweb.com)

These ruling minorities have all elevated themselves above the common people - not to speak of outcasts like foreign immigrants, Negroes, Latin Americans and Orientals - and subordinated to their narrow class interests whatever democratic institutions the people have acquired. (marxists.org)

Manifest Destiny is a unique, yet mysterious fundamental series of events in American history. (ipl.org)
Whatever its true purpose, Manifest Destiny has indeed stretched the U.S territory and seized half of Mexico's land. (ipl.org)
There were several diffrent way people used the word Manifest Destiny like the way John L. O'sullivan used it was he believed that " majority of Americans at the time believed was their mission from God: to expand to west and bring the United States government to unenlightened people. (ipl.org)
The concept of starting the Manifest Destiny was to expand their land and gain territory for their people. (ipl.org)
This proposal came from John Quincy Adams during the 1819 who wanted to lengthened the land to the pacific ocean to the Westward expansion but, it wasn't until John O' Sullivan a newspaper editor published it during the 1940's had proclaimed it officially, giving it the name of the 'Manifest Destiny. (ipl.org)

And for showing a form of racial resentment: that many Blacks are disappointed when they learn how much White European blood they have (including Cory Booker, the New Jersey Mayor who recently cuddled up to Muslims and attacked the NYPD for conducting legitimate terrorism investigations that saved American lives). (debbieschlussel.com)
The murder of a white trader, Indian-kidnaper, and troublemaker became an excuse to make war on the Pequots in 1636. (bluecorncomics.com)
More than 60 percent of Bolivia's citizens are Native Americans, who historically have been dominated by the white and mestizo minority. (masoncrest.com)
Yet the emergence of class stratifications formed one of the essential lines of demarcation between Indian collectivism and white society. (marxists.org)
What is this but an unconscious - and thereby all the more meaningful - evidence of that racial arrogance and antipathy which induces white scholars to disparage the real role of the colored races in American history? (marxists.org)
This comes from that white-supremacy prejudice which American palefaces have for centuries aimed not only against the red races but against the black and yellow. (marxists.org)
One third of these were treaties of peace, and the rest were for land cession to the white man (Deloria, Jr 32). (lu.se)

Of late, and like the Sitting Bull of Kopit's play, the Indians have begun to bring themselves on. (nybooks.com)

The bearers of capitalism introduced on North American soil the cleavages and conflicts between master and slave, exploiters and exploited, idlers and toilers, rich and poor which have flourished ever since. (marxists.org)

I wanted to write something epic-that is to say, to cover a large swath of American history. (historynet.com)
T he sad reality about the United States of America is that in a matter of a few hundreds years it managed to rewrite its own history into a mythological fantasy. (lankaweb.com)
In 2009, the United States Federal Government issued an "acknowledgement and apology," acknowledging a "long history of official depredations and ill-conceived policies" in its dealings with Native Americans (Congress.gov). (lu.se)

Firstly, Tommy Pico's Nature Poem will be read alongside a selection of Native American poets. (lu.se)

Historical views of Indian removal have been reevaluated since that time. (wikipedia.org)
I settled on the Indian wars in no small measure because of the absence of historical balance in Brown's book. (historynet.com)
Jennings shook the foundations of American historical inquiry to its core, exposing the centrality of settler colonialism in the making of New England. (uncpress.org)

their Land not to be encroached on, nor any private or Colony Purchases made of them hereafter to be held good, nor any Contract for Lands to be made but between the Great Council of the Indians at Onondaga and the General Congress. (wikipedia.org)
It's the biggest myth in African-American genealogy: 'My great grandmother was a Cherokee princess,' " he says, adding, "The average slave and the average Native American didn't even see each other, which makes it very hard to mate. (debbieschlussel.com)
The first land made was the island of Trinidad, at the mouth of the great river Orinoco. (accessgenealogy.com)
Drouillard, the French-Indian hunter - this is one of the great adventure stories of all time and it shot to the top of the US bestseller charts. (shakes.cz)
A land of great beauty and contrasts, Chile features the snow-capped volcanic peaks of the Andes to the east, the extremely dry Atacama Desert to its north, and rainy, thick forests to the south. (masoncrest.com)
The prolongation of that great continent into the North Atlantic Ocean is in no way subversive of the opinions so widely held as to the site of the lost Atlantis, and one corroborates the other. (blavatsky.net)

It's believed that one Native American disease did slip on to the European ships and sailed onward to Europe doing some major damage in the process. (todayifoundout.com)

He was state Indian commissioner when the Creeks ceded tracts of land that eventually became much of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area and Cherokees ceded a tract of land that included the future territory of Lumpkin County. (accessgenealogy.com)

Bourgeois scholars distort and deny the distinguishing traits of tribal equalitarianism, the truly democratic nature of Indian institutions and of the whole net of social relations stemming from primitive communism just as they suppress the motives for the destruction of this system. (marxists.org)

