• Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (rcsb.org)
  • The profiling of compound 51 against a panel of 339 kinases revealed high selectivity for CDKs, with preference for CDK2 and CDK5 over CDK9, CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6. (rcsb.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. (kegg.jp)
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are principal drivers of cell division and are an important therapeutic target to inhibit aberrant proliferation. (escholarship.org)
  • Cell-cycle events have been shown to be triggered by oscillations in the activity of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) when bound to cyclins. (duke.edu)
  • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for cell-cycle control in eukaryotes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclins (regulatory subunits) bind to cdks (catalytic subunits) to form complexes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The main cyclin-cdks complexes formed in vertebrate cells are cyclin D-cdk4 (G0/G1), cyclin E-cdk2 (G1/S), cyclin A-cdk2 (S) and cyclin B1-cdk1 (G2/M). These complexes are regulated by activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, as well as by interactions with small regulatory proteins including p21 and p27Kip1. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) play central roles in regulating the production, activation, inactivation and destruction of these EPs. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclins regulate the cell cycle in association with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDKs are under inhibitory control of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The progression of cells through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclins function as the positive regulators of CDKs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • D-type and E-type cyclins assemble with CDKs during the G1 phase and these holoenzymes act as rate-limiting controllers to regulate passage through the restriction point and the subsequent onset of DNA replication [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclins and CDKs assemble into complexes with one another as cells progress through G1 phase, cyclins being required to activate the serine-threonine kinase activity of their catalytic partners. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, CDK-activating kinase (CAK) phosphorylates cyclin-bound CDKs on a single threonine residue, a modification that is essential for their activity [ 6 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell division is thought to be initiated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) inactivating key transcriptional inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases the activity of which depends on the interaction with a cyclin regulatory subunit. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • Thus, levels of the four different cyclins vary in predictable patterns and combine with consistent CDKs at specific points to achieve forward momentum. (jove.com)
  • Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), a member of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), plays an important role in cell division and DNA replication. (mdpi.com)
  • Increasing numbers of sequence and biochemical data show the involvement of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins in regulation of the cell cycle progression in higher plants. (bibbase.org)
  • The complexity represented by different types of CDKs and cyclins in a single species such as alfalfa, indicates that multicomponent regulatory pathways control G2/M transition. (bibbase.org)
  • Repetitive cell cycles, which are essential to the perpetuation of life, are orchestrated by an underlying biochemical reaction network centered around cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory subunits (cyclins). (ox.ac.uk)
  • A driving force of the cell cycle is the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), the activities of which are controlled by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key regulators such as cyclins and CDK inhibitors. (scienceopen.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
  • This protein and neuron-specific CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p39NCK5A both share limited similarity to cyclins, and thus may define a distinct family of cyclin-dependent kinase activating proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
  • Spy1/RINGO (Spy1) proteins bind and activate Cdk but are resistant to canonical regulatory mechanisms that establish cell-cycle checkpoints. (escholarship.org)
  • Then, the inhibitory activity of lovastatin on cancer cells and tumoral xenografts, and the underlying mechanism involving in cell-cycle regulatory proteins were analyzed. (nih.gov)
  • The eukaryotic cell cycle requires precise temporal coordination of the activities of hundreds of 'executor' proteins (EPs) involved in cell growth and division. (nih.gov)
  • This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • CDK2 Protein is ideal for investigators involved in Signaling Proteins, Cell Cycle Proteins, Cancer, Cell Cycle, and Ser/Thr Kinases research. (rockland.com)
  • Reversible phosphorylation of proteins by kinases and phosphatases plays a key regulatory role in several eukaryotic cellular functions including the control of the division cycle. (bibbase.org)
  • article{meszaros_multiple_2000, title = {Multiple cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and phosphatases control {G2}/{M} progression in alfalfa cells}, volume = {43}, issn = {1573-5028}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006412413671}, doi = {10/cb64mn}, abstract = {Reversible phosphorylation of proteins by kinases and phosphatases plays a key regulatory role in several eukaryotic cellular functions including the control of the division cycle. (bibbase.org)
  • EGCG interacts with important cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as cyclins D1 and E and their cyclin-dependent kinases 2,4 and 6. (lumminary.com)
