• 10. Scott VE, Rettig J, Parcej DN, Keen JN, Findlay JB, Pongs O, and Dolly JO (1994) Primary structure of a β subunit of α-dendrotoxin-sensitive K + channels from bovine brain. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 11. Rettig J, Heinemann SH, Wunder F, Lorra C, Parcej DN, Dolly JO, and Pongs O (1994) Inactivation properties of voltage-gated K + channels altered by presence of β-subunit. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 13. Rhodes KJ, Keilbaugh SA, Barrezueta NX, Lopez KL, and Trimmer JS (1995) Association and colocalization of K + channel α-and β-subunit polypeptides in rat brain. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five homologous subunits. (bvsalud.org)
  • Positive samples were systematically tested for live hippocampal neuron reactivity, IgG precipitation of 125I-αDTX and 125I-αDTX-labelled Kv1 subunits, and by cell-based assays which expressed Kv1 subunits, LGI1 and CASPR2. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Double-negative VGKC complex antibodies are often directed against cytosolic epitopes of Kv1 subunits and occasionally against non-mammalian αDTX. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that the truncated Kv1.1 would be expressed and dysregulate other Kv1 subunits in the mceph/mceph mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interactions between MCEPH and other Kv1 subunits were studied in cell culture, Xenopus oocytes and the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The channels are hetero- or homotetramers, formed by a great variety of subunits, classified in 12 subfamilies [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.4 are the most abundant Kv1 subunits expressed in the brain [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The N-terminus of the channel is associated with beta subunits that can modify the inactivation properties of the channel as well as affect expression levels. (thermofisher.com)
  • brush resides in a cluster of redundant CNGCs encoding subunits which resemble metazoan voltage-gated potassium (Kv1-Kv4) channels in assembly and gating properties. (elifesciences.org)
  • The results reveal a mechanism by which quantitative competition between channel subunits for tetramer assembly can impact the phenotype of the mutation carrier. (elifesciences.org)
  • Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2 also known as Kv1.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNA2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kv1.1 belongs to the Kv1 subfamily, consisting of eight members (Kv1.1 to Kv1.8). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The delayed rectifier-type (IK)channels (Kv1.5, Kv2.1, and Kv2.2) are expressed on all neuronal somata and proximal dendrites and are also found in a wide variety of non-neuronal cells types including pancreatic islets, alveolar cells and cardiac myocytes (Hwang et al. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • 1 channels to the delayed rectifier current in freshly dispersed smooth muscle cells from rabbit urethra. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Predicted to enable delayed rectifier potassium channel activity. (mcw.edu)
  • 8. Paulmichl M, Nasmith P, Hellmiss R, Reed K, Boyle WA, Nerbonne JM, Peralta EG, and Clapham DE (1991) Cloning and expression of a rat cardiac delayed rectifier potassium channel. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes a voltage-gated delayed potassium channel that is phylogenetically related to the Drosophila Shaker channel. (thermofisher.com)
  • Potassium Channel Kv1.1 or Kcna1 is a member of the Shaker potassium channel family. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • 12. Kim E, Niethammer M, Rothschild A, Jan YN, and Sheng M (1995) Clustering of Shaker-type K + channels by interaction with a family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Somatodendritic ion channel expression in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons across postnatal development. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • None of the 27 Kv1-precipitating samples bound live hippocampal neurons or Kv1 extracellular domains, but 16 (59%) bound to permeabilised Kv1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)
  • The coding region of this gene is intronless, and the gene is clustered with genes KCNA3 and KCNA10 on chromosome 1. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Kamb A, Weir M, Rudy B, Varmus H, and Kenyon C (1989) Identification of genes from pattern formation, tyrosine kinase, and potassium channel families by DNA amplification. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 5. Chandy KG, Williams CB, Spencer RH, Aguilar BA, Ghanshani S, Tempel BL, and Gutman GA (1990) A family of three mouse potassium channel genes with intronless coding regions. (aspetjournals.org)
