• Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
  • Activation of mTOR-dependent pathways regulates the specification and differentiation of CD4 + T effector cell subsets. (jci.org)
  • These events are influenced by and activate other molecular pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),[2] and therapies are now available that target these pathocellular processes. (cancernetwork.com)
  • In the last 8 decades, theories regarding carcinogenesis have progressed to include numerous pathways by which cells achieve immortality. (cancernetwork.com)
  • My laboratory studies signal transduction pathways that regulate growth and programmed cell death in epithelial cancer cells, with a focus on breast and ovarian cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that metformin exerts its anticancer effects through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of tumor cell mitochondria, and metabolic pathways based on metformin targeting have only recently become the focus of intensive research. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Guidance cues activate signaling transduction pathways that, in turn, regulate the dynamics and organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
  • This poster summarizes the main metabolic pathways in cancer cells and highlights potential targets for cancer therapeutics. (tocris.com)
  • Genetic changes and epigenetic modifications in cancer cells alter the regulation of cellular metabolic pathways providing potential cancer therapeutic targets. (tocris.com)
  • Hall's work has fundamentally changed how one thinks of the process of cell growth, showing that cell growth is a highly regulated, plastic process controlled by TOR-dependent signaling pathways, rather than a passively regulated, spontaneous process that just happens when nutrients are available," says the President of the Hebrew University, Prof. Asher Cohen, explaining the decision of the senate. (unibas.ch)
  • To identify new pathways that might regulate telomere length, we carried out a genetic screen in yeast and identified the cyclin-dependent kinase complex Bur1/2 as a regulator of telomere length. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Early steps in this transition are complex, with at least 2 signaling pathways identified: 1 stops yeast growth and another, with a heat shock protein 70-type profile, initiates the assembly of proteins necessary for mycelial growth. (cdc.gov)
  • Calcium-dependent signaling pathways and heat shock protein expression regulate dimorphism in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and have broad implications for other pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • These signaling pathways are important in many cellular processes such as cell growth and division (proliferation) or maturation (differentiation). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The signaling pathways and cellular functions regulated by the four Numb-associated kinases are largely unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, these findings reveal cellular substrates and pathways regulated by the understudied Numb-associated kinase enzyme BIKE, a mechanism for CLINT1 regulation, and control of DENV infection via BIKE signaling, with potential implications for cell biology, virology, and host-targeted antiviral design. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further mechanistic studies revealed that these functions were controlled by the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinase (MNK) signaling pathways, which regulate which mRNAs will be translated. (lu.se)
  • Metabolic pathways that regulate TAM phenotypes. (lu.se)
  • also known as CDK4I, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor A, Multiple tumor suppressor 1, MTS-1, p16-INK4, p16-INK4a, p16INK4A) is encoded by the CDKN2A (also known as CDKN2, MTS1) gene (Gene ID 1029) in human. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • A protein kinase inhibitor of the m ammalian t arget o f r apamycin (mTOR), a protein that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis and transcription. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-associated colitis showed functional similarities in gut tissue and microbial composition with ulcerative colitis, but decreased Bacteroides species resulted in an enhanced fatty acid transport system and immune cell reorganization in both diseases. (nii.ac.jp)
  • p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
  • In budding yeast, these substrates include the transcriptional inhibitor Whi5 that regulates the G1/S transition. (bvsalud.org)
  • MEN 4 is caused by an inactivating mutation of the CDKN1B gene, which codes for the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B protein, also known as p27 or p27KIP1. (msdmanuals.com)
  • From these findings, it is concluded that ILK plays an important role in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, and that it influences the development of colitis-associated cancer, through modulation of cyclin D1, the extracellular matrix and MMP9. (bmj.com)
  • Exogenous OGF was observed to have a dose-dependent, serum-independent, reversible, and receptor-mediated inhibitory action on cell proliferation that was dependent on RNA and protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • The repressive effect of OGF on cell proliferation also was observed in SW626, CAOV-3, and HEY ovarian cancer cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • Endogenous OGF was found to be constitutively produced and tonically active on cell replicative activities, with neutralization of this peptide accelerating cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • These data are the first to report that the OGF-OGFr system is a native biological regulator of cell proliferation in human ovarian cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
