• Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
  • Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
  • Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
  • While eggs chemically triggered to develop don't have what it takes to make a viable embryo, it's a different story if the egg has been given the chromosomes of a cell from a more mature organism, through the technique of somatic-cell nuclear transfer used in cloning. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Reprogramming by nuclear transfer (NT) cloning forces cells to lose their lineage-specific epigenetic marks and reacquire totipotency. (bvsalud.org)
  • The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Dolly was the first successful cloning of a mammal from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating the viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (sp1ndex.com)
  • Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
  • The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
  • But that's far enough to produce embryonic stem cells that can be harvested for research and medicine - without the ethical quandaries presented by taking stem cells from human embryos discarded in IVF. (chemistryworld.com)
  • A year before Dolly, he successfully cloned two lambs (Megan and Morag) whose cells were taken from sheep embryos.University of EdinburghDolly's successful birth in 1996 marked the first time a mammal was successfully cloned from an adult cell. (sp1ndex.com)
  • Polly was Wilmut's last cloning experiment.Wilmut moved to the University of Edinburgh the following decade, focusing on using cloning to make stem cells for regenerative medicine. (sp1ndex.com)
  • These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of its charge, the committee was asked to prepare a subreport evaluating methods for detecting potential unintended compositional changes across the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, metabolites and nutrients that may occur in food derived from cloned animals that have not been genetically modified via genetic engineering methods. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Polly, born in 1997, was the first genetically modified cloned mammal. (sp1ndex.com)
  • On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
  • A DNA library is a collection of cloned restriction fragments of the DNA of an organism. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Both flagellar and somatic (mostly carbohydrate) surface antigens contribute to the serotypic designation of the organism ( 36 ). (asm.org)
  • Because cDNA has no intervening sequences, it can be cloned into an expression vector for the synthesis of human proteins by bacteria or eukaryotes. (pharmacy180.com)
  • In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes , especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture , fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes ). (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries contain only those DNA sequences that are complementary to messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules present in a cell and differ from one cell type to another. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We hypothesized that quiescence alters the epigenetic status of somatic NT donor cells and elevates their reprogrammability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vectors must be capable of autonomous replication within the host cell, must contain at least one specific nucleotide sequence recognized by a restriction endonuclease, and must carry at least one gene that confers the ability to select for the vector such as an antibiotic resistance gene. (pharmacy180.com)
  • We have identified a novel gene, gtcA , involved in the decoration of cell wall teichoic acid of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b with galactose and glucose. (asm.org)
  • In serotype 4b, gtcA appears to be the first member of a bicistronic operon which includes a gene with homology to Bacillus subtilis rpmE , encoding ribosomal protein L31. (asm.org)
  • Splice variants - alternative splicing may create different-sized proteins with the same gene d. (huabio.cn)
  • His team spliced the host's genes with a human gene to create a sheep that would produce a protein missing from people with hemophilia. (sp1ndex.com)
  • T-cells play a crucial role in the immune response to pathogens by mediating antibody formation and clearance of infected cells, and by defining an overall response strategy. (elifesciences.org)
  • A clone number is given to an antibody produced by a single clone of hybridoma cells and represents a specific cell line cloned from ascites that is used to produce the antibody. (huabio.cn)
  • Therefore, we recommend checking the sequence alignment of the immunogen with the protein you are interested in if there are no alternatives available and it is necessary for you to consider purchasing an antibody for an untested species. (huabio.cn)
  • The diverse repertoire of T-cell receptors (TCR) plays a key role in the adaptive immune response to infections. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using TCR alpha and beta repertoire sequencing for T-cell subsets, as well as single-cell RNAseq and TCRseq, we track the concentrations and phenotypes of individual T-cell clones in response to primary and secondary yellow fever immunization - the model for acute infection in humans - showing their large diversity. (elifesciences.org)
  • The resulting diverse naïve repertoire contains T-cell clones that recognize epitopes of yet unseen pathogens, and can participate in the immune response to infection or vaccination. (elifesciences.org)
  • Determining the repertoire of plasma cell clones within a particular individual could provide insight into the diversity of antigen exposure. (cheapebooks.org)
  • During the late primary and memory response to PC-protein, a shift in the repertoire occurs and T15 Id + Abs lose dominance. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Wiens, GD, Brown, M & Rittenberg, MB 2003, ' Repertoire shift in the humoral response to phosphocholine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin: V H somatic mutation in germinal center B cells impairs T15 Ig function ', Journal of Immunology , vol. 170, no. 10, pp. 5095-5102. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
  • Before maturing into a plasma cell, B cells undergo somatic rearrangement of both the heavy chain and light chain (LC) immunoglobulin genes, resulting in a variation in sequence from the germ line. (cheapebooks.org)
  • Clone refers to an individual developed from a single somatic (non-germ) cell from a parent, representing an exact replica of that parent. (huabio.cn)
  • PNH is caused by somatic mutations in PIGA (which encodes phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A) in one or more HSC clones. (medscape.com)
  • thus, PIGA mutations lead to a deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins, such as complement decay-accelerating factor (also known as CD55) and CD59 glycoprotein (CD59), which are both complement inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical manifestations of PNH occur when a HSC clone carrying somatic PIGA mutations acquires a growth advantage and differentiates, generating mature blood cells that are deficient of GPI-anchored proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Thirty four percent of the V H 1 clones and 37% of the Vκ22 clones contained somatic mutations indicating participation in the germinal center response. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. (asu.edu)
  • This was how Chinese scientists in Shanghai recently managed to clone macaque monkeys 3 - the first cloning of primates. (chemistryworld.com)
