• The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Absolute quantification of viral proteins during single-round replication of MDCK suspension cells. (mpg.de)
  • On the one hand, the UPS acts as a host defense mechanism to selectively recognize HBV proteins as well as special cellular proteins that favor the viral life cycle and induces their ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation to limit HBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • pgRNA translates viral HBc and Pol proteins, and also acts as a template for the replication of the HBV genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After translation of viral RNAs into HBV proteins occurs in the host cytoplasm, viral pgRNA is encapsulated into core particles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • protective cytotoxic t-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing ebola virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Much has been learned regarding nuclear entry, but the cellular proteins involved are still unknown and the exact role of each viral component remains controversial [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process leads to an antiviral defense program consisting in the production of effectors that directly inhibit viral replication, as well as cytokines and chemokines. (cdc.gov)
  • Elucidating these mechanisms and identifying which cellular factors are exploited by the retroviruses and which hinder their life cycle, will certainly lead to the discovery of new ways to inhibit viral replication and to improve retroviral vectors for gene transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the HBV is a small DNA virus, and there is only limited genetic information in the viral genome, the virus heavily relies on cellular factors for viral replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
  • Retroviral particles must bind specifically to their target cells, cross the plasma membrane, reverse-transcribe their RNA genome, while uncoating the cores, find their way to the nuclear membrane and penetrate into the nucleus to finally dock and integrate into the cellular genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The life cycle of retroviruses is arbitrarily divided into two distinct phases: the early phase refers to the steps of infection from cell binding to the integration of the viral cDNA into the cell genome, whereas the late phase begins with the expression of viral genes and continues through to the release and maturation of progeny virions (see Figure 1 for a schematic view of the retroviral life cycle). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. (cdc.gov)
  • At the host level, the course of infection of 1 virus might be influenced by prior or concurrent infection by another virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Positive virus‒virus interaction corresponds to a co-infection that might result in an increased disease severity and pathogenesis (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] and influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 virus) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Homologous virus‒virus interaction implies that cross-reactive immunity against a first virus prevents infection with a second virus (e.g., among different influenza subtypes or lineages) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Heterologous viral interference relies on induction of a nonspecific innate immune response by a first virus that reduces or prevents infection and replication of a second virus (e.g., influenza A virus [IAV] and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The type of virus‒virus interaction (negative or positive) is probably dependent on the respiratory viruses involved, the timing of each infection, and the interplay between the response of the host to each virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Induction of ISGs by a first virus might limit infection and replication of a second virus, especially if they show a differential ability to induce an IFN response or different degrees of susceptibility to immune mediators. (cdc.gov)
  • Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 2012). This is due to the establishment, early after primary infection, of a viral reservoir that is responsible for the persistence of low levels of plasma viremia in patients under suppressive ART (Chun et al. (europa.eu)
  • During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the UPS is shown to act as a double-edged sword in viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considering the important role of the UPS in HBV infection, a better understanding of the HBV-UPS interaction could provide novel insight into the mechanisms that are involved in viral replication and pathogenesis and help to develop potential treatment strategies targeting the UPS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During HBV infection, a variety of cellular factors are recruited by the virus to regulate multiple steps in the HBV replication cycle [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the HBV is capable of selectively and specifically altering the expression of intracellular factors, which are involved in the host immune response, to mediate persistent viral infection [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • infection with ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from ebola virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • APOBEC3B drives PKR-mediated translation shutdown and protects stress granules in response to viral infection. (uci.edu)
  • Genotoxic stress and viral infection induce transient expression of APOBEC3A and pro-inflammatory genes through two distinct pathways. (uci.edu)
  • Various mutant P coding sequences were inserted into a full-length cDNA clone of VSV, and the virus recovery, kinetics of growth, and mRNA and protein synthesis were examined. (nebraska.edu)
  • VSVP227, carrying alanine at position 227, showed reduced kinetics of virus growth but increased kinetics of viral mRNA synthesis in infected cells. (nebraska.edu)
  • Among the viral transcripts, preC mRNA encodes precore protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • They reveal the existence of a new mechanism of TOP1/G4-dependent transcriptional repression conserved between viral and human genes. (cnrs.fr)
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Furthermore, we found that DI RNAs of different sizes were generated by high-multiplicity passaging of various mutant VSVs, indicating that the viral RdRp may play a significant role in the process of DI particle generation. (nebraska.edu)
  • Enterovirus-Cardiomyocyte Interactions: Impact of Terminally Deleted Genomic RNAs on Viral and Host Functions. (uci.edu)
  • This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an efficient viral replication as well as for the setting up of viral latency, leading to a repressed transcription of the integrated provirus.nnRESULTS: In this study, we examined the role of two parameters in HIV-1 LTR promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)
  • The phosphoprotein (P) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an essential subunit of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex. (nebraska.edu)
  • Structural components of viruses are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in epithelial and immune cells ( Figure ) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The more probable mechanism of negative viral interactions relies on the induction of a transient innate immunity by the interfering virus. (cdc.gov)
  • LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Degradation Kinetics of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in a Biogas Reactor Using Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. (mpg.de)
  • The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. (cdc.gov)
  • As a highly conserved cellular degradation mechanism, the UPS affects a variety of biological processes and participates in viral propagation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (wikidoc.org)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • ebola virus circulation in africa: a balance between clinical expression and epidemiological silence. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)
  • HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
  • nearly thirty years after the first epidemics, ebola virus (ebov) remains hardly described, its transmission unclear and its reservoir elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, there is a need to develop methods to describe the relationship among components of mutant spectra in viral populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • in the past decade the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • We also provide evidence that virion-associated cholesterol contributes to the interaction between HCV particles and apolipoprotein E. The molecular basis for the effects of different sterols on HCV infectivity is discussed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The molecular interaction of HBV with the UPS to modulate viral propagation and pathogenesis is summarized in the review. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The molecular events and evolutionary forces underlying lethal mutagenesis of virus (or virus extinction through an excess of mutations) are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Negative virus‒virus interaction can be homologous or heterologous depending on whether the 2 viruses belong to the same family or to different serotypes or families. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. (cdc.gov)
  • Several respiratory viruses can circulate during the same period and can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract, leading to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
  • predicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • pour me access scope Norwich portion to run cheaper outcomes on an call contamination book anti-virus radiation? (holiday-reisezentrum.de)
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • the status of current laboratory diagnostics for ebola and marburg virus infections is discussed in terms of the assays available and their interpretation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Here we apply for the first time phylogenetic methods and Partition Analysis of Quasispecies (PAQ) to monitor genetic distances and intra-population structures of mutant spectra of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) quasispecies subjected to mutagenesis by base and nucleoside analogues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA viruses replicate as mutant distributions termed viral quasispecies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For many purposes it is important to analyze phylogenetically the relationship among different genomes from the same mutant spectrum of a viral quasispecies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As an example, a study with a poliovirus mutant which displays a -3-to 5-fold higher template-copying fidelity than the wild type documented that a narrow mutant spectrum impeded the virus to reach the brain of susceptible mice and produce neuropathology [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This mechanism contrasts with the known property of TOP1 as global transcriptional activator and offers new perspectives for anti-cancer and anti-viral strategies. (cnrs.fr)
  • Using defective interfering (DI) RNA or minigenomic RNA templates, we previously demonstrated that phosphorylation within the amino-terminal domain I is essential for transcription, whereas phosphorylation within the carboxy-terminal domain II is necessary for replication. (nebraska.edu)
  • Lv1 and Ref1 block incoming particles before reverse-transcription whereas Fv1 and Fv2 act at a stage between reverse-transcription and integration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
  • Process intensification strategies toward cell culture‐based high‐yield production of a fusogenic oncolytic virus. (mpg.de)
  • Cell-line screening and process development for a fusogenic oncolytic virus in small-scale suspension cultures. (mpg.de)
  • However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More interestingly, this particular virus exhibited a significantly reduced cytopathic effects and apoptosis in infected cells, implying that P may be involved in these processes. (nebraska.edu)
  • Then, mature viral particles containing HBV DNA are enveloped and released from host cells [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, cumulative evidence indicates that the host ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has vital roles in HBV replication as well as virus-related pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An early study documented that complexity of the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus quasispecies influenced the pathogenic potential of this virus for mice [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • soon after the ebola fever outbreak and virus discovery in 1976 and in order to investigate the distribution of ebov in central africa, several countries including a range of ecological zones were investigated in the early 1980s, using extensive survey: central african republic (car), cameroon, chad, congo, gabon and equatorial guinea. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Phylogenetic and PAQ analysis provide adequate procedures to describe the evolution of viral sequences subjected to lethal mutagenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The quantifications provide evidence that extinction does not imply unusual increases of intrapopulation complexity, in support of the lethal defection model of virus extinction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • human recombinant antibodies to ebola virus: preparation and characteristics]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • human recombinant antibodies against a purified ebola virus (ev) lysate were selected from a combinatorial library of scfv-antibodies using the phage display technique. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, VNT is a time consuming procedure that requires cell culture and live virus manipulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged beyond repair, infected with a virus , or undergoing stress conditions such as starvation. (wikidoc.org)
  • During the long journey from the cell surface to the nucleus, retroviruses will face multiple obstacles, since in addition to finding a path through the cytoplasm to the nucleus they have to cross two main barriers, the plasma and nuclear membranes, whilst at the same time avoiding or counteracting cellular defences that can interfere with many of these steps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Defective N-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans limits PDGF-BB binding and pericyte recruitment in vascular development. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • As a highly transmissible pathogen, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health threat and causes variable degrees of liver diseases, including acute and chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • we demonstrate that human milk can inhibit the dc-sign-mediated transfer of hiv-1 to cd4+ t lymphocytes as well as viral transfer by both immature and mature dcs. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Single or double mutations in domain I (with the exception of P60/64) or single mutations in domain II had no adverse effect on virus recovery. (nebraska.edu)
  • Several decades passed without significant research into ru-bella, despite documentation of the viral etiology of the diseaseby Hiro and Tasaka in 1938 (31). (vdocuments.net)
  • The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, our results suggest that the phosphorylation of residues in domains I and II of VSV P is indispensable for virus growth. (nebraska.edu)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine, including wild (feral) and domestic pigs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • we reviewed published reports on 254-nm uv inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded dna, single-stranded dna, double-stranded rna, or single-stranded rna genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)