Known activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

Furthermore, we identify activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key chaperone of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as a functional downstream effector of PCDH20. (biomedcentral.com)
The sensors correspond to three branches of the UPR, namely protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branches. (helsinki.fi)
Together with other UPR transcription factors such as ATF6, XBP-1 stimulates the production of ER stress proteins including the ER resident protein chaperones glucose regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94. (prosci-inc.com)
XBP1 mRNA is induced by ATF6 and spliced by IRE1p in response to ER stress to produce a highly active transcription factor. (prosci-inc.com)
Mammalian transcription factor ATF6 is synthesized as a transmembrane protein and activated by proteolysis in response to endoplasmic stress. (prosci-inc.com)

An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2. (umassmed.edu)
This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. (cancerindex.org)
The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1(U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1(S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. (cancerindex.org)
Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid," Genes & Development, 6:329-44, 1992. (the-scientist.com)
The receptors function as dimeric molecules in nuclei to regulate the transcription of target genes in a ligand-responsive manner. (embl.de)
These response elements position the receptors, and the complexes recruited by them, close to the genes of which transcription is affected. (embl.de)
PTFs also enable other transcription factors, histone modifiers, and nucleosome remodeling complexes to alter the chromatin state and promote gene expression of silenced genes. (cytoskeleton.com)
The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 were found to trigger endogenous expression of pluripotent genes [2] and were identified as PTFs due to their ability to access closed chromatin [3] . (cytoskeleton.com)
This is mostly due to surface toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize both extracellular highly conserved microorganism structures or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and alarmins further activating transcription factors of the same proinflammatory genes coding the production of proinflammatory regulatory substances, including cytokines and chemokines [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
In particular, mutations in DNA binding sites recognized by transcription factors can alter regulator binding affinities and, consequently, expression of target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Es activado por PROTEASAS y a continuación se traslada al NÚCLEO CELULAR para regular la TRANSCRIPCIÓN GENÉTICA de GENES implicados en la respuesta de las proteínas no plegadas. (bvsalud.org)
It is activated by PROTEASES and then moves to the CELL NUCLEUS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in the unfolded protein response. (bvsalud.org)
They looked to genes that encode transcription factors that de-differentiate cells. (the-scientist.com)
During embryonic development, the PAX6 protein is thought to turn on (activate) genes involved in the formation of the eyes, the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), and the pancreas. (medlineplus.gov)
Transcription factor that binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. (lu.se)
[ 11 ] In the CALERIE phase 1 study, however, we demonstrated that 6 months of 25% CR in healthy human s increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. (medscape.com)

inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
Upon sensing unfolded proteins, an ER transmembrane endonuclease and kinase termed IRE1p is activated and excises an intron from XBP-1 mRNA. (prosci-inc.com)

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. (wikipedia.org)
And the LEF / TCF family transcription factor, along with other proteins, binds to DNA and inhibits gene expression. (researchsquare.com)
AKT proteins also participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway which controls the assembly of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4E) complex and this pathway, in addition to responding to extracellular signals from growth factors and cytokines, is disregulated in many cancers. (senescence.info)
When administrated to some mammalian cells at the concentration of 1 µM, carnosic acid protects the cellular components ( i.e. lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA) against chemical stressors such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), paraquat (an agrochemical), 6-hydroxydopamine (which is used to induce Parkinson's like disease experimentally), among other toxicants. (databasefootball.com)
At low concentrations, carnosic acid is detected by the cells as a xenobiotic and the Nrf2 transcription factor is activated, leading to an increase in the expression of proteins involved in cytoprotection, as mentioned above. (databasefootball.com)
On the basis of this action, PAX proteins are called transcription factors. (medlineplus.gov)

HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
Activating Transcription Factor 6 Mediates Inflammatory Signals in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. (uni-kiel.de)

IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Upon ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes and oligomerizes, and its endonuclease domain is activated. (helsinki.fi)
The reporter was expressed when IRE1 splicing was activated, since the XBP1 intron fragment was fused to the Nano luciferase gene. (helsinki.fi)
qPCR revealed that the other observed UPR markers were activated as well upon thapsigargin treatment, however, they were not decreased with the treatment with IRE1 specific inhibitors. (helsinki.fi)
Together, the experiments done with cells transfected with CDNF, MANF or MANF mutants, suggested that the tested neurotrophic factors decreased IRE1 oligomerization and its activation. (helsinki.fi)
In the present study, we demonstrate that IRE1α (also known as ERN1) and its downstream target, XBP1, are activated in skeletal muscle of mice upon injury. (elifesciences.org)

This paper develops a model for IL-6 and IL-10 signal transduction and then investigates the effect that stimulation with these cytokines has on the transcription factor dynamics. (theiet.org)
Since IL-10 signals through the Jak-STAT but not the Erk-C/EBPβ pathway, a model was developed which includes interaction between IL-6 and IL-10 signalling as both mechanisms share signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway. (theiet.org)
The role of the inhibitors of interleukin-6 signal transduction SHP2 and SOCS3 for desensitization of interleukin-6 signalling. (theiet.org)

The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1(S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)
This allows a complete translation of spliced XBP1 mRNA into a functional protein that acts as a transcription factor. (helsinki.fi)
Also, cisplatin increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NF-κB expression, which subsequently increased mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, KIM-1, NGAL, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as decreased mRNA expression of IL-10 in kidney tissues. (thieme-connect.com)

2002 Dec;39(9):531-6. (nih.gov)
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2002 Mar 87 (3): 1402-6. (cdc.gov)

DNMT3A expression is downregulated in intestinal epithelial cells from IBD patients and upon tumor necrosis factor treatment in murine intestinal organoids. (nature.com)
Previous studies have demonstrated that curcumin at a dose of 100 mg/kg orally in mice and 60 mg/kg in rats reduced concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inhibited oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity [ 7 ] [ 8 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
Tumor necrosis factor and its potential role in insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (theiet.org)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)

Further analysis of transcription factors with conserved binding motifs can reveal cell regulatory pathways crucial for the survivability of various human cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
Over the last few decades, it has been studied that the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced kidney damage are complex and involved numerous cellular and molecular processes including inflammation, apoptosis, accumulation of cisplatin in renal tubular cells via renal drug transporters, Ctr1 and OCT2, and involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. (thieme-connect.com)

Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that oxidative stress may cause alterations in essential components of the lung, contributing to pathological abnormalities and functional changes (table 2 ⇑ ) 6 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
A risk of using Yamanaka factors in vivo is that dedifferentiation can cause cells to divide rapidly, so researchers in the Cell study only turned them on in short bursts. (the-scientist.com)

While the induction of Th2 differentiation by IL-6 is dependent upon endogenous IL-4, inhibition of Th1 differentiation by IL-6 is IL-4- and NFAT-independent. (nih.gov)

Structural changes to essential components of the lung are caused by oxidative stress, contributing to irreversible damage of both parenchyma and airway walls 6 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)

ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, if the UPR is activated continuously for a long time, the apoptotic pathway will be triggered, and the cell will die. (helsinki.fi)
Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating AKT1 which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. (senescence.info)

This subset of transcription factors, known as pioneer transcription factors (PTFs), possess the ability to engage closed chromatin that is not accessible by other types of transcription factors, establish gene expression, and elicit cell reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)

doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. (wikipedia.org)

We identify the cadherin superfamily member protocadherin 20 (PCDH20) as a crucial factor in Crohn's disease. (biomedcentral.com)

This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)

Cardiomyocytes displayed a marked shift in metabolic gene transcription: downregulation of aerobic respiration and subsequent upregulation of glucose utilization, changes coincident with attenuated expression of PPARα and PPARγ coactivators -1α (PGC1α) and -1β, and increased expression of the metabolic regulator T-box transcription factor 15 ( Tbx15 ). (jci.org)

Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)

Phosphorylation of additional residues also occurs, for example, in response to insulin growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor. (senescence.info)