  • All patients were negative for the VGKC-complex-associated proteins LGI1, CASPR2 and contactin-2. (bmj.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: Autoantibodies against the extracellular domains of the voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex proteins, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein-2 (CASPR2), are found in patients with limbic encephalitis, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, Morvan's syndrome and neuromyotonia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • These proteins act as channels and allow ions to move across cell membranes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cell Biosci (2017) 7:Web page 4 ofis reasonable to assume that KTX-Sp4 adopts the wellknown cysteine-stabilized / scaffold, which can be related towards the scorpion classical K+-channel blockers. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • TASK-1 channels are sensitive to a wide array of physiological and pharmacological mediators that affect their activity such as unsaturated fatty acids, extracellular pH, hypoxia, anaesthetics and intracellular signalling pathways. (ersjournals.com)
  • Intracellular and non-neuronal targets of voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These intracellular Kv1 antibodies mainly associated with non-immune disease aetiologies, poor longitudinal clinical-serological correlations and a limited immunotherapy response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A direct link between potassium channel dysfunction and apoptosis is that reduced intracellular potassium levels appear to promote critical events early in the suicide program. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The responsible mutation was recently revealed to be an eleven base pair deletion, leading to a frame shift, in the gene encoding the potassium channel Kv1.1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ADWX-1 also displayed good selectivity on Kv1.3 over related Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 channels. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Western blot analysis of KV1.1 (KCNA1) in Lane 1: rat brain tissue lysate (40 µg), Lane 2: rat testis tissue lysate (40 µg), Lane 3: rat cardiac muscle tissue lysate (40 µg), Lane 4: HeLa whole cell lysate (40 µg), Lane 5: U87 whole cell lysate (40 µg), Lane 6: SHG whole cell lysate (40 µg), Lane 7: NEURO whole cell lysate (40 µg). (thermofisher.com)
  • A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the C-terminus of human Kv1.1 potassium channel (465-481aa IAHYRQVNIRTANCTTA). (thermofisher.com)
  • Mutations in Kv1.1 are associated with Episodic ataxia type 1 and epilepsy. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Furthermore, we determined that ADWX-1 is involved in the regulation of NF-κB signaling through upstream protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) in the IL-2 pathway of CD4(+)CCR7(-) cells. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The C-terminus of the channel is complexed to a PDZ domain protein that is responsible for channel targeting. (thermofisher.com)
  • 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-��-D-glucoside COA Expression, purification and characterization of KTXSp4 peptideThe expressed GST-KTX-Sp4 fusion protein was purified on GSH affinity column and then desalted using centrifugal filter devices. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • The transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase family, is characterized as a key regulator in inflammatory and apoptosis signaling pathways. (shengsci.com)
  • We demonstrated that the protein Munc18-1 was responsible for the transport of syntaxin-1 to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • Further experiments found that the channel formed by the mutated CNGC protein is leaky and allows calcium ions to enter the cell in the absence of any cue from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • These findings provide important insights into the function of CNGCs and reveal how a small change in a channel protein can have far reaching effects on an organism. (elifesciences.org)
  • In this work, we developed an efficient system for the production of three potent Kv1.3 channel blockers from different scorpion venoms: Vm24, AnTx, and Ts6. (mdpi.com)
  • Treatment with potassium channel blockers have been shown to block apoptosis in various cell types [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several onconeural antibodies were described by the group at Memorial Sloan Kettering 2 and were subsequently named according to the initials of the patients (Hu, Yo, Ri, etc.) in whom they were discovered. (touchneurology.com)
  • This group of diseases behaves like the target-specific antibodies-the effect of autoantibodies on potassium channels was described by Hart et al. (touchneurology.com)
  • Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABSTRACT: The opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels are regulated by voltage sensors. (chemaxon.com)
  • 3. Stuhmer W, Ruppersberg JP, Schroter KH, Sakmann B, Stocker M, Giese KP, Perschke A, Baumann A, and Pongs O (1989) Molecular basis of functional diversity of voltage-gated potassium channels in mammalian brain. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The molecular weight of KTX-Sp4 was determined by matrix assisted-laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF S). Benefits showed that the measured value of KTX-Sp4was 4545.3 Da (Fig. 2c), which confirmed the theoretical molecular weight of 4547.three Da.Modulation of KTXSp4 on endogenous voltagegated potassium channelsexamined no matter if KTX-Sp4 could block endogenous Kv1.three expressed by human Jurkat T cells. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • To avoid activation on the SKCa2 channel, a pipette option containing nearly zero cytosolic Ca2+ was adopted. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • Potassium (K + ) channels constitute the largest group of ion channels in the human genome. (ersjournals.com)
