• At physiological ionic strength, phosphorylation of glycogen‐bound PP‐1 G was found to release all the phosphatase activity from glycogen. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of site 2 was rate‐limiting for dissociation and reassociation of C subunit. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • In conjunction with information presented in the following paper in this issue of this journal, the results substantiate the hypothesis that PP‐1 activity towards the glycogen‐metabolising enzymes is regulated in vivo by reversible phosphorylation of a targetting subunit (G) that directs the C subunit to glycogen-protein particles. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
  • Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
  • To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
  • Wild type as well as substrate-trapping DA forms of PTPϵM suppressed phosphorylation of IR downstream enzymes such as Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). (bioone.org)
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta (PTPRD) is a member of a large family of protein tyrosine phosphatases which negatively regulate tyrosine phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes regulate leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation and accumulation. (xenbase.org)
  • Bien que considérée dans le passé comme une enzyme constitutive non spécifique, PP2A est une phosphatase soumise à une régulation précise et qui est importante dans le contrôle des fonctions cellulaires impliquant la phosphorylation. (ac.be)
  • Although viewed as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme in the past, PP2A is a highly regulated phosphatase and is emerging as an important regulator of multiple cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
  • 1 Reversible protein phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls the activities of a myriad of proteins and is thus involved in virtually every major physiological process. (ac.be)
  • But advances in the understanding of protein phosphatases make now clear that these enzymes are precisely regulated and are as important as kinases in the regulation of cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
  • 4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)
  • In human cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is activated but phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and total shutoff of protein synthesis is observed only in cells infected with gamma(1)z34.5- mutants. (scienceopen.com)
  • Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis showed that risperidone influences the adipocytokine signaling pathway by targeting MAPK14 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such mechanisms critically rely on reversible phosphorylation of mobile proteins, a course of that's catalyzed by protein kinases and phosphatases. (ncbcs.org)
  • Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of these cells are not well understood, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway has been implicated in neuroprotective responses to excitotoxicity in other neuronal populations. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we report that high levels of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), a key regulator of ERK/MAPK signaling, are found in vulnerable somatostatin-immunoreactive hilar interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Along these lines, accumulating evidence shows that the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in neuronal cell survival. (jneurosci.org)
  • They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily (MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK, p38), which is associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • Further, emerging evidence suggests that nicotine can also regulate the expression of genes/proteins involved in various functions such as ERK1/2, CREB, and c-FOS [ 20 - 22 ], as well as the expression state of multiple biochemical pathways, for example, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol phosphatase signaling, growth factor signaling, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways [ 23 - 25 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We find that ERK activity is essential for serum-induced osteoblast proliferation in vitro because inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase activity by U0126 completely abolished both serum-induced activation of ERK and proliferation of mouse (MBA-15.4) and human (MG-63) osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Coupled with the rapidity of Dex action, this indicates immediate-early gene phosphatase involvement, and we therefore used quantitative, real-time PCR to examine expression profiles of the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases, MKP-1 and MKP-3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The term RASopathies includes disorders with mutations in the genes that code for the proteins of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Legius syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • DUSP9, a Dual-Specificity Phosphatase with a Key Role in Cell Biology and Human Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Expression of Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 9 in Placenta and Its Relationship with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. (nih.gov)
  • Release of C subunit was also induced by the binding of anti‐site‐1 Fab fragments to glycogen‐bound PP‐1 G . At near physiological ionic strength, PP‐1 G and glycogen concentration, site 2 was autodephosphorylated by PP‐1 G with a t 0.5 of 2.6 min at 30°C, ∼ 100‐fold slower than the t 0.5 for dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase under the same conditions. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • The efficient dephosphorylation of site 2 by the Ca 2+ /calmodulin‐stimulated protein phosphatase (2B) provides a potential mechanism for regulating PP‐1 activity in response to Ca 2+ , and represents an example of a protein phosphatase cascade. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • PTPRD has a tumor suppressor function in neuroblastoma through AURKA dephosphorylation and destabilization and a downstream destabilization of MYCN protein, representing a novel mechanism for the function of PTPRD in neuroblastoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34 targets protein phosphatase 1 alpha to the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2. (scienceopen.com)