  • This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
  • A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
  • According to experts from the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, the amount of MNK1 kinase is greatly increased in GBM and its inhibition decreases cell proliferation for substantially sensitizing glioma cells to rapamycin. (healthjockey.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Protein transport between the nuclear and the cytoplasmic compartment is a key factor for cell viability and proliferation. (massgeneral.org)
  • PD-1 expression by cancer cells blocks the proliferation of T-cells. (shu.edu)
  • The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cell signaling pathway promotes cell growth, proliferation, and survival. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Although the specific function of ALK receptor tyrosine kinase is unknown, it is thought to act early in development to help regulate the proliferation of nerve cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neuroblastoma and other cancers occur when a buildup of genetic mutations in critical genes-those that control cell proliferation or differentiation-allows cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Constitutive activation of ALK receptor tyrosine kinase may increase the proliferation of immature nerve cells, leading to neuroblastoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Met(5)]-enkephalin) and the OGF receptor (OGFr) form an endogenous growth-regulating pathway in homeostasis and neoplasia. (nih.gov)
  • The mechanism of OGF-OGFr action on DNA synthesis was related to the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory pathway because knockdown of p16 or p21 in OVCAR-3 cells, and p21 in SKOV-3 cells, eliminated OGF's inhibitory effect on growth. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we combined computational modeling with quantitative cell physiology to understand the dynamics of the plasma membrane (PM)-localized BR response pathway during the initiation of cellular responses in the epidermis of the Arabidopsis root tip that are be linked to cell elongation. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • IL-27 promotes NK cell effector functions via Maf-Nrf2 pathway during influenza infection. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Exploring the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in identifying idiopathic multicentric Castleman's disease types: Implications for the mTOR signaling pathway. (harvard.edu)
  • Using in vitro cell free systems, we demonstrated that apratoxin A prevents cotranslational translocation of proteins destined for the secretory pathway. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, use the glycolytic pathway to obtain energy for growth even in the presence of oxygen, which is a phenomenon known as 'aerobic glycolysis' or the Warburg effect ( 9 ), and aerobic glycolysis is a common metabolic phenotype in NSCLC ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
  • The MAP kinase pathway may be activated via several different routes, including upstream growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream mutations in pathway gene components. (mycancergenome.org)
  • BRAF, KRAS, and NRAS are the most frequent biomarkers that serve as inclusion criteria in therapies targeting the MAP kinase signaling pathway. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Biomarkers in the MAP kinase signaling pathway serve as inclusion eligibility criteria in 413 clinical trials, of which 283 are open and 130 are closed. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Of the trials that contain alteration(s) in the MAP kinase signaling pathway as inclusion criteria, 5 are early phase 1 (5 open), 1 is n/a (1 open), 130 are phase 1 (79 open), 87 are phase 1/phase 2 (64 open), 167 are phase 2 (115 open), 1 is phase 2/phase 3 (0 open), and 22 are phase 3 (19 open) [ 1 ]. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Dissecting the role of the Bur1/2 kinase pathway at telomeres will help complete our understanding of the complex network of telomere length regulation. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • As a result, the kinase and the downstream signaling pathway are constantly turned on (constitutively activated). (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the present study, human lung epithelial cells in vitro responded to hexavalent chromium , manganese and nickel over a concentration range of 0.2-200 microM with a significant increase in intracellular phosphoprotein (a measure of stress response pathway activation). (cdc.gov)
  • We present a rate equation model for the TGF-b pathway in endothelial cells together with novel measurements. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, such approaches allow for predicting the Transforming Growth Factor b (TGF-b) pathway in quantities not yet measured. (lu.se)
  • Akts are proteins known as kinases that regulate cell signaling. (mdanderson.org)
  • This study adds a PPP-family protein phosphatase to the proteins involved in the control of polar growth and cell shape determination in S. coelicolor. (lu.se)
  • A proteomics approach revealed that several proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of N -glycoprotein synthesis, are down-regulated upon apratoxin A exposure. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 1) We study Cbl proteins, a family of ubiquitin ligases that negatively regulate signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. (cancer.gov)
  • We are investigating the function of Cbl proteins, a family of proteins that regulate tyrosine kinase activity. (cancer.gov)
