• Jawless vertebrates, which today consist entirely of lampreys and hagfish, have an adaptive immune system similar to that found in jawed vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lampreys have long-fascinated biologists due to their proposed position in the vertebrate family tree: the lamprey lineage branched off from a shared ancestor that also spawned the hagfish lineage, ancestors of jawed vertebrates - known as gnathostomes - and other, now extinct, lineages. (genomeweb.com)
  • More research is needed to know just why that is, the group explained, though it may reflect either rapid sequence change in the lamprey lineage or else a splitting off by the lamprey ancestor prior to complete sequence conservation in the jawed vertebrates. (genomeweb.com)
  • Together with data from existing genomes, patterns in the lamprey genome point to at least two whole-genome duplication events prior to the split between the lamprey lineage and the lineage leading to the jawed vertebrates, researchers noted. (genomeweb.com)
  • For instance, the team saw signs suggesting that the so-called Shh appendage-specific regulatory element, or ShARE, - crucial for limb development in jawed vertebrates - likely appeared within that lineage after the split with the lamprey lineage. (genomeweb.com)
  • And going forward, the study's authors said, the lamprey genome offers opportunities to explore evolutionary questions, both within the lamprey lineage and across vertebrates as a whole, while at once uncovering new features of lamprey biology. (genomeweb.com)
  • Despite the significance of this developmental feat, its evolutionary origins have remained unclear, owing largely to the fact that there has been little comparative (evolutionary) work done on this topic between the jawed vertebrates and cyclostomes-the jawless lampreys and hagfishes. (frontiersin.org)
  • We then discuss recent studies on the role of neural crest and placodes-and their developmental association-in the head of lamprey embryos, and how comparisons with jawed vertebrates can provide insights into the causes and consequences of this event in early vertebrate evolution. (frontiersin.org)
  • For instance, the first group to split from the lineage that leads to the rest of the vertebrates is the Cyclostomata. (ericbutlerlab.com)
  • Like its counterpart in the jawed vertebrates, the lamprey Mb (aMb) is preferentially expressed in the skeletal muscle and presumably supports O 2 to this tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the most primitive extant vertebrates, lampreys occupy an important phylogenetic position in the study of evolution from non-vertebrate chordates to jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). (kzoo.edu)
  • Lampreys, ancient jawless vertebrates, have earned the nickname "vampires of the deep" because of their parasitic feeding habit. (nature.com)
  • It has been found, for example, that primitive vertebrates such as the fish-like lamprey, a so-called living fossil which evolved around 500 million years ago, already possess two different lymphocyte lineages that resemble the T and B cells of jawed vertebrates such as mouse and human. (mpg.de)
  • The original scheme groups hagfish and lampreys together as cyclostomes (or historically, Agnatha ), as the oldest surviving class of vertebrates alongside gnathostomes (the now-ubiquitous jawed vertebrates). (eol.org)
  • The alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish (i.e., that vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish), and introduced the category craniata to group vertebrates near hagfish. (eol.org)
  • Accelerated rates of globin evolution were found in lineages of cold-blooded vertebrates, some marsupials, and early placental mammals, while slower rates were found in warm-blooded vertebrates, especially higher primates. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • On the basis of distinct morphological features preserved in the fossils, scientists have been able to integrate these extinct lineages into phylogenetic hypotheses of chordates, extinct early vertebrate lineages, and extant vertebrates. (blogspot.com)
  • The cells of the agnathan AIS have roles roughly equivalent to those of B-cells and T-cells, with three lymphocyte lineages identified so far: VLRA (most similar to α/β T cells, in its role and pathway of differentiation) VLRB (most similar to B cells) VLRC (most similar to γ/δ T cells) VLRA and VLRB were identified in 2009, while VLRC was discovered in 2013. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gnathostomes comprise five major lineages: the extinct Placodermi and Acanthodii, and the living Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • Given the critical phylogenetic position of the lamprey as an outgroup to the gnathostomes," Li and colleagues explained, "comparing the lamprey genome to gnathostome genomes holds the promise of providing insights into the structure and gene content of the ancestral vertebrate genome. (genomeweb.com)
  • Through comparisons with sequences from jawed animals, researchers saw shared chromosomal organization between the lamprey and these gnathostomes. (genomeweb.com)
  • Molecular clock dating of the lamprey-hagfish split consistently estimates it to be at least 400 million years old, potentially an event that only briefly followed the split between cyclostomes and gnathostomes (dos Reis et al. (ericbutlerlab.com)
