MicrotubulesMitotic spindleCentromereAttachmentPlk1CentrosomesProteinDynamics duringEarly mitosisPolesCytokinesisMeiosisMolecularReplicationLocalizesDyneinComplexVitroLocalizationDynactinSomatic cellsMicrotubule-basedCohesin complexesChromosome alignmentOuterRegulationGenomeProphaseNuclearStructuresAdditionallyInteractionsStagesDividesSisterKinasesCellsCell division
Microtubules13
- We classify them as kinetochore (KMTs), spindle (SMTs) or astral microtubules (AMTs) according to their positions, and quantify distinct properties of each class. (nature.com)
- Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
- In all spindles, the microtubule cytoskeleton connects to chromosomes via a special class of microtubules called kinetochore microtubules (KMTs). (nature.com)
- In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
- Mapping movement: the coloured lines chart the movement (purple to yellow) of kinetochores (green dots) as microtubules hook onto them to separate the chromosomes (cyan). (scienceinschool.org)
- Soon afterward, kinetochores are reassembled, leading to their recapture by microtubules. (dundee.ac.uk)
- We also show how kinetochores are subsequently transported poleward by microtubules. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Current models propose that displacement of the spindle poles and/or the activity of kinetochore microtubules generate mechanical forces that segregate sister chromatids. (ens-lyon.fr)
- Conversely, we identify a novel role for two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, Ran and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase.Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is continuously required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
- Specialized sites on the chromosomes called kinetochores attach to spindle microtubules, and these kinetochore-microtubule attachments are necessary for proper chromosome segregation. (colorado.edu)
- Kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules and the subsequent chromosome movements occur via highly dynamic microtubules that maintain kinetochore attachment during significant microtubule turnover. (colorado.edu)
- The kinetochore is a large macromolecular assembly that physically connects the centromere to spindle microtubules to ensure accurate distribution of sister chromatids to daughter cells during mitosis. (umich.edu)
- The centrosome will organize a complex structure of microtubules , the mitotic spindle, involved in mitosis. (coursehero.com)
Mitotic spindle4
- Aurora-B, which is a member of the Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC), is a key mitotic kinase and plays an important role in ensuring high fidelity mitosis by phosphorylating numerous substrates in the mitotic spindle. (virginia.edu)
- 2009). During mitosis, CLASPs stay linked with centrosomes, where they regulate mitotic spindle setting and post reliability (Samora et al. (bio2009.org)
- The activity of NEK6 plays important roles in mitotic spindle kinetochore fiber formation, metaphase-anaphase transition, cytokinesis, and checkpoint regulation [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In binary fission, there is no involvement of the mitotic apparatus like the centrioles, mitotic spindle, centromeres, and kinetochores. (differencebetween.net)
Centromere5
- This localization of the CPC to the inner-centromere is important for the concentration-dependent autoactivation of the CPC during mitosis. (virginia.edu)
- The centromere (red dot) is the site of assembly of the kinetochore. (scienceinschool.org)
- Bod1 depletion does not affect the activity or localization of Aurora B but does cause mislocalization of the microtubule depolymerase mitotic centromere- associated kinesin and prevents its efficient phosphorylation by Aurora B. Therefore, Bod1 is a novel kinetochore protein that is required for the detection or resolution of syntelic attachments in mitotic spindles. (rupress.org)
- These detachment and displacement events are caused by centromere DNA replication, which results in disassembly of kinetochores. (dundee.ac.uk)
- A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
Attachment11
- Cdc5 (Plk found in budding yeast) directly phosphorylates the meiotic cohesin and promotes its dissociation from the chromosome arms to allow for recombination but not from the centromeric region in meiosis I. In some yeast cdc5 mutants, bipolar rather than monopolar attachment of the sister kinetochores occurs during meiosis I because a complex of proteins called monopolins fails to localize to the kinetochore. (wikipedia.org)
- CPC cooperate to ensure proper phosphorylation of the outer kinetochore substrates, which is important for correction of improper kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (virginia.edu)