  • Glucocorticoids induce rapid up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and dephosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and impair proliferation in human and mouse osteoblast cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • MKP-1 protein was also markedly up-regulated following 1-8 h of Dex treatment, and this correlated precisely with dephosphorylation of ERK. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Several inhibitors of the IR tyrosine kinase activity have recently been described and associated with human insulin resistance. (bioone.org)
  • Identification of Bruton tyrosine kinase mutations in 12 Chinese patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia by long PCR-direct sequencing. (lu.se)
  • Our data reveal that the vulnerable cells express high levels of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), which is a key regulator of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. (jneurosci.org)
  • Different members of the family of dual specificity phosphatases show distinct substrate specificities for various MAP kinases, different tissue distribution and subcellular localization, and different modes of inducibility of their expression by extracellular stimuli. (nih.gov)
  • Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
  • Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Cellular signaling pathways are networks of genes, proteins, enzymes, cytokines, and other cellular species that "communicate" in order to govern the basic functions of cells. (american.edu)
  • In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aberrations of AR, erythroblast transformation-specific ( ETS ) genes, Tumor protein 53 (TP53), and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) occurred in 40%-60% of 150 mCRPC cases in a recent study. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • CDC25B activates the cyclin dependent kinase CDC2 by removing two phosphate groups and it is required for entry into mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory. (wikigenes.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. (nih.gov)
  • and elevated creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Alkaline phosphatase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of liver, bone, and parathyroid disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Among the dementia-linked genes with altered expression were glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A), and APC, which are scaffolds mediating presenilin-1/β-catenin interactions. (alzforum.org)
  • Other affected genes were Wnt1, Frizzled-2, and other signaling and pro-apoptotic genes. (alzforum.org)
  • Mutations in genes for the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin I, and presenilin II may lead to autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease, typically with early onset. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These 211 genes were interrogated with DAVID to find GO terms which included cytokine production, MAP kinase phosphatase activity, and cytokine binding. (cdc.gov)
  • The glycogen‐associated form of protein phosphatase‐1 (PP‐1 G ) is a heterodimer comprising a 37‐kDa catalytic (C) subunit and a 161‐kDa glycogen‐binding (G) subunit, the latter being phosphorylated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase at two serine residues (site 1 and site 2). (dundee.ac.uk)
  • KBU2046 binds chaperone heterocomplexes, selectively alters binding of client proteins that regulate motility, and lacks all the hallmarks of classical chaperone inhibitors, including toxicity. (nature.com)
  • Measurements of creatine kinase are used in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle diseases, and diseases of the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • It has been shown that, due to its α -tocopheryl moiety, the agent activates protein phosphatase-2A that, in turn, inhibits protein kinase C (PKC). (nature.com)
  • Impaired insulin receptor (IR) signaling leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bioone.org)
  • Protease-Activated Receptor 2: Are Common Functions in Glial and Immune Cells Linked to Inflammation-Related CNS Disorders? (nih.gov)
  • Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta ( PTPRD ) is an important regulator of axon growth and guidance and is highly expressed in the central nervous system where it functions as a transmembrane homophilic neuronal cell adhesion molecule [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is an unusual orphan receptor that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a conventional DNA-binding domain. (cancerindex.org)
  • Studies suggest that the protein represses nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transactivation via two separate steps: competition with coactivators and the direct effects of its transcriptional repressor function. (cancerindex.org)
  • This inhibition is reversed by cotreatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by the GC receptor antagonist, RU486, suggesting a classical transcriptional mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)
  • STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
  • Site 2 was a good substrate for all three type‐2 phosphatases (2A, 2B and 2C) with t 0.5 values less than those toward the α subunit of phosphorylase kinase. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely expressed family of protein phosphatases made of a core dimer, composed of a catalytic (C) subunit and a structural (A) subunit, in association with a third variable regulatory (B) subunit. (ac.be)
  • The gamma(1)34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 complexes with protein phosphatase 1alpha to dephosphorylate the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. (scienceopen.com)
