Offspring of biologically related persons are subject to the possible effects of inbreeding, such as congenital birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
In areas with a scarcity of salt, a mechanism to preserve extracellular fluid volume in the face of dehydration, trauma, hemorrhage, pregnancy, and lactation would be biologically useful. (nationalacademies.org)
Pregnancy2
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 µg/day (2.1 µg/kg/day for a 70-kg adult), with additional allowances of 25 and 50 µg/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. (cdc.gov)
As is the case with other types of animals, very young cats that have never gone through a pregnancy can experience a variety of complications. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
Macrophages2
Transformation of znuA mutant with a shuttle vector pBBR1MCS-4 containing znuA gene restored the growth in zinc chelated medium and intracellular replication in HeLa cells and macrophages to a level comparable to that of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
Bacterial internalization into HeLa cells and macrophages and co-localization with either late endosomes or lysosomes of znuA mutant were not different from those of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
Avoidance1
The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. (wikipedia.org)
Cysts1
However, an accumulation of fibrotic tissue and cysts with increasing age and lactation cycles was observed. (biomedcentral.com)
Mice1
In mice, FXGs are found in the olfactory bulb throughout life but in other forebrain regions are only found in juvenile animals during periods of robust experiencedependent circuit refinement. (biorxiv.org)
Bacterial1
The reasons cats can suffer miscarriages are quite varied, and they range from infections (whether viral, bacterial, or protozoal) to injuries, nutritional deficiencies, or inbreeding. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
In extreme cases, this usually leads to at least temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
When deleterious recessive alleles are unmasked due to the increased homozygosity generated by inbreeding, this can cause inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we perform a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of an animal model of depression and patients with clinical depression and report that dysfunction of the Fos-mediated transcription network in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) confers a stress-induced social interaction deficit. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic3
Competing causes of mortali- or all of the animal species tested genetic variation, health status, life ty may prevent the development of experimentally. (who.int)
Consomic rat panel in which each of the 20 autosomes and the X and Y chromosomes from the BN strain were transferred onto the SS genetic background. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Inbreeding often results in a number of genetic issues which can be passed on to the future cat mother, making her experience complications that can lead to a miscarriage. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
Results1
Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits. (wikipedia.org)
These rats are then inbred to produce a stable inbred consomic strain with the substitution of one entire chromosome from the BN strain into the background of the SS strain. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
In the 1980s the gradual increase in the popularity of rats as companion animals led to the marketing of laboratory blocks to the pet market. (shunamiterats.co.uk)
Breeding7
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. (wikipedia.org)
For example, in livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock and for producing distinct families within a breed, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling. (wikipedia.org)
Inbreeding is also used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. (wikipedia.org)
In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. (wikipedia.org)
While inbreeding has become less common in the past several years as breeders have become more aware of the risks associated with it, there are still certain genes that are passed from one generation to the other due to previous incorrect breeding. (petfriendlyhouse.com)
Milk production1
Many Kinders now have improved milk production and conformation over some of the original animals admitted into the registry. (kindergoatbreeders.com)
Increase4
In contrast, FXGs in hippocampal mossy fibers showed an increase in abundance across development for most species except for guinea pigs and members of the Mus genus, animals that navigate particularly small home ranges in the wild. (biorxiv.org)
2002). Moreover, the present version of ENDOG calculates effective population size following different methodologies including regression approaches and particularly the recently proposed realized effective population size from individual increase in inbreeding (Gutiérrez et al. (ucm.es)
Conversely, substitution of chromosome 18 from SS to the BN strain (BN‐18 SS ) resulted in a relatively small increase in MAP in response to the high‐salt diet. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
If recognizable to others, animals could increase their reproductive success by 51 selecting mates that possess particular MHC genotypes, such as diverse alleles or specific 52 disease-resistant alleles (Penn & Potts 1999, Mays & Hill 2004). (readkong.com)
Population3
Inbreeding can result in purging of deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection. (wikipedia.org)
Having a high homozygosity rate is problematic for a population because it will unmask recessive deleterious alleles generated by mutations, reduce heterozygote advantage, and it is detrimental to the survival of small, endangered animal populations. (wikipedia.org)
en individuals (and populations) molecular coancestry coefficients (f ij ), the Kinship distance (D k ) at individual and population levels. (ucm.es)
Common1
The advantages of inbreeding may be the result of a tendency to preserve the structures of alleles interacting at different loci that have been adapted together by a common selective history. (wikipedia.org)
Assess1
2014), the mechanism by which animals assess the MHC of 55 conspecifics is still under investigation (reviewed in Ruff et al. (readkong.com)
Produce1
In recent years, we've seen an enormous upsurge in the Kinder breeder's desire to produce quality animals that excel on the homestead, in the milk room, and in the show ring. (kindergoatbreeders.com)
Individual3
An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially referred to as inbred. (wikipedia.org)
Primary functions carried out by ENDOG are the computation of the individual inbreeding (F) (Wright, 1931) and the average relatedness (AR) (Gutiérrez et al. (ucm.es)
A male individual from the donor strain is first crossed to a female from the host strain. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Plant1
the disposal of digested sewage sludge on crop-producing land appeals to municipalities as an option but may pose a hazard to human and animal health if the plant material contains elevated levels of some heavy metals. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Action1
Inbreeding also helps to ascertain the type of gene action affecting a trait. (wikipedia.org)
Host3
Resulting F1 males are then backcrossed to a female from the host strain to generate the N2 generation. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Males from the latter are backcrossed again to females from the host strain, the procedure being repeated ( n ) times. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
The genome of the final consomic strain is the same as that of the host strain, with the exception of the MSY from the donor strain. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Reason1
With 5 million unwanted animals being euthanized in shelters every year, you should have a darn good reason for bringing more into the world. (lowchensaustralia.com)
Potential risk factor like farmer's group, water source, body condition score, grazing and rearing system, purpose of animal rearing and last date of drenching showed significant association on prevalence of parasite. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
The manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. (niir.org)
Times1
We've all heard it a million times - your buck is the most important animal in your herd. (kindergoatbreeders.com)
Catch1
Pregnant cats should be kept indoors only so as to limit their contact with other animals, from which they could catch microorganisms that can put their litter's life and theirs in danger. (petfriendlyhouse.com)