  • Under this hypothesis lampreys are the sister group to the gnathostomes, making them more related to Gnathostomes than to hagfish. (ericbutlerlab.com)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - An international team led by investigators at the Michigan State University and the University of Kentucky have sequenced and assembled the genome of sea lamprey , Petromyzon marinus , using the sequence to begin refining their understanding of vertebrate evolution. (genomeweb.com)
  • The lamprey genome provides an important resource for reconstructing vertebrate origins and the evolutionary events that have shaped the genomes of extant organisms," senior author Weiming Li, with MSU's Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and colleagues explained. (genomeweb.com)
  • Despite its potential for providing insights into vertebrate evolution, though, the lamprey genome had previously proven tough to sequence, authors of the current study explained, owing to the its extensive repetitive element content and the lack of a related reference sequence. (genomeweb.com)
  • For the new study, members of the team from Washington University's Genome Institute tackled the lamprey genome with whole-genome shotgun sequencing, fosmid sequencing, and BAC library sequencing, using genomic DNA from a female sea lamprey caught wild in the Great Lakes. (genomeweb.com)
  • Collaborators at the MSU Genomic Core sequenced lamprey RNA, meanwhile, generated transcriptome data that helped in annotating the newly sequenced genome. (genomeweb.com)
  • Even so, they explained that repeats may actually make up a somewhat larger proportion of the overall lamprey genome, since some repetitive element sequences are unwittingly collapsed by genome assembly software. (genomeweb.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of this novel Emx gene is not consistent with the 2R hypothesis, which states that the early vertebrate lineage underwent one or more complete genome duplications. (kzoo.edu)
  • Because sea lamprey sex ratios shifted from ~75% male to ~75% female following initiation of sea lamprey control, environmental sex determination (which has been observed in some fishes and many reptiles) was suggested previously, and a systematic and exhaustive analysis of the sea lamprey somatic genome, led by Dr. Phil Grayson (second author on this paper), found no evidence of genomic differences between males and females (Grayson et al. (nature.com)
  • For the first time, our research now suggests that the germline-specific region of the genome-the part jettisoned from somatic cells-holds the key to sea lamprey sex differentiation, and we propose a mechanism for how environmental and genetic factors might work together to control lamprey gonadal development. (nature.com)
  • This work will be based on recently developed methods allowing the genetic modification of the lamprey genome, a goal that was previously unattainable. (mpg.de)
  • Some species live in freshwater for their entire lives such as the Korean lamprey (Eudontomyzon morii), while others, including the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and the Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum), usually migrate to the sea to feed7. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • One exception is the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ), which relies heavily upon olfaction during reproduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given their unique phylogenetic position and status as one of the few groups of vertebrate ectoparasites, lampreys are expected to have developed distinct metabolites specifically adapted for blood-feeding and parasitism. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Yamazaki, Y., and A. Goto 2000 (25 May) Present status and perspectives on the phylogenetic systematics and speciation of lampreys. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The cyclostome hypothesis (preferred by this author) states that hagfish and lampreys are each other's closest relatives and that the "primitive" character of hagfish is the result of character loss in hagfish and/or independent character gain in lampreys. (ericbutlerlab.com)
  • Manipulation of olfactory biology offers opportunities for management of populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where the sea lamprey is a destructive invader. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2015), the sea lamprey has become an invasive pest in the Laurentian Great Lakes when canals allowed it to gain access from the Atlantic Ocean. (nature.com)
  • Our work suggests that they're closer to modern lampreys, which are a modern jawless fish," he says. (ucalgary.ca)
  • In parasitic species of lampreys, the oral disc and dagger-like tongue is used to attach to and pierce the hide of fishes to allow them to ingest blood9. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Forty lamprey species are currently recognized for the extant lampreys, of which 18 species are parasitic14. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Since DNA barcodes for L. zanandreai are only available for one population from the upper Po River in northwestern Italy, we generated additional COI nucleotide sequence data of this species from Switzerland, northeastern and central Italy comprising near topotypic material and obtained GenBank sequences of the species from Slovenia to better assess the evolutionary history of the two brook lamprey species in the river basins of the Adriatic Sea. (fmach.it)
  • Lampreys have retained a highly conserved body plan for the past 350 million years, providing biologists with invaluable insights into events that occurred at the dawn of vertebrate evolution (Docker et al. (nature.com)