  • and (iii) the alpha subunit in purified eIF-2 phosphorylated in vitro is specifically dephosphorylated by S10 fractions of wild-type infected cells at a rate 3000 times that of mock-infected cells, whereas the eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activity of gamma(1)34.5- virus infected cells is lower than that of mock-infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
  • The eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activities are sensitive to inhibitor 2. (scienceopen.com)
  • Phosphatase activity was up-regulated by Dex treatment, and inhibition of ERK activity by Dex was also reversed by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), mainly survivin and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) prevent the processing of procaspase 3 to caspase 3, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Although intracellular signal transduction is often portrayed as a protein kinase 'domino effect', the counterbalancing function of phosphatases, and thus the control of phosphatase activity, is equally relevant to proper regulation of cellular function. (ac.be)
  • Rapid detection of intracellular SH2D1A protein in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their family members. (lu.se)
  • 2 h) inhibits the sustained phase of ERK activation, required for nuclear shift and mitogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Since BCL2, a protein that indirectly inhibits cell apoptosis, is required for certain chemotherapies to work, the absence of BCL2 obscures their uses in prostate cancer. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • [ 11 ] They revealed that whereas Noonan syndrome is caused by gain-of-function PTPN11 mutations, LEOPARD syndrome mutants are catalytically defective and act as dominant negative mutations that interfere with growth factor/Erk-mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signaling. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to eIF-2alpha-P phosphatase activity, extracts of mock-infected cells exhibit a 2-fold higher phosphatase activity on [32P]phosphorylase than extracts of infected cells. (scienceopen.com)
  • The protein has been shown to interact with retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors, inhibiting their ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. (cancerindex.org)
  • Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
  • Her seminal early papers on GPCR signaling demonstrated that dopamine receptors are the target of antipsychotic drugs, that muscarinic receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase and that phospholipase C and CaM kinase II activation mediate cardiac hypertrophy. (aspet.org)
  • 77 IL-8 acts through chemokine receptors 1 and 2 (CXCR1 and 2) and is involved in promoting angiogenesis through overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • The absorption of LMW proteins occurs in the PTC through clathrin-mediated endocytosis via 2 multiligand receptors (megalin and cubilin) present in the PTC apical border. (medscape.com)
  • SMURF1 controlled the phosphatase activity of the PPP3CB by promoting the dissociation of its autoinhibitory domain (AID) from its catalytic domain (CD). (bvsalud.org)
  • In 2006, Hanna et al found that Noonan syndrome mutations enhance SHP-2 catalytic activity, whereas the activity of representative LS mutants is undetectable when assayed using a standard PTP substrate. (medscape.com)
  • CDC25B is a member of the CDC25 family of phosphatases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of protein phosphatase‐1G from rabbit/skeletal muscle: 1. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Ectopic up-regulation of PTPRD in neuroblastoma dephosphorylates tyrosine residues in AURKA resulting in a destabilization of this protein culminating in interfering with one of AURKA's primary functions in neuroblastoma, the stabilization of MYCN protein, the gene of which is amplified in approximately 25 to 30% of high risk neuroblastoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the past, most of the attention was focused primarily on protein kinases and on their regulation, mainly because phosphatases were then viewed as simple housekeeping enzymes. (ac.be)
  • Regulation of cell migration by focal adhesion adapter proteins and their role in cancer cell metastasis. (upstate.edu)
  • Using EBNA3C amino acids 365-545 in a yeast two hybrid screen, we found an interaction with the Growth Arrest and DNA-damage protein, Gadd34. (scienceopen.com)
  • Multiple gene mutations have been identified and considered as important substrates for the development of MDS, such as RNA splicing, histone manipulation, DNA methylation, transcription factors, kinase signaling, DNA repair, cohesin proteins, and other signal transduction elements. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mathematical modeling of signal transduction networks has previously been used to map out thermodynamical using rate equations is increasingly attracting attention as a properties of protein-folding models (6,7). (lu.se)
  • M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC25B gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nouvelles avancées dans la structure et la régulation de la Protéine Phosphatase 2A : les raisons pour lesquelles PP2A ne doit plus être considérée comme une enzyme passive et non spécifique. (ac.be)
  • 2 Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a very abundant - it accounts for as much as 1% of total cellular proteins - ubiquitous and remarkably conserved enzyme. (ac.be)
  • Dr. Croyle has been selected to receive research funding to investigate novel regulatory mechanisms of drug metabolism in the context of active infection with SARS-CoV-2 and after recovery. (aspet.org)
  • Risperidone upregulates fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression in hepatocyte cultures and mouse liver by targeting the hepatic SREBP-1c/FASN couple, which is also one of the mechanisms by which risperidone induces weight gain ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As a molecular mechanism, we demonstrate that PTPRD interacts with aurora kinase A (AURKA), an oncogenic protein that is over-expressed in multiple forms of cancer, including neuroblastoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results indicate that in infected cells, gamma(1)34.5 interacts with and redirects phosphatase to dephosphorylate eIF-2alpha to enable continued protein synthesis despite the presence of activated PKR. (scienceopen.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Progranulin mutations cause some forms of frontotemporal dementia, but exactly what the protein does and how it fails in disease are open questions. (alzforum.org)