  • Although fresh cases of Head wear have dropped to below 7,000 in 2011, the condition carries a main threat of resurgence with epidemiological human population shifts, climate modification, and civil unrest (1, 6). (healthanddietblog.info)
  • Together, our data indicate that the specific ADWX-1 peptide would be a viable lead in the therapy of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and the successful design of ADWX-1 suggests that rational design based on the structural model of the peptide-channel complex should accelerate the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for human channelopathies. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Because of the importance of Munc18-1 in vesicle fusion, human mutations are linked to epilepsy and other neurological symptoms. (edu.au)
  • Voltage-gated K+ channels are important determinants of neuronal membrane excitability (Pongs, 1999). (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca 2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • 9. Grissmer S, Dethlefs B, Wasmuth JJ, Goldin AL, Gutman GA, Cahalan MD, and Chandy KG (1990) Expression and chromosomal localization of a lymphocyte K + channel gene. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 1 The detection of autoantibodies for myasthenia gravis (MG), and later for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), marked a new era of antibody-mediated disease. (touchneurology.com)
  • Three residues (Gly(11), Ile(28), and Asp(33)) of a scorpion toxin BmKTX were substituted by Arg(11), Thr(28), and His(33), resulting in a new peptide, named ADWX-1. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Furthermore, alanine-scanning mutagenesis was carried out to map the functional residues of ADWX-1 in blocking Kv1.3. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • This model suggests that all mutated residues are favorable for both the high potency and selectivity of ADWX-1 toward Kv1.3. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The Kv1.3 channel has become a therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Structural basis of a potent peptide inhibitor designed for Kv1.3 channel, a therapeutic target of autoimmune disease. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The potassium channel Kv1.3 is an attractive pharmacological target for immunomodulation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The ADWX-1 peptide blocked Kv1.3 with picomolar affinity (IC(50), 1.89 pM), showing a 100-fold increase in activity compared with the native BmKTX toxin. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Moreover, computational simulation was used to build a structural model of the ADWX-1-Kv1.3 complex. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • While Arg(11) of ADWX-1 interacts with Asp(386) in Kv1.3, Thr(28) and His(33) of ADWX-1 locate right above the selectivity filter-S6 linker of Kv1.3. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Selective inhibition of CCR7(-) effector memory T cell activation by a novel peptide targeting Kv1.3 channel in a rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K(+) channel in effector memory T cells serves as a new therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • In our previous studies, the novel peptide ADWX-1 was designed and synthesized as a specific Kv1.3 blocker. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Moreover, the selective regulation of the Kv1.3 channel gene expression pattern by ADWX-1 provided a further and sustained inhibition of the CD4(+)CCR7(-) phenotype, which depends on the activity of Kv1.3 to modulate its activation signal. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • The efficacy of ADWX-1 is supported by multiple functions, which are based on a Kv1.3(high) CD4(+)CCR7(-) T cell selectivity through two different pathways, including the classic channel activity-associated IL-2 pathway and the new Kv1.3 channel gene expression pathway. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Targeted knockdown of Kv1.3 channels in T lymphocytes corrects the disease manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. (uc.edu)
  • Kv1.3 Channels Mark Functionally Competent CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Head and Neck Cancer. (uc.edu)
  • The C-terminus SH3-binding domain of Kv1.3 is required for the actin-mediated immobilization of the channel via cortactin. (uc.edu)
  • These oscillations are driven primarily by voltage-gated sodium channels and are distinct from resonant properties derived from other active membrane properties. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this simulation action potential initiation, action potential properties and the role of axon initial segment Na+ channels are investigated in a realistic model of a layer 5 pyramidal neuron axon initial segment. (yale.edu)
  • The main Na+ channel properties were constrained by experimental data and the axon initial segment was reconstructed. (yale.edu)
  • 1 . Kole MH, Ilschner SU, Kampa BM, Williams SR, Ruben PC, Stuart GJ (2008) Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segment. (yale.edu)