  • Here, we provide a broad review of the chemical cues and pheromones used by the sea lamprey during reproduction, including overviews of the sea lamprey olfactory system, chemical cues and pheromones, and potential applications to population management. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sea lamprey use chemical cues and pheromones to identify productive spawning habitat, coordinate spawning behaviors, and avoid risk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They can detect chemical cues released by other lampreys. (360onhistory.com)
  • This requires discussing groups that split off of the lineage that leads to mammals. (ericbutlerlab.com)
  • Once the similarities between ancient creatures such as lampreys and mammals such as mice and humans are discovered, Boehm's research group aims at using this information to develop non-intuitive therapeutic strategies to address failing immune functions and autoimmune syndromes. (mpg.de)
  • This genomic resource holds the promise of providing insights into many other aspects of vertebrate biology, especially with continued refinements in the assembly and the capacity for direct functional analysis in lamprey," they wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • Lead author, doctoral student Tamanna Yasmin , started working on this project in 2016 when there were only a handful of genomic resources available for sea lamprey. (nature.com)
  • The Adriatic brook lamprey, Lampetra zanandreai Vladykov 1955, was described from northeastern Italy. (fmach.it)
  • The presence of a unique and highly divergent brook lamprey lineage in the upper Po River suggests that L. zanandreai and Lampetra sp. (fmach.it)
  • Following a larval stage of 3-5 years, sea lamprey undergo a drastic metamorphosis into the juvenile stage, migrate downstream into the Atlantic Ocean or a Laurentian Great Lake, and parasitize on large fish for approximately 1.5 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, adult sea lamprey migrate into streams during the spring, where a male will construct a nest and later be joined by one or more females, spawn intermittently for a number of days, and die [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • allowed specimens of lancelets and larval lampreys (ammocoetes) to decay in artificial seawater in the laboratory. (blogspot.com)
  • Lampreys are blood-sucking vampires in marine environments. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Akin to fictional vampires, the lamprey lineage is also incredibly long-lived, having survived four mass extinction events in their ~500-million-year history, including the most recent one that led to the extinction of dinosaurs. (nature.com)
  • Notably, the ontogeny of sea lamprey hemoglobins essentially recapitulates their phylogeny, with the embryonic hemoglobins emerging first, followed by the evolution of larval and adult hemoglobins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bias in anatomical decay will result in placement of derived lineages further down the stem of the phylogeny, a phenomena the authors refer to 'stem-ward slippage. (blogspot.com)
  • The sea lamprey life cycle starts with a prolonged larval stage followed by a dramatic metamorphosis, during which the blind and toothless larvae-which live burrowed in stream beds feeding on detritus and algae-transform into the formidable parasitic juveniles. (nature.com)
  • Unfortunately, Pacific lamprey populations have seen a significant decline as a result of human-made infrastructure. (360onhistory.com)
  • 2019). When and how the future sex of the lamprey gonad is determined has been a deep-rooted mystery for lamprey researchers. (nature.com)
  • Focusing on the molecular basis of the immune system in lampreys, the Max Planck researchers are closing an important gap in their evolutionary journey, during which they have already analysed the genomes and the gene expression patterns of lancelets, sharks, zebrafish, mice and humans. (mpg.de)
  • In this study we isolated a second Emx gene from lamprey that is sister to PmEmxA and orthologous to all other gnathostome Emx genes. (kzoo.edu)
  • RNA-sequencing of sea lamprey gonads at different life-history stage identifies germline-specific genes which are highly expressed in males during spermatogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Earlier in her career, Dr. Good worked on molecular population and evolutionary genetics of both animals and plants, but since 2016 has been collaborating with Dr. Docker to study the genes underlying gonadogenesis in lampreys using transcriptomic and comparative approaches. (nature.com)
  • These results suggested successful xenografting of hiPSC-derived cardiac lineage cells into the zebrafish embryo heart. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exploiting the great abundance of host fishes in the Great Lakes and a shortage of predators, sea lamprey numbers exploded following invasion, resulting in devastation of the commercial fishery. (nature.com)
  • www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fishes. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • Although lampreys are important parts of the ecosystem and are highly valued for food where they occur naturally (Docker et al. (nature.com)
  • The sea lamprey is a basal vertebrate with a complex life history comprised of distinct larval, juvenile, and adult stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rather, this new gene suggests independent Emx duplication in lamprey. (kzoo.edu)
  • This suggests a link between male-biased germline expression and sex differentiation in the sea lamprey. (nature.com)
  • In our recent paper in Nature Communications Biology, we describe a detailed transcriptomic analysis of sex and stage specific changes in sea lamprey gonad development that provides insights into the long-standing mystery of sex determination in lampreys. (nature.com)