  • LEOPARD syndrome, also known as Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Molecular studies have proven that LEOPARD syndrome and Noonan syndrome are allelic disorders caused by different missense mutations in PTPN11, a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 located at band 12q24.1. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] Because the vast majority of mutations reside in and around the broad intramolecular interaction surface between the N-SH2 and PTP domains of the PTPN11 protein, they have been suggested to affect the intramolecular N-SH2/PTP binding in the absence of a phosphopeptide, leading to excessive phosphatase activities. (medscape.com)
  • For a more thorough review of the role of phosphatidylinositol and the cellular and physiological functions of OCRL1 please refer to the following 2 reviews: (1) McCrea HJ, De Camilli P. Mutations in phosphoinositide metabolizing enzymes and human disease. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, mutations in the OCRL gene have also been identified with renal tubular reabsorption defects in a subset of patients with another X-linked disease called Dent-2 disease, characterized by LMW proteinuria, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis. (medscape.com)
  • La Protéine Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) est une phosphatase très abondante composée d'un noyau dimérique contenant une sous-unité catalytique (C) et une sous-unité structurale (A), auquel est associé une sous-unité régulatrice (B) variable. (ac.be)
  • Site 1 was at least 10‐fold less effective than site 2 as a substrate for all four phosphatases. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Farrar, YJK, Vanaman, TC & Slevin, JT 1991, ' A phosphatase resistant substrate for the assay of protein kinase C in crude tissue extracts ', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 694-701. (uky.edu)
  • abstract = "Protein kinase C (PKC) is routinely assayed, after it is partially purified over DEAE-cellulose chromatography to eliminate any interfering protein kinases and phosphatases, by measuring the transfer of γ-phosphate of [γ-32P]ATP to Hl histone. (uky.edu)
  • these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 71 Clusterin is a small heat shock glycoprotein overexpressed in most of the solid tumors, which promotes apoptosis by binding to various molecules such as BAX (BCL2-associated X protein) 72 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)−1. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • The OCRL1 protein is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase primarily located in the trans- Golgi network (TGN), on endosomes, and at the endocytic clathrin coated pits. (medscape.com)
  • Docetaxel, in addition to stabilizing microtubules, also induces apoptosis by downregulating antiapoptotic proteins. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • 70 Mcl1 (myeloid cell leukemia differentiation protein 1) and other members of the BCL family, such as BCL-xl (B-cell lymphoma-extra-large), are also involved in resistance to Interleukin (IL)-6, stromal cell derived factor-1, and cytokine-induced apoptosis. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • We further demonstrate that PTPRD has a tumor suppressor function in neuroblastoma through dephosphorylating and destabilizing AURKA, leading to a downstream decrease of MYCN protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PBMT promoted mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which inhibited phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and promoted protein kinase B (AKT) activation. (google.com)
  • Disabled-2: a positive regulator of the early differentiation of myoblasts. (xenbase.org)
  • We have found that these multi-domain proteins bind numerous structural and signaling proteins including kinases, phosphatases and Rho family GTPase regulators and effectors. (upstate.edu)
  • We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among these negative regulators, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are likely to play a pivotal role in IR signaling. (bioone.org)
  • Structures of mammalian GLD-2 proteins reveal molecular basis of their functional diversity in mRNA and microRNA processing. (xenbase.org)
  • My lab uses a multi-faceted approach combining biochemistry, cell and molecular biology and various high-end microscopy techniques along with mouse knockout and tumor models to determine the molecular organization of the proteins that are involved in cell adhesion and thereby understand how they each contribute to cell behavior in vivo. (upstate.edu)
  • We are particularly interested in characterizing the function of the molecular scaffold/adapter proteins Paxillin and it's close relative Hic-5 during tumor cell migration and invasion. (upstate.edu)
  • Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)
  • The low number of megalin at the PTC apical border explains the reduced endocytosis of low-molecular weight proteins that occur in Lowe syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
  • PBM-treated hypertrophic cells (1064 nm and 17.6 J/cm2 every day for 7 days following addition of PA) decreased the lipid levels in hypertrophic adipocytes, restored the GLUT4 protein expression and enhanced glucose transport. (google.com)
  • Breakdown of immune tolerance is believed to be one of the major mechanisms which triggers the production of autoantibodies by B cells and antibody forming cells, leading to inflammation upon binding to autoantigens and consequent tissue damage [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The uranyl ion forms complexes with bicarbonate, citrate, and other soluble anionic species, and binds to proteins in tissue and plasma. (cdc.gov)