  • Cbl proteins belong to the RING finger class of ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) and function as E3s for activated tyrosine kinases. (cancer.gov)
  • Ongoing work is focused on understanding the biochemical and physiologic functions of the three mammalian Cbl proteins in epithelial cells and elucidating the differences in their specificity and/or function. (cancer.gov)
  • This molecular player of GBM apparently regulates the production of cancer related proteins, especially those highly activated in malignant tumors. (healthjockey.com)
  • The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
  • The ALK gene provides instructions for making a protein called ALK receptor tyrosine kinase, which is part of a family of proteins called receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase functions in two multiprotein complexes: lysosomal mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 at the plasma membrane. (nature.com)
  • Here, he discovered the protein kinase TOR - Target of Rapamycin - and elucidated its central role in cell growth control. (unibas.ch)
  • Apratoxin A also depletes cancer cells of several cancer-associated receptor tyrosine kinases by preventing their N -glycosylation, leading to their rapid proteasomal degradation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 2) We investigate induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by TRAIL receptor agonists. (cancer.gov)
  • Mammalian epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15 (EPS15), which is involved in cell growth regulation. (embl.de)
  • Mammalian epidermal growth factor receptor substrate EPS15R. (embl.de)
  • Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (Ack1, E.C. 2.7.10.2), also known as TNK2, is a 114 kDa member of the Ack family of mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) which is activated by multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to perform various roles within the cell. (tocris.com)
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and member of the protein kinase superfamily that regulates cell growth and differentiation. (biolegend.com)
  • HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)
  • This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
  • Receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), SMAD1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, are the only SMADs directly phosphorylated and activated by the kinase domain of type I receptors. (shu.edu)
  • EGF, HGF) to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activates the receptor's activity. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases transmit signals from the cell surface into the cell through a process called signal transduction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the ALK gene change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in ALK receptor tyrosine kinase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This phenomenon, known as gene amplification, results in overexpression of ALK receptor tyrosine kinase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutated or overexpressed ALK receptor tyrosine kinase no longer requires stimulation from outside the cell to be phosphorylated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inadequate efficacy similarly halted the development of agents impinging on the activity of the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)1, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. (lu.se)
  • Here, we reveal that spatial coincidence of abundant CAF infiltration with malignant cells was associated with reduced estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression and activity in luminal breast tumors. (lu.se)
  • For example, a major regulator of metabolism is phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). (hindawi.com)
  • PI3K is activated by growth factors resulting in, among others, the activation of Akt and mTOR. (hindawi.com)
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulates mammalian axon growth by affecting F-actin length in growth cone. (stembook.org)
  • We subsequently validated 19 of 47 putative BIKE interactors using mammalian cell-based protein-protein interaction assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Src and other Src family protein tyrosine kinases are proto-oncogenes that play key roles in regulating cell growth and differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
  • Growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) are upregulated to stimulate angiogenesis, while downregulation of endogenous protein inhibitors (thrombospondin 1 and interferon) disrupts the balance of physiologic angiogenesis. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The INK and CIP/KIP families of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKis) protect cells from oncogenic signals-initiated cellular transformation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Ack1 has therefore become a target of cancer research which has shown that inhibitors of Ack1 can induce cancer cell apoptosis . (tocris.com)
  • Cell division is thought to be initiated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) inactivating key transcriptional inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 have distinct roles in the generation of CD8 + T cell effector and memory populations. (jci.org)
  • A sweet way to regulate cellular growth: OGT and mTOR join forces. (harvard.edu)
  • Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.1 mg/mL) from Hela cells using mTOR (7C10) Rabbit mAb #2983. (cellsignal.com)