  • Accumulating fossil evidence has demonstrated that lampreys in the Devonian period were already almost identical to the modern adult lampreys, with well-developed oral disc, annular cartilages, and circumoral teeth3,4,5,6, suggesting the evolutionary long-term stability of lampreys. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Olfaction is hypothesized to influence sea lamprey behavior throughout the larval, juvenile, and adult stages [ 9 - 11 ], but only during the terminal adult phase has the role of conspecific odors been evaluated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sea lamprey control program, administered by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, has successfully reduced sea lamprey numbers to ~10% of their peak abundance, and it continues to search for control methods that exploit the unique vulnerabilities of this ancient vertebrate (Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 2022). (nature.com)
  • Detecting and identifying these metabolites will improve our understanding in how lampreys ingest blood and provide new insights into the development of effective drugs in anti-inflammation and pain-relief. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • The critical role of olfaction in mediating the sea lamprey life cycle is evident by a well-developed olfactory system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified three hemoglobin switches in the life cycle of the sea lamprey. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we review the evolution of the developmental association of neural crest and placodes from the perspective of the jawless (cyclostome or "agnathan") vertebrate lineage. (frontiersin.org)
  • The classification of hagfish was once the subject of debate: was the hagfish a type of vertebrate that through evolution had lost its vertebrae, most closely related to lampreys (the earlier view), or did the hagfish represent a stage preceding the evolution of the vertebral column, as is the case with lancelets (the alternative view)? (eol.org)
  • From a survival perspective, it is expected that the lamprey buccal gland exhibits a repository of pharmacologically active components to modulate the host's homeostasis, inflammatory and immune responses. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • As such, parasitic lampreys must suppress the immune response (that can lead to itching or pain and thus trigger defensive behavior on their hosts), nociceptive response (that can initiate host defense behavior), and hemostasis (the vertebrate mechanisms that prevent blood loss) of the host to ensure successful and long-term blood feeding. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • Extensive studies have revealed that the lamprey buccal gland secretes various proteins that function as anticoagulants, ion channel blockers, and immune suppressors7,15,16. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • The ERC project specifically targets the immune system of lampreys. (mpg.de)
  • The construction of dams, river channelization, and deteriorating water quality have all taken a toll on Pacific lamprey habitats and their survival prospects. (360onhistory.com)
  • The lamprey buccal gland was particularly investigated due to the reason that it is a blood-sucking organ, and that an unexpected rich and unique metabolic profile was detected in buccal gland. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • We suggest that the sea lamprey is a broadly useful organism with which to study vertebrate olfaction because of its simple but well-developed olfactory organ, the dominant role of olfaction in guiding behaviors during reproduction, and the direct implications for vertebrate pest management. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our experiments will address the development and characteristics of various T cell lineages, we will look into the organ structures in which these cells develop, and we will study the mechanisms that are essential for the self-nonself discrimination by the antigen receptors of lampreys. (mpg.de)
  • We microinjected fluorescence-labeled cardiac lineage cells derived from hiPSCs, specifically mesoderm or cardiac mesoderm cells, into the yolk and the area proximal to the outflow tract of the linear heart at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf). (bvsalud.org)
  • However, MHCs or MHC-like molecules that could present processed antigens have not been found in lampreys, and some VLRAs expressed in yeast were able to directly bind to antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Almost all blood-sucking animals are invertebrates, such as fleas, ticks, leeches, and mosquitoes, and lampreys are one of the only a few groups of vertebrate ectoparasites15. (firstpointsoftware.com)
  • however, many unrelated groups lack scales (e.g., lampreys, North American catfishes ) or one or both of the paired fins (e.g., lampreys, eels , most sand lances). (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • Here is another Halloween-worthy creature: The Pacific lamprey is a fascinating eel-like animal, a jawless, boneless parasite that's been around for over 450 million years. (360onhistory.com)
  • Pacific lampreys are bloodsuckers. (360onhistory.com)
  • The Pacific lamprey is a truly unique and fascinating creature. (360onhistory.com)
  • The Pacific lamprey is a truly Halloween-worthy creature. (360onhistory.com)
  • An unusual feature of lamprey development is the very long period during which the single elongated gonad remains undifferentiated. (nature.com)