  • Interestingly, it also interacts with antiapoptotic proteins such as Survivin and cFLIP, which regulate the activity of apoptosis protein. (lumminary.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) phosphorylated DRP1 to improve its activity in BTICs whereas Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent proteins kinase 2 (CAMK2) inhibited DRP1 in non-BTICs recommending tumor cell differentiation induces a regulatory change in mitochondrial morphology. (biopaqc.com)
  • Some mutations impair the protein's ability to interact with regulatory proteins, while others lead to the production of an unstable version of p27 that is quickly broken down. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Preeminent among these proteins are the cyclin dependent kinases, which upon binding to cyclins, phosphorylate numerous targets to trigger cell cycle progression. (smadpathway.com)
  • These proteins, including Aurora A and B, are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell division activities such as spindle construction, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. (smadpathway.com)
  • A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Assignment of CDK5R2 coding for the cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 2 (NCK5AI protein) to human chromosome band 2q35 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
  • CDK2 is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase, and essential for cell cycle G1/S phase transition. (rockland.com)
  • Regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFB), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (carboxy-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) (PubMed:9499409, PubMed:15563843). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • We describe the development of highly potent diaminothiazole inhibitors of CDK2 (IC50 = 0.0009-0.0015 μM) from a single hit compound with weak inhibitory activity (IC50 = 15 μM), discovered by high-throughput screening. (rcsb.org)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (proteopedia.org)
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. (cancerindex.org)
  • Cyclin A is involved in both S-phase and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle through its association with cdk2 and cdk1, respectively. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin E forms complexes during this interval with CDK2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CDK2 is a member of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase family that is ubiquitously expressed. (rockland.com)
  • CDK2 associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including Cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B) (1). (rockland.com)
  • Abstract-Structure-activity studies of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 1 have resulted in the discovery of potent CDK1/CDK2 selec- tive inhibitor 21h, BMS-265246 (CDK1/cycB IC50=6 nM, CDK2/cycE IC50=9 nM). (biotiny.com)
  • Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), was further down-regulated under exposure to lovastatin in condition of BRCA1 overexpression, but the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), was further up-regulated, both in vitro and in vivo detected with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 (CDK2AP1) interacts with CDK2AP2, modulates the actions of transforming growth factor-B1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and retinoblastoma protein, and closely interacts with micro-RNA21 and micro-RNA25. (cancerindex.org)
  • Specific substrates for cdk-cyclin complexes include nuclear lamins, histones, oncogenes (e.g., c-abl and SV40 large T-Ag), tumor suppressor genes (e.g., retinoblastoma protein, Rb), nucleolin and others. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • TGF-P has been shown to inhibit cyclin dependent kinase activity, which leads to activation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and growth arrest. (uwo.ca)
  • As a result of this differential cell cycle-regulatory gene expression by HDAC inhibition, the retinoblastoma protein retains a transcriptional repression of its downstream target genes required for S phase entry. (cret-signal.com)
  • In order to perform, Cdk5 needs to be activated by p35 (these 3 amino acids, Asp-259, Asn-266, and Ser-270, are involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with Cdk5) or p39 (the isoform of p35), which are two of its neuron-specific regulatory subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CPC includes, as well as Aurora B, three regulatory subunits: the inner centromeric protein, Survivin, and Borealin/Dasra W. Beginning in prophase, the CPC localizes to condensing chromosomes and steadily concentrates at the internal centromere where one function would be to correct poor Infectious causes of cancer spindle kinetochore devices. (smadpathway.com)
  • Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase, which was first identified as a CDK family member due to its similar structure to CDC2/CDK1 in humans, a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • In late-G1, Whi5 is rapidly hyper-phosphorylated by Cln1,2 in complex with the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. (bvsalud.org)
  • In budding yeast, the G1 cyclin Cln3-Cdk1 complex is thought to directly phosphorylate the Whi5 protein, thereby releasing the transcription factor SBF and committing cells to division. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cln3-Cdk1 binds SBF-regulated promoters and Cln3's function can be performed by the canonical S5 kinase Ccl1-Kin28 when synthetically recruited to SBF. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oscillations of Cdk1/CycB activity between low and high levels during the cycle trigger DNA replication and mitosis in the correct order. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Along with Cdk1/cyclin N, members of the Aurora/Ipl1 kinase family are also crucial regulators of mitosis. (smadpathway.com)