The mutations that cause Peters anomaly reduce the PAX6 protein's ability to bind to DNA, disrupting its role as a transcription factor. (medlineplus.gov)

Alarmines activate the congenital immune system inducing inflammation and promoting tissue recovery [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is worthy to note that the congenital immune system employs an almost similar complex of defensive responses in response to any damage [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

In a 2016 Cell paper, a different group of scientists had activated these transcription factors in mice with progeria, a condition that causes premature aging, and found that the treatment alleviated symptoms and extended their lifespan by a matter of weeks. (the-scientist.com)

We further characterized several transcription factors linked to a large number of enhancers in each tumor type, including GATA3 in non-basal breast tumors, HOXC6 and DLX1 in prostate tumors, and ZNF395 in kidney tumors. (altmetric.com)

Increased production of mediators, such as interleukin (IL)‐8, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and leukotriene B 4 , which both attract inflammatory cells and increase oxidant production by these cells, has been found. (ersjournals.com)
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a cytokine produced by several cell types including antigen presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (nih.gov)

Simultaneous stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) activating receptor on monocytes results in the amplification of the inflammatory signal and multiple increase in proinflammatory cytokine production. (hindawi.com)
Gastric cancer development in mice lacking the SHP2 binding site on the IL-6 family co-receptor gp130. (theiet.org)

IL-6 promotes Th2 differentiation and simultaneously inhibits Th1 polarization through two independent molecular mechanisms. (nih.gov)
IL-6 inhibits Th1 differentiation by upregulating supressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression to interfere with IFNgamma signaling and the development of Th1 cells. (nih.gov)

Viral host range factors antagonize pathogenic SAMD9 and SAMD9L variants. (uni-kiel.de)
We summarize current knowledge of viral factors that determine host range restriction and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Viral factors that affect these properties are examined. (cdc.gov)

In this closed state, chromatin structure becomes an obstacle for eukaryotic transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase machinery and most transcription factors (TFs). (cytoskeleton.com)
Recently, the RNA polymerase (PB2) protein has also been recognized as a critical factor in host range restriction, while the nonstructural (NS1) protein affects the initial host immune responses. (cdc.gov)
In a subset of individuals, a muscle biopsy was performed for transcriptional profiling via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. (medscape.com)

Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. (genome.jp)
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
The identified transcription factors influence both the global and specific gene expression of the BCLs and have possible implications for diagnosis and treat- ment. (lu.se)
The host genetic factors are assumed to play a critical role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, through impact on the gene expression of cytokines and chemokines, which are implicated in the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

A phenomenological model of GAL induction led us to a conceptual framework for variation in modality that identified the relative thresholds of induced fraction and expression level regulation as the two critical factors. (elifesciences.org)
Transient transfection of intracellular Notch1 (Notch1-IC) into a pre-B cell line resulted in the down-regulation of EBF-regulated promoters and diminished the capacity of EBF to activate these promoters in an epithelial cell line. (lu.se)

Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). (jci.org)
p53 is a transcription factor that participates in cell cycle checkpoint processes and apoptosis. (lu.se)

In an initial step, some parameters of a previously developed IL-6 signalling model are re-estimated based upon newly developed experimental data for the Jak-STAT pathway. (theiet.org)

Ensembl chr 6:52,234,089. (mcw.edu)

Activating Transcription Factor 1" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)

thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. (wikipedia.org)

Otherwise, carnosic acid is a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, a transcription factor found in an inactive form in the cytosol bound to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). (databasefootball.com)

During the last 30 years, berries have gained great attention as functional food against several risk factors in chronic diseases. (mdpi.com)
We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
The aim of this thesis was to understand how particular factors such as neuronal content, placement and cell source, affect functional outcome after transplantation into the rodent brain. (lu.se)