  • To better understand how mild demyelination gives rise to the early symptoms of demyelinating diseases, one approach is to build mathematical models of the axon and study the link between demyelination patterns and axonal conduction properties [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Mutations in K + channel sequences can lead to a variety of clinical disorders exemplifying their physiological importance [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • This review summarises our current state of knowledge of the functional role of TASK-1 channels in the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, with special emphasis on current advancements in the field. (ersjournals.com)
  • The functional channel is a homotetramer. (thermofisher.com)
  • 4. Yokoyama S, Imoto K, Kawamura T, Higashida H, Iwabe N, Miyata T, and Numa S (1989) Potassium channels from NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells: primary structure and functional expression from cDNAs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 7. Roberds SL and Tamkun MM (1991) Cloning and tissue-specific expression of five voltage-gated potassium channel cDNAs expressed in rat heart. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The heterologous expression system of the Xenopus oocyte was used to assess the effects of test compounds on hMCT4, whereupon isobutyrate derivatives, fibrates, and bindarit (2-[(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid) were demonstrated to exhibit selective inhibitory effects against this transporter. (chemaxon.com)
  • Recent studies show that modulation of TASK-1 channels, either directly or indirectly by targeting their regulatory mechanisms, has the potential to control pulmonary arterial tone in humans. (ersjournals.com)
  • Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 confers neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in rats. (shengsci.com)
  • 2016 ( Journal of Cell Biology ) we found that the Munc18-1 domain 3a hinge-loop controls syntaxin-1A engagement into the SNARE complex during priming. (edu.au)
  • Staining of the treated cells with ab96379 (1/100 dilution) was performed overnight at 4°C in PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.1% tween. (abcam.com)
  • A DyLight 488 goat anti-rabbit polyclonal antibody ( ab96899 ) at 1/250 dilution was used as the secondary antibody. (abcam.com)
  • Bulk Order Inquiry for Anti-Kv2.2 K+ Channel Antibody ------- (please add any order requirements, including desired quantity, timing, etc. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • However, it is unclear if and how ADWX-1 alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for multiple sclerosis. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • In this study, the administration of ADWX-1 significantly ameliorated the rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model by selectively inhibiting CD4(+)CCR7(-) phenotype effector memory T cell activation. (smartox-biotech.com)
  • Moreover, differences in K+ channel expression patterns and densities contribute to the variations in action potential waveforms and repetitive firing patterns evident in different neuronal cell types. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Gfp expression was not observed within the AC of hda-1 mutants. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • KTX-Sp4 could have related function with blocking Kv1.three channels, however it is essential to investigate the biological impact of KTX-Sp4 peptide by electrophysiological experiments for identifying its distinct target. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • They regulate the excitability of cells and contribute to their resting membrane potential [ 1 , 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • In addition, we model sodium channel remodeling as a homeostatic control of nodal excitability. (springeropen.com)
  • Encephalitis is associated with severe illness, appreciable mortality rates, and high health care costs ( 1 ), but its epidemiology remains poorly understood ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • as an increasing number of viruses have been found to cause encephalitis in humans, more cases might be found among the high proportion of cases of unknown etiology ( 2 , 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We linked the 2 data sources and performed capture-recapture analyses to estimate the number of encephalitis cases in England attributable to infectious and noninfectious causes. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with encephalitis were recruited over a 2-year period from 24 hospitals in 3 regions of England. (cdc.gov)
  • Utilizing IGOR (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) software program, concentration esponse relationships were fitted as outlined by modified Hill equation: Itoxin/Icontrol = 1/1 + ([peptide]/ IC50), exactly where I could be the steady-state existing and [peptide] is definitely the concentration of toxin. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • Ion channels, located on the membrane of T cells, are the effectors which link antigen recognition to T cell function and gene regulation by controlling calcium homeostasis. (uc.edu)
  • 1. Role of ion channels in T cell response and adaptation to hypoxia. (uc.edu)
  • The classic syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and ion channel-mediated diseases. (touchneurology.com)