- Apart from regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachment Aurora-B also regulates the assembly of the outer kinetochore during mitosis. (virginia.edu)
- Aurora-B activity at the kinetochore changes in response to the kinetochore-microtubule attachment status and this change is important for proper mitosis. (virginia.edu)
- However, the outer kinetochore organization is thought to remain unchanged before and after kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (virginia.edu)
- It is thus unclear if the same interactions underlie the organization of the core outer kinetochore before and after mature kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (virginia.edu)
- In Chapter 4, I will present data that suggests that different pathways play a role in the maintenance of the outer kinetochore before and after mature kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (virginia.edu)
- I will show that the outer kinetochore maintenance is dependent on the CPC and Plk1 activity before but not after mature kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (virginia.edu)
- This gene encodes a component of the spindle and kinetochore-associated protein complex that regulates microtubule attachment to the kinetochores during mitosis. (antibodies-online.com)
- Problems in kinetochore-microtubule attachment and chromosome segregation can lead to aneuploidy, which is associated with birth defects and cancer progression. (colorado.edu)
- 2004). Different spindle checkpoint proteins monitor microtubule attachment and tension at kinetochores in Drosophila cells . (up.pt)
Plk18
- Plk1 associates with kinetochores during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. (mpg.de)
- At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. (mpg.de)
- Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. (mpg.de)
- Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. (mpg.de)
- Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores. (mpg.de)
- Scheme of main findings on the mechanism of kinetochore recruitment of PLK1. (mpg.de)
- Cultured HeLa cells were arrested in metaphase using nocodazole, immunostained for Bub1 and Plk1 to label kinetochores, and counter stained with DAPI. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Centrosomes4
- and how kinetochores and centrosomes serve as anchor and control points. (cshlpress.com)
- Chromatids segregate without centrosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans mitosis in a Ran- and CLASP-dependent manner. (ens-lyon.fr)
- Home / Teams / Evolutionary Cell Biology in Nematodes - M. Delattre / Publications / Chromatids segregate without centrosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans mitosis in a Ran- and CLASP-dependent manner. (ens-lyon.fr)
- Using laser destruction of the centrosomes during Caenorhabditis elegans mitosis, we show that neither of these mechanisms is necessary to achieve proper chromatid segregation. (ens-lyon.fr)
Protein7
- Nevertheless, amazingly small is normally known about how particular KT protein are governed to great beat KTCMT design throughout mitosis. (bio2009.org)
- Like the child's rod pulling a toy fish by its magnet, a microtubule catches a chromosome by its kinetochore - a cluster of protein and genetic material at the centre of the chromosome's X shape. (scienceinschool.org)
- The first of these is Bod1, a protein conserved throughout metazoans that associates with a large macromolecular complex and localizes with kinetochores and spindle poles during mitosis. (rupress.org)
- Therefore, the encoded protein is thought to be an important part of functional kinetochores. (caslab.com)
- Spindly is a protein that targets dynein/dynactin to kinetochores in mitosis and can activate its motility in vitro . (biologists.com)
- We focus on fission yeast as a model organism due to its ease of genetic manipulation and protein crystallization with a conservation of key human kinetochore components. (umich.edu)
- The spindle checkpoint protein BubR1 has been reported as a CENP-E interacting partner, but to what extent BubR1 contributes to CENP-E localization at kinetochores, has remained controversial. (ox.ac.uk)
Dynamics during1
Early mitosis2
- Significantly, simply a few-fold boost in KTCMT balance during early mitosis in regular untransformed individual cells is normally enough to induce chromosome segregation flaws to amounts equivalent to those in cancers cells with chromosomal lack of stability (CIN), whereas enjoyment of KTCMT turnover is normally capable to restore balance to usually chromosomally shaky growth cells (Bakhoum et al. (bio2009.org)