  • Immunoprecipitation of mTOR protein from MCF-7 cell extracts. (cellsignal.com)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa cells, transfected with 100 nM SignalSilence ® Control siRNA (Fluorescein Conjugate) #6201 (-) or SignalSilence ® mTOR siRNA II (+), using mTOR (7C10) Rabbit mAb #2983 and α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb #2125. (cellsignal.com)
  • However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mutations in either BUR1 cyclin-dependent kinase or the associated BUR2 cyclin resulted in short telomeres. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • At least 16 mutations in the ALK gene have been identified in some people with neuroblastoma, a type of cancerous tumor composed of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic mutations are present only in certain cells and are not inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These rearrangements are somatic mutations, which means they occur during a person's lifetime and are present only in the cells that become cancerous. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, they modulate signal-transduction cascades, and show both cytostatic (inhibiting cell growth) and cytotoxic (cell-killing) activities towards cancer cells. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down ILK in colonic cancer cell lines, it was confirmed that it is capable of regulating cyclin D1, Snail, MMP9 and fibronectin transcription. (bmj.com)
  • In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • During development, the blood vascular system arises from endothelial cell progenitors that differentiate from mesodermal cells, mostly through the expression of the transcription factor (TF) ETV2. (nature.com)
  • In addition, its function as a regulator of transcription can promote growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. (tocris.com)
  • Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
  • Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)
  • Ultimately, ERK (MAPK1) activation activates gene transcription that regulates cell growth and survival. (mycancergenome.org)
  • The Bur1/2 cyclin-dependent kinase regulates transcription of many genes. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • These data suggest that the Bur1/2 kinase plays a role in telomere elongation separate from its role in transcription of telomerase components. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In budding yeast, the G1 cyclin Cln3-Cdk1 complex is thought to directly phosphorylate the Whi5 protein, thereby releasing the transcription factor SBF and committing cells to division. (bvsalud.org)
  • To create intestinal epithelial cell ILK knockout animals, Fabp/Cre mice (Cre recombinase expressed under the control of a modified Fabp promoter) were used, and they were mated with mice carrying a loxP-flanked (floxed) ILK gene (ILK flox/flox ). (bmj.com)
  • We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
  • The fungal cell cyle is considered with respect to the mechanism of sequential gene expression in Candida albicans, since little is known about the cell cycle in pathogenic molds. (cdc.gov)
  • Fine tuning of morphogenesis is illustrated by the "enhanced filamentous growth" gene which, when knocked out, blocks the transition to the mycelial form. (cdc.gov)
  • At least 15 translocations involving the ALK gene have been identified in people with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a rare form of cancer involving immune cells called T cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We demonstrate that protein kinase N (PKN) facilitates mTORC1 signalling by repressing PI3KC2-β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate synthesis downstream of mTORC2. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Apratoxin A inhibits Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling through rapid down-regulation of interleukin 6 signal transducer (gp130). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Many of the biological effects of flavonoids appear to be related to their ability to modulate a number of cell-signaling cascades. (oregonstate.edu)
  • A further chapter discusses how surface membrane G-protein receptors in C. albicans and other fungi transmit external stimuli through 2 major protein kinase cascades. (cdc.gov)
  • Among these, the Transforming Growth Factor-β and the Janus kinase signaling cascades were validated as actionable targets to counteract the CAF-induced modulation of ER-α activity. (lu.se)
  • A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. (harvard.edu)
  • INK4a and INK4b are induced by oncogenic Ras and are involved in cell cycle G1 arrest and cellular senescence. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In addition to a catalytic kinase domain, Ack1 contains seven other domains, which are important for substrate recognition, regulation of enzymatic activity, cellular localization and protein-protein interactions. (tocris.com)
  • The protein is involved in cellular growth and development and has an important role in regulating the cell cycle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
  • Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease resulting from the destruction of insulinproducing β cells in the pancreas, that leads to hyperglycemia [1,2,20]. (researchgate.net)
  • Certain metabolic alterations, also referred to as metabolic reprogramming, are commonly observed in tumor cells and are proposed to be hallmarks of cancer ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The most striking and characteristic metabolic alteration in cancer cells is anomalous glucose metabolism and cancer cells tend to utilize glycolysis to obtain energy even under aerobic conditions via a process called 'aerobic glycolysis' ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cancer cells sustain their metabolic needs through nutrients and oxygen supplied by the bloodstream. (lu.se)