It is difficult to comprehend the magnitude of the atrocities intentional, neglectful, or accidental perpetuated on Indian people by the conquering culture, and later by the very government that assumed responsibility for their protection. (bluecorncomics.com)
The culture of Brazil is a fascinating blend of Native American, Portuguese, African, Japanese, and other influences.Over the past five decades, there have been many changes in Brazils society and economy. (masoncrest.com)
The culture of North and West Africa are conducive to a heavy use of vegetables and vegetarian or vegan recipes. (hubpages.com)

This state of mind powered western settlement, Native American evacuation and war with Mexico. (ipl.org)
Newark Mayor Cory Booker discovers he is 47% African, 45% European, and 7% Asian or Native American. (debbieschlussel.com)
For example, African-American guests are often surprised at how much European blood they carry and their lack of significant Native American ancestry. (debbieschlussel.com)
Native Americans, on the other hand, were largely hunters and gatherers, and even in some domestication cases, it's thought exposure was limited. (todayifoundout.com)
That same immunity protected them from diseases that Native Americans might have given them, or at least made it so the new diseases that they encountered were not as deadly. (todayifoundout.com)
W hen Christopher Columbus discovered" the Americas in 1492, on his quest for gold and silver, the Native population, which he erroneously called Indians, numbered an estimated 15 million who lived north of current day Mexico. (lankaweb.com)
Three hundred and fifty years later, the Native American population north of Mexico would be reduced to fewer than a million. (lankaweb.com)
Columbus and his successors' proto-capitalist propensity for greed was foreign to Native Americans. (lankaweb.com)
Most of the long time African American and Native American residents of the county trace their heritage to ancestors who worked in the gold extraction industry. (accessgenealogy.com)
Only small Native American canoes could have traversed some sections of these two rivers. (accessgenealogy.com)
Das ist ein Vortrag über die Ureinwohner Amerikas, die Indianer (Native Americans) für das Fach Englisch. (hausaufgabenweb.de)
Long Soldier's work demonstrates the complicated relationship between Native American poets and the English language, utilising linguistic and poetic methods to disrupt the hierarchical power of English in public discourse. (lu.se)
The variety of terms and lack of consensus in Native American literary studies does highlight the reality that this nomenclature is a postcolonial issue. (lu.se)
However, the diversity of Native American poets is considered in the literature. (lu.se)
As the poet Heid E. Erdrich (Ojibwe) wrote, "there is no such thing as Native American poetry. (lu.se)

Our attention is drawn through the alembic of experience, real and recent, and as we follow the action on stage we have in mind, if not in view, the long aftermath of the Indian Wars, an intervening destiny that remains to be understood, the rise-and perhaps the fall-of American nationalism from Wounded Knee to My Lai. (nybooks.com)

According to the reports of the Indian Bureau, the Indian population in 1891 was 249,273, nearly all of whom were partially or absolutely under the control of the national government. (tufts.edu)
To test penicillin's effectiveness in treating syphilis and other STDs, researchers led by Dr. John Charles Cutler from the United States (funded by the Public Health Services, the Pan American Health Sanitary Bureau, and the National Institutes of Health) headed to Guatemala in 1946 and found prostitutes who had syphilis, getting them to then give it to unsuspecting Guatemalan soldiers, mental health patients, and prisoners. (todayifoundout.com)

They viewed the land as tribal collective ownership, not as a property that could be owned by individuals. (lankaweb.com)

and I hope that the accounts which I have from time to time transmitted of Indian affairs will shew, that I am pretty well acquainted with the subject. (rug.nl)
Growing up in a Black neighborhood, graduating from a majority Black high school, and living in a Black city, if only I had a dime for every time someone Black told me they were "part Cherokee" (or some other Indian tribe). (debbieschlussel.com)

Accordingly, after his return to New York in 1844, he abandoned private business and began a strenuous writing, speaking, and lobbying campaign to persuade Congress and the American people to support his grandiose plan. (nybooks.com)
I lately made a considerable purchase from that Indian Nation, of some of those hunting grounds, which are now become the property of the British Crown, at the Charge of this Province: I had the deeds of conveyance formally executed in their own Country, by their head men, in the name of the whole people, and with their universal approbation and good will. (rug.nl)
As these essays move forward, I will take a stand against John Locke's thought, putting myself far outside the mainstream of the American political debate, but perhaps standing with the large numbers of people who are disillusioned with all the politics that goes on in their names. (yellowstone-online.com)

for which reasons, I have ever since the first breaking out of the war with France, redoubled my Attention to Indian Affairs: and I hope, not without Success. (rug.nl)

The commercial gold mines did use some slaves and hire Cherokee Indians as laborers. (accessgenealogy.com)

The Chactaw Nation of Indians is situated at a somewhat greater distance from us, and have till within this year or two been in the Interest of the French, by whom they were reckoned to be the most numerous of any nation of Indians in America, and said to consist of many Thousand Men. (rug.nl)

By 1870 the non-Indian population of the United States had topped 38 million. (historynet.com)

The Indians he met were hospitable, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whole Indian village. (bluecorncomics.com)

In other words, women "were trained in war, they could speak publicly, and they could own land. (custom-essay.org)

The Spaniards "thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades. (bluecorncomics.com)

The search for minerals-most often gold-and land hunger. (historynet.com)

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