  • PCNA is a co-factor of cyclin-D and it makes a complex with cyclin-D, a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK), and a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has also been demonstrated that TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest can be partially attributed to the regulatory effects of TGF-β on both the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [CDKI] such as p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that BRCA1 overexpression sensitizes cancer cells to lovastatin via regulation of cyclin D1-CDK4-p21WAF1/CIP1 pathway, which will provide an innovative experimental framework to study control of breast cancer cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • The p16 family (p15, p16, p18 and p19) binds to and inhibits the activities of CDK4 and CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ST caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by a decrease in CDK4 and cyclin D1, and an increase in p21/Cip1and p27/Kip1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 10, is reported to play an essential role in the progression from the G2 to M phase of the cell cycle. (jcancer.org)
  • Mice lacking the tumor suppressors p16(Ink4a) (Cdkn2a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a), p19(Arf) (an alternative reading frame product of Cdkn2a,), and p27(Kip1) (Cdkn1b, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1b) result in malignant progression of epithelial cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, respectively. (koreamed.org)
  • We have also argued that bistability underlies irreversible transitions between low and high Cdk activity states and thereby ensures directionality of cell cycle progression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We also aimed to evaluate the expression of TGF-β1 and p27 in the context of other cell cycle and proliferation markers such as cyclin D1 and Ki-67. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
  • Negative growth regulation generally occurs during the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, yet the redundancy and complexity among components of this regulatory network have made it difficult to discern how negative growth cues protect cells from aberrant proliferation. (uwo.ca)
  • Tan IIA inhibited proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, resulting in S phase arrest accompanied by down-regulation of pCdk2 and cyclin A protein expression. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, another branch of the signaling cascade ultimately represses the activity of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, thereby enhancing proliferation of HepG2 cells. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Spy1 lacks the cyclin-binding site that mediates p27 and substrate affinity, explaining why Cdk-Spy1 is poorly inhibited by p27 and lacks specificity for substrates with cyclin-docking sites. (escholarship.org)
  • In conclusion, these findings reveal cellular substrates and pathways regulated by the understudied Numb-associated kinase enzyme BIKE, a mechanism for CLINT1 regulation, and control of DENV infection via BIKE signaling, with potential implications for cell biology, virology, and host-targeted antiviral design. (bvsalud.org)
  • HDAC inhibition resulted in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip). (cret-signal.com)
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • Faha B, Ewen ME, Tsai LH, Livingston DM, Harlow E. Interaction between human cyclin A and adenovirus E1A-associated p107 protein. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In addition, enhances MYOD1-dependent transcription through interaction with PKN1 (PubMed:16331689). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Interaction between alfalfa mitotic cyclin (Medsa;CycB2;1) and a kinase partner has been reported previously. (bibbase.org)
  • The present yeast two-hybrid analyses showed differential interaction between defined D-type cyclins and Cdc2Ms kinases functioning in G2/M phases. (bibbase.org)
  • The p21 family (p21, p27, p28 and p57) can bind to broad range of CDK-cyclin complexes and inhibit their activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Thus, our study delineates context-dependent features of the BMP signaling pathway in a DIPG subtype. (nature.com)
  • The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was involved in this ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of PDCD4. (plos.org)
  • DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)
  • This article will briefly clarify its activity in vitro and in vivo. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • The CDK9/cyclin-K complex has also a kinase activity towards CTD of RNAP II and can substitute for CDK9/cyclin-T P-TEFb in vitro (PubMed:21127351). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • 20 years ago to have in vitro activity against CLL cells by causing apoptosis by a unique mechanism. (peptide-solubility.com)
  • Because APE1/Ref-1 is expressed and elevated in prostate cancer, we sought to characterize APE1/Ref-1 expression and activity in human prostate cancer cell lines and determine the effect of selective reduction-oxidation (redox) function inhibition on prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • The 2,6-difluorophenyl substitution was cri- tical for potent inhibitory activity. (biotiny.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a neuron-specific activator of CDK5 kinase. (nih.gov)
  • It associates with CDK5 to form an active kinase. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a protein, and more specifically an enzyme, that is encoded by the Cdk5 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even though Cdk5 has a similar structure to other cyclin-dependent kinases, its activators are highly specific (CDK5R1 and CDK5R2). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cdk5 kinase has an original design as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cdk5 belongs to the eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently Cdk5 has emerged as an essential kinase in sensory pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • If there is a high activity of Cdk5 during brain development, its activators will have a high expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast with previous studies that highlight the inhibition of cyclin/CDK activity by TGF-P signalling, these experiments reveal that active transcriptional repression of E2F target genes by pRB is also a key component of TGF-p cytostatic signalling. (uwo.ca)