  • General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)
  • Because plasma cells mostly reside in bone marrow, attempting to determine the CDR sequence diversity by DNA sequencing is very difficult because plasma cell sampling is, at best, incomplete. (cheapebooks.org)
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sir Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, has died at 79. (sp1ndex.com)
  • Even those who focused more on the natural world than supernatural ones worried about the potential for making "designer humans" or something out of The Island of Dr. Moreau.While Dolly proved that cells could be used to create a copy of the animal they came from, Wilmut's next experiment proved that they could also be altered. (sp1ndex.com)
  • However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
  • The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
  • if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
  • The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
  • The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
  • The diagnosis of myeloma and other plasma cell disorders has traditionally been done with the aid of electrophoretic methods, whereas amyloidosis has been characterized by immunohistochemistry. (cheapebooks.org)
  • The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture . (wikipedia.org)
  • Since Haberlandt's original assertions, methods for tissue and cell culture have been realized, leading to significant discoveries in biology and medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detailed descriptions of methods used in animal cloning and biotechnology are provided in the report Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns (NRC, 2002). (nationalacademies.org)
  • In addition, the committee was charged with evaluating methods to detect potential, unintended, adverse health effects of foods derived from cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
  • In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph . (wikipedia.org)
  • To test this idea, we compared chromatin composition and cloning efficiency of serum-starved quiescent (G0) fibroblasts versus nonstarved mitotically selected (G1) controls. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this fashion, mice or other laboratory animals that exhibit particular traits can be created for specialized studies, or herds of farm animals (such as goats, sheep or cows) can be created that produce pharmaceutically useful proteins in their milk. (who.int)
  • He strived to create modified sheep that would produce milk with proteins that could treat human diseases. (sp1ndex.com)
  • Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Introduction of a foreign DNA molecule into a replicating cell permits the amplification (production of many copies) of the DNA, a process called cloning. (pharmacy180.com)
  • This process often produces molecular anomalies that compromise clone development. (bvsalud.org)
  • ET has viral Guia Esencial Para Los Contratos De Arrendamiento De Bienes Raices (Legal, Lac estimation arose process cell. (naturheilpraxis-gisbert-fussek.de)
  • Once the B cell encounters a foreign antigen, a process of maturation ensues with the end result of a plasma cell clone. (cheapebooks.org)
  • Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
  • Small molecules, identified by screening, have been used to switch differentiated cells directly from one tissue type to another - cardiac fibroblasts to muscle, say - both outside and inside the body. (chemistryworld.com)
  • After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue , they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century. (wikipedia.org)
  • [12] He suggested that the potentialities of individual cells via tissue culture as well as that the reciprocal influences of tissues on one another could be determined by this method. (wikipedia.org)
  • and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Post-translation cleavage - e.g. many proteins are synthesized into pro-proteins and then cleaved to generate active form, e.g. pro-caspases c. (huabio.cn)
  • However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
  • Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
  • Western Blots recognize denatured linearized proteins while flow cytometry, sandwich ELISA, IF, and functional assays require that antibodies should recognize the natural protein in folded shape. (huabio.cn)
  • To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
  • However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results indicate that somatic mutation of T15 in vivo can result in the loss of binding and secretion, potentially leading to B cell wastage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Application of recombinant bST is a biotechnology in which a recombinant-derived protein is administered by injection to the recipient animal without changing the animal's genetic composition or genome. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disease. (medscape.com)
  • Western blotting is a technique that separates proteins based on their size. (huabio.cn)
  • Its DNA codes for sequence of 238 amino acids that forms a protein called Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). (asu.edu)
  • Estimating the fraction of the T-cell response directed against the single immunodominant epitope, we identify the sequence features of TCRs that define the high precursor frequency of the two major TCR motifs specific for this particular epitope. (elifesciences.org)
  • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), another method for amplifying a selected DNA sequence, does not rely on the biologic cloning method. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The uniqueness of the immunoglobulin stems from the complementary determining region (CDR), which is an aptly suited N-terminal sequence for binding with a foreign protein. (cheapebooks.org)
  • Plasma cells self-amplify their CDR region by producing large amounts of immunoglobulins, which result in total serum immunoglobulin levels of 10 g/L. The unique sequence along with their high abundance in serum make immunoglobulins and plasma cell disorders (PCDs) an attractive target for current proteomics techniques. (cheapebooks.org)
  • The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell-culturing cells have been "transformed" into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided. (wikipedia.org)
  • Post-translational modification - e.g. phosphorylation, glycosylation etc., which increases the size of the protein b. (huabio.cn)
  • The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in virology . (wikipedia.org)
  • This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders , Thomas Huckle Weller , and Frederick Chapman Robbins , who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
  • Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Guia Esencial Para Los Contratos De Arrendamiento De Bienes Raices (Legal Survival Guides) role basta is cell site whose band is failed to be hydroxyapatite 1 which produces for selectable analog and this art is under the algorithm of Lac production. (naturheilpraxis-gisbert-fussek.de)
  • Each cloned cell line has a unique clone number since antibodies are produced by more than one host. (huabio.cn)
  • The name of the disorder is a descriptive term for the clinical consequence of red blood cell (RBC) breakdown with release of hemoglobin into the urine, which manifests most prominently as dark-colored urine in the morning (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
  • As for many other gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall of L. monocytogenes contains large amounts of the anionic polymer teichoic acid (TA), covalently linked to peptidoglycan. (asm.org)