- Recent projects have focused on the contributions of kinesin-8 motor proteins to chromosome movements, and kinetochore capture in early mitosis. (colorado.edu)
Poles3
- This stereotypical arrangement is widely believed to mediate the forces between the metaphase plate and the poles that separate sister chromatids during mitosis. (nature.com)
- Nup133 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) localizes to spindle poles and kinetochores while NuMA localizes to spindle poles (green) in prometaphse Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
- Nup160 and Nup96 (components of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex) localize at spindle poles during mitosis in HeLa cells whereas Nup93 and Nup62 (nucleoporins absent from the Nup107-160 complex)do n. (ucsd.edu)
Cytokinesis3
- During mitosis and cytokinesis, Plks associate with several structures including the centrosome, kinetochores, and the central spindle. (wikipedia.org)
- The cellular changes that occur during cytokinesis are also reviewed in detail, as are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. (cshlpress.com)
- Mitosis includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase, as well as telophase, during which chromosome copies are carefully separated in preparation for cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides. (coursehero.com)
Meiosis2
- Buck RC: Mitosis and meiosis in Rhodnius prolixus . (karger.com)
- Mitosis & meiosis. (mindmeister.com)
Molecular4
- Molecular characterization of the 50-kD subunit of dynactin reveals function for the complex in chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
- nature structural & molecular biology Abstract In the early stages of mitosis, cohesin is released from chromosome arms but not from centromeres. (cbinsights.com)
- Here we define the molecular determinants that specify the interaction between BubR1 and CENP-E. The basic C-terminal helix of BubR1 is necessary but not sufficient for CENP-E interaction, while a minimal key acidic patch on the kinetochore-targeting domain of CENP-E, is also essential. (ox.ac.uk)
- This BubR1-CENP-E axis is critical to align chromosomes that have failed to congress through other pathways and recapitulates the major known function of CENP-E. Overall, our studies define the molecular basis and the function for CENP-E recruitment to BubR1 at kinetochores during mammalian mitosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Replication1
- Thus, unlike most genomic chromatin, histone synthesis and assembly are uncoupled from DNA replication at the kinetochore. (rupress.org)
Localizes1
- The polo-box domain (PBD) helps with specificity of substrate and localizes Plk to specific mitotic structures during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Dynein1
- Therefore, dynactin may function to anchor or target dynein to the kinetochore during mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Complex5
- citation needed] On exit from mitosis, Plks are proteolytically degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway after coming in contact with the ubiquitin-ligase Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC). (wikipedia.org)
- Virtually every cell in a living organism contains an identical set of chromosomes thanks to mitosis, a complex process involving hundreds of proteins and regulatory steps that ensures duplicated chromosomes are segregated equally into each daughter cell when a cell divides. (cshlpress.com)
- Cdk1 Phosphorylation of the Dam1 Complex Strengthens Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments. (nih.gov)
- Distribution of Nup133 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) and CENP-B (kinetochores, green) in dividing Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
- Distribution of Nup85 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) and CENP-B (kinetochores, green) in dividing Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
Vitro1
- We have in vitro reconstituted key kinetochore components using novel multi-gene expression systems for both E. coli and insect cells. (umich.edu)
Localization1
- B phosphorylates to ensure error-free mitosis are often localized 100's of nm away from the site of peak kinase localization. (virginia.edu)
Dynactin1
- The precise function of dynactin remains to be determined, but it may be recruited to prometaphase kinetochores to assist in alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Somatic cells2
- Mitosis commonly occurs in somatic cells of multicellular organisms. (differencebetween.net)
- 2006). The ultrastructure of the kinetochore and kinetochore fiber in Drosophila somatic cells . (up.pt)
Microtubule-based1
- During mitosis, chromosomes are connected to a microtubule-based spindle. (ens-lyon.fr)