  • This unique structure design prevents random encounter between proteolytic active sites and protein substrate, which makes protein degradation a well-regulated process. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also examined the effects of FLX on the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-related signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adolescent mice and Sprague Dawley rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • Deep RNA-DNA, RNA-protein interaction studies, and phenotype rescue analyses reveal that LETR1 is a nuclear trans-acting lncRNA modulating, via key epigenetic factors, the expression of essential target genes, including KLF4 and SEMA3C , governing the growth and migratory ability of LECs. (nature.com)
  • Activation of the VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling and expression of blood vascular endothelial cell (BEC) markers, such as NRP1 and EphrinB2, further differentiate these precursor cells into BECs, which then form the hierarchical network of blood vessels 4 . (nature.com)
  • TotalSeq™-D reagents are designed to profile protein expression at single cell level. (biolegend.com)
  • In conclusion, our work reveals that CAFs directly control the luminal breast cancer phenotype by selectively modulating ER-α expression and transcriptional function, and further proposes novel targets to disrupt the crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells to reinstate treatment response to endocrine therapy in patients. (lu.se)
  • Silencing of OGFr using siRNA technology stimulated cell replication, documenting its integral role. (nih.gov)
  • Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • The proto-oncogenes that have been identified so far have many different functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
  • Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is the binding partner of β1 and β3 integrins, and has been ascribed essential roles in development, angiogenesis and tumourigenesis. (bmj.com)
  • I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
  • This volume begins by discussing the cell wall which, besides its roles in pathogenesis, is now a practical drug target. (cdc.gov)
  • Our goal is to selectively trigger apoptosis in the cancer cells. (cancer.gov)
  • Notably, CAFs mediated estrogen-independent tumor growth by selectively regulating ER-α signaling. (lu.se)
  • When PD-1 binds to PD-L1 (yellow) on another cell, the T cell becomes deactivated. (shu.edu)
  • Cln3-Cdk1 binds SBF-regulated promoters and Cln3's function can be performed by the canonical S5 kinase Ccl1-Kin28 when synthetically recruited to SBF. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therapeutic approaches that target the metabolism of tumor cells have been a popular research topic in recent years. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Given the vast differences in metabolism between healthy and tumor cells, there is hope that selective targeting of tumor metabolism may be achieved while limiting toxicity to healthy tissue. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Unexpectedly, it then became obvious that this protein kinase is a key player in regulating cell growth and metabolism. (unibas.ch)
  • The genes that have been identified to date have been categorized into two broad categories, depending on their normal functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
  • This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
  • As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
  • This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes controlling hyphal development include ones that are upregulated during cell elongation and adherence to epithelia. (cdc.gov)
  • Computational analysis unveiled a hitherto unknown role for ACVRL1 in relation to genes modulating the functionality of the immune cell compartment. (lu.se)
  • Finally, genes that were downregulated in cancer cells by CAFs were predictive of poor response to endocrine treatment. (lu.se)
  • I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • This activation led to enhanced survival of brain tumor cells following radiation or treatment with temozolomide," said Zhang. (mdanderson.org)
  • however, due to constitutive mTORC1 activation, these cells retained a terminally differentiated effector phenotype and were incapable of transitioning into a memory state. (jci.org)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • In a second project we are investigating the induction of apoptosis by activation of death receptors for the ligand TRAIL in breast and ovarian cancer cells. (cancer.gov)
  • Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Activation of MAP kinases by hexavalent chromium , manganese and nickel in human lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • These TAMs further stimulate activation of cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells, resulting in suppression of tumor growth. (lu.se)
  • Understanding the mechanisms that regulate signaling by these kinases should uncover new ways to inhibit cancer cell growth. (cancer.gov)
  • Our current work utilizes biochemical and genetic approaches to identify mechanisms that regulate the induction of death by TRAIL ligand in breast and ovarian cancer cells. (cancer.gov)
  • Our lab employs state-of-the-art molecular biology techniques, mouse models, and patient samples to uncover mechanisms that regulate TAM phenotypes. (lu.se)
  • Integrins are transmembrane cell surface receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. (bmj.com)
  • An important negative control mechanism in the signaling of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is the endocytosis and subsequent degradation of activated EGF receptors. (embl.de)