Because enhancer activity is thought to be critical in regulating cell fate decisions, we have focused our studies on distal regulatory elements and transcription factors that bind to these elements. (altmetric.com)
We found more than 1200 transcription factors to be involved in these tumor-specific enhancer networks. (altmetric.com)
Our studies characterized tumor-specific enhancers and revealed key transcription factors involved in enhancer networks for specific tumor types and subgroups. (altmetric.com)
Our findings, which include a large set of identified enhancers and transcription factors linked to those enhancers in breast, prostate, and kidney cancers, will facilitate understanding of enhancer networks and mechanisms leading to the development of these cancers. (altmetric.com)
SHOX interacts with the chondrogenic transcription factors SOX5 and SOX6 to activate the aggrecan enhancer. (cdc.gov)

Thus, by using two independent molecular mechanisms, IL-6 plays a dual role in Th1/Th2 differentiation. (nih.gov)
Although highly preliminary, the findings suggest that different tumor biological factors may predict response to different chemotherapy regimens with distinct mechanisms of action. (lu.se)

and CD8 + T cells play a major role as beta cell killers [ 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
Über Zwischenschritte führt dies zu einer Induktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren „nuclear factor-kappa of B cells" (NF-κB) und „activator protein-1" (AP-1) und einer konsekutiven Expression pro-inflammatorischer Zytokine (Abb. (springermedizin.de)
IL-6 activates transcription mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) leading to production of IL-4 by nai;ve CD4(+) T cells and their differentiation into effector Th2 cells. (nih.gov)
Researchers repaired what is otherwise irreversible damage in the animals' ocular neurons, by activating transcription factors ordinarily used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. (the-scientist.com)
These so-called Yamanaka factors, named after biologist Shinya Yamanaka, are widely used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (the-scientist.com)
We still do not know what specific factors contribute to the success in transplantation i.e. what cells are responsible for motor recovery? (lu.se)
Our objective is to identify the cells and factors that are essential in the engineering process. (lu.se)

It is known that STAT3 and C/EBPβ are activated by IL-6 and that IL-6 signalling is also affected by IL-10, even though the exact mechanism is unclear. (theiet.org)

IL-6 is involved in the acute phase response, B cell maturation, and macrophage differentiation. (nih.gov)
In response to DNA-damaging agents, the wild-type p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1 also known as p21) is an important downstream effector in the p53-specific growth arrest pathway. (lu.se)
The results of our phenotype analysis also indicate that it is more likely that a panel of tumor biological factors instead of only one single factor may be needed for better prediction of chemotherapy response. (lu.se)

Steroid or nuclear hormone receptors constitute an important superfamily of transcription regulators that are involved in widely diverse physiological functions, including control of embryonic development, cell differentiation and homeostasis. (embl.de)
Here, we discuss a novel function of IL-6: the control of T helper (Th) 1/Th2 differentiation. (nih.gov)
also known as ASH1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NeuroD1), yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). (cancerindex.org)

PCDH20 is an essential factor in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and barrier integrity. (biomedcentral.com)

Beclin-1 and Atg-5 expression levels were upregulated and LC3 was cleaved after a 6 h purvalanol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
In this Perspectives article, we review and synthesize these recent lines of evidence and propose a working nomenclature for SCLC subtypes defined by relative expression of these four factors. (cancerindex.org)

Results: NGS detected 130 risk variants associated with DA (3.1 × 10-6 to 6.21 × 10-4), 129 of which were located in noncoding regions. (cdc.gov)
Here we present analysis of transcription factor binding motifs co-localized with non-coding variants. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Atf65

GENES16

Kinase2

Proteins6

PERK1

Endoplasmic3

IRE17

Signal Transduction3

MRNA3

20022

Tumor necros4

Pathways2

VIVO2

Endogenous1

Oxidative stress2

Protein kinases1

Apoptotic4

Subset of transcription factors1

10.10161

Cadherin1

Binds1

PPAR1

Cellular1

Phosphorylation1

Pax61

Congenital2

20161

Tumors1

Interleukin2

Receptor2

Inhibits2

Viral3

Polymerase3

Gene Expression4

Regulation2

Apoptosis2

Experimental1

Ensembl1

Descriptor1

Chromatin1

Nrf21

Functional3

Enhancer5

Mechanisms2

Cells7

STAT31

Response3

Differentiation3

Epithelial1

Expression2

Variants2