Cohesin complexes1
- Most of the cohesin complexes dissociate from the chromosomes before mitosis, although those complexes at the kinetochore remain. (caslab.com)
Chromosome alignment2
- The CENP-E motor is recruited to polar unattached kinetochores, to facilitate chromosome alignment. (ox.ac.uk)
- We then demonstrate that BubR1 is required for the recruitment of CENP-E to kinetochores to facilitate chromosome alignment. (ox.ac.uk)
Outer1
- In Chapter 3, I will describe a mechanism that enables the phosphorylation of distant outer kinetochore substrates by the CPC. (virginia.edu)
Regulation1
- Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers both historical and recent developments in our understanding of mitosis and its regulation. (cshlpress.com)
Genome2
- Main During mitosis, the duplicated genome needs to be accurately distributed over the two daughter cells. (cbinsights.com)
- Malfunction of the kinetochore results in genome instability, which has been implicated in many types of cancers. (umich.edu)
Prophase1
- Each chromosome is condensed into a structure of two sister chromatids during prophase of mitosis. (coursehero.com)
Nuclear2
- In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microtubule-organizing centers called spindle pole bodies (SPBs) are embedded in the nuclear envelope, which remains intact throughout the cell cycle (closed mitosis). (dundee.ac.uk)
- Mitosis is a form of nuclear division in which replicated chromosomes are carefully organized and separated in preparation for cytoplasmic division. (coursehero.com)
Structures1
- Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
Additionally1
- Additionally, mitosis copies the chromosomes while binary fission only copies the DNA. (differencebetween.net)
Interactions1
- Bod1-depleted cells form syntelic attachments that can oscillate and generate enough force to separate sister kinetochores, suggesting that microtubule-kinetochore interactions were intact. (rupress.org)
Stages4
- They also survey the biochemical machinery that coordinates the three main regulatory stages entry into mitosis, sister chromatid separation, and mitotic exit in both space and time. (cshlpress.com)
- For mitosis, cells undergo a series of stages in order for them to divide into daughter nuclei. (differencebetween.net)
- Mitosis is comprised of four stages: G1, S, G2, and a stage that completes the mitotic cycle. (differencebetween.net)
- 3.Mitosis has stages of cell division. (differencebetween.net)
Divides2
- In other words, mitosis divides the cell into two daughter nuclei while binary fission divides the cell to form two duplicate cells. (differencebetween.net)
- The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
Sister2
- 5.Binary fission does not involve the mitotic apparatus and sister chromatids unlike in mitosis. (differencebetween.net)
- Sister chromatids are identical copies of DNA that remain connected until they are separated during mitosis. (coursehero.com)
Kinases1
- NEK6 belongs to the never in mitosis A (NIMA)-related kinases family and is a mitogen/threonine kinase with 313 amino acids. (hindawi.com)
Cells7
- Mitosis is an important stage in the cell cycle when the duplicated chromosomes are segregated to the daughter cells. (virginia.edu)
- By examining mouse egg cells under the microscope, EMBL scientist Tomoya (Tomo) Kitajima was the first to track the movements of all of an egg cell's kinetochores during the whole of cell division - all 10 hours of it. (scienceinschool.org)
- We were able, for the first time, to keep track of all the kinetochores throughout cell division - so there's not a single time point where it's ambiguous where that part of the chromosome is - and that's really a breakthrough in the field, achieving this in these very large and light-sensitive cells," says Jan Ellenberg, who heads the research group. (scienceinschool.org)
- mitosis → produces genetically identical daughter cells. (mindmeister.com)
- Cells that are eukaryote in nature divide through the process of mitosis. (differencebetween.net)
- Incubations of cells with patulin led to an increased number of multinucleated cells and multipolar mitoses. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Kinetochores were labeled by expression of epitope-tagged CENP-A, which stably marks prekinetochore domains in human cells. (rupress.org)
Cell division2
- The whole idea of cell division which involves either mitosis or binary fission is a very particular matter. (differencebetween.net)
- At kinetochore-microtubule plus ends, the kinesin-8 family member Kif18A is essential to align mitotic chromosomes at the spindle equator during cell division, but how it accomplishes this function is unclear. (nih.gov)