  • In this respect, we recently illuminated a new mechanism whereby selective modification of mRNA translation regulates TAM immunosuppressive functions. (lu.se)
  • Members of the Actinobacteria, including mycobacteria and streptomycetes, exhibit a distinctive mode of polar growth, with cell wall synthesis occurring in zones at cell poles and directed by the essential cell polarity determinant DivIVA. (lu.se)
  • How the localization and activity of PI3KC2-β are regulated by mitogens is unknown. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: PKN2 regulates mTORC1 signalling by controlling PI3KC2-β activity and localization. (nature.com)
  • Raw data for results from screening kinase activity towards T279 of PI3KC2-β are provided in Supplementary Table 2 . (nature.com)
  • We demonstrate that the competence of the root epidermal cells for the BR response predominantly depends on the amount and activity of H+-ATPases in the PM. The model further predicts that an influx of cations is required to compensate for the shift of positive charges caused by the apoplastic acidification. (elifesciences.org)
  • Human epithelial malignancies frequently display deregulated tyrosine kinase activity. (cancer.gov)
  • Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. (biologists.com)
  • Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • Conversely, RhoA-kinase activity was required to shut down F-actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity. (biologists.com)
  • I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces. (biologists.com)
  • The kinase activity of Ack1 is regulated via the post-translational modification of several tyrosine residues. (tocris.com)
  • In normal cells, both internal and external signals control the activity of the oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • A key feature of oncogene activity is that a single altered copy leads to unregulated growth. (cancerquest.org)
  • Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Axon guidance is mediated by the effects of attractant and repellent guidance cues on the cytoskeleton of growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • Growth cone collapse is often followed by axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • F-actin is concentrated at the growth cone and sparse in the axon ( Letourneau, 1983 ). (biologists.com)
  • Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
  • how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)
  • Telomere length regulation is essential for cell viability in eukaryotes. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This regulation did not function through the known role of BUR1 in regulating histone modification as bur1∆ set2∆ and bur2∆ set2∆ double mutants rescued cell growth but did not rescue the telomere shortening effects. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • and by promoting angiogenesis (invasion of blood vessels into tumours to allow rapid growth of the tumour). (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Thereafter, a distinct subpopulation of endothelial cells lining the cardinal vein starts differentiating by expressing the TF PROX1, the master regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) identity, via the TFs SOX18 and COUPTFII. (nature.com)
  • Notwithstanding its characterization as an endothelial cell marker, the full spectrum of biological processes associated with ALK1 is essentially unexplored. (lu.se)
  • Using OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines, we found that OGF and OGFr were present and functional. (nih.gov)
  • We have shown that most breast and ovarian cancer cell lines are resistant to the induction of apoptosis by TRAIL, the ligand for the death receptors DR4 and DR5. (cancer.gov)
  • We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of vitamin D on ovarian cancer cell. (mdpi.com)
  • These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. (hindawi.com)
  • His research has led to a molecular understanding of many growth-related physiological processes and paved the way for the development of important drugs for the treatment of serious human diseases. (unibas.ch)
  • The molecular architecture of fungal walls remains elusive because of difficulty in correlating chemical composition with the ultrastructural layers and uncertainty concerning the linkages connecting major cell wall polymers: glucans, mannan, and chitin. (cdc.gov)
  • Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
  • PD-1 blocks cell cycle progression in the G 1 phase. (shu.edu)
  • Accumulation of p27 in the nucleus, therefore, blocks cell cycle progression of T-lymphocytes that are being induced to act against cancer antigens. (shu.edu)
  • Orderly progression through the cell cycle involves passage through sequential checkpoints. (shu.edu)
  • In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
  • We determine a comprehensive map of lineage-specific lncRNAs in human dermal lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells (LECs and BECs), combining RNA-Seq and CAGE-Seq. (nature.com)
  • The requirement for tumor angiogenesis has been therapeutically exploited in the clinical setting mainly by means of inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands and receptors. (lu.se)
  • EGFR is expressed by epithelial and endothelial cells and is frequently expressed by epithelial carcinomas. (biolegend.com)
  • It acts as a tumor suppressor and when the protein is lost, cells can undergo unscheduled replication, which may eventually lead to cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Other particles may be engulfed by epithelial cells, primarily in the vicinity of the bronchial-alveolar duct junctions, and retained for much longer periods, with gradual removal to lymph nodes. (cdc.gov)