  • Furthermore, inhibition of ChoK shows a strong in vivo antitumor activity against human breast cancer xenografts. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In MDA-MB-231 cells, ST caused a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by 31- 63% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 48 h and 40-50% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In MDA-MB-231 cells, SR-4835 can reduce the expression of a cast of DDR genes due to its inhibition of CDK12/13 kinase activity. (cancer-research-network.com)
  • Due to the role of oncogenic transcriptional activators NFĸB and STAT3 in survivin protein expression, and APE1/Ref-1 redox activity regulating their transcriptional activity, we assessed selective inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox function as a novel method to halt prostate cancer cell growth and survival. (oncotarget.com)
  • Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox function significantly reduced NFĸB transcriptional activity, survivin mRNA and survivin protein levels. (oncotarget.com)
  • Finally, we provide evidence that these observations are applicable in vivo by demonstrating that HDAC inhibition decreased neointima formation and expression of cyclin D1 in a murine model of vascular injury. (cret-signal.com)
  • In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
  • Cdk enzymatic activity is tightly controlled through cyclin interactions, posttranslational modifications, and binding of inhibitors such as the p27 tumor suppressor protein. (escholarship.org)
  • It is well established that statins display potent anticancer activity in several types of proliferating tumor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that BMP ligands exert potent tumor-suppressive effects against H3.3K27M and ACVR1 WT DIPG in a SMAD-dependent manner. (nature.com)
  • It also interacts with growth factors including a cytokine called tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by inhibiting its activity. (lumminary.com)
  • At first sight, the anti-angiogenic function of miR-92a in EC appears to contradict the previously identified anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic activities of the miR-17~92 cluster in tumor cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
  • This means that the level of expression of p35 and p39 is going to be related to the activity of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme removes Lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains from I-kappaB kinase signaling components. (medscape.com)
  • Studies have therefore proposed that blocking ACVR1 kinase activity may represent a useful therapeutic strategy for the DIPG subgroup carrying ACVR1 mutations 14 , 17 . (nature.com)
  • Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling the G1 phase of the cell cycle are prevalent in various cancers. (koreamed.org)
  • The second model proposes that a transcription factor (TF) network oscillator controls the timing of cell-cycle events, via proper timing of gene expression, including cyclins. (duke.edu)
  • By measuring global gene expression dynamics in cells with persistent CDK activity, I show that periodic transcription continues. (duke.edu)
  • As TGF-β1 signaling is intact in HepG2 cells, the proposed signaling cascade starts by inducing gene expression of a mitogenic growth factor, followed by autocrine stimulation with its gene product that, via different intermediate kinases, abrogates the cytostatic effect of TGF-β1. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The life of a gene product, from transcription to degradation, is controlled by a series of regulatory decisions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. (frontiersin.org)
  • The signaling pathways and cellular functions regulated by the four Numb-associated kinases are largely unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotes have evolved complex regulatory systems to ensure the cell cycle continues in a timely and appropriate way. (smadpathway.com)
  • Consistent with a cell-cycle regulatory function, CYLD localizes to microtubules in interphase and the midbody during telophase CYLD 's protein levels decrease as cells exit from mitosis. (medscape.com)
  • Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)
  • Therefore, based on clinical experience as well as cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cells, we hypothesized that induction of apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • The synthesis of another G1 phase cyclin, cyclin E, increases in late G1 and decreases once DNA replication is initiated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
  • the CDK9/cyclin-K complex is required for genome integrity maintenance, by promoting cell cycle recovery from replication arrest and limiting single-stranded DNA amount in response to replication stress, thus reducing the breakdown of stalled replication forks and avoiding DNA damage (PubMed:20493174). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
  • Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control cell-cycle events remains to be a fundamental question in cell biology. (duke.edu)
  • One model hypothesizes that oscillations in CDK activity controls the timing of cell-cycle events, including periodic transcription. (duke.edu)
  • Crystallization and Structural Determination of ABLT315I:AP24534 The kinase domain of murine ABLT315I was coexpressed with YopH protein tyrosine phosphatase in E. coli as described previously and purified in the clear presence of AP24534 to near homogeneity using metal affinity, Mono Q, and measurement exclusion chroma tography. (smadpathway.com)
  • The molecule belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, binding with the activator is sufficient to activate the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
  • D-type cyclins are usually synthesized by mid-G1 phase and accumulate to a maximum as cells advance through the G1/S boundary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Localization of Cdc2Ms F kinase to the preprophase band (PPB), the perinuclear ring in early prophase, the mitotic spindle and the phragmoplast indicated a pivotal role for this kinase in mitotic plant cells. (bibbase.org)
  • Endothall elevated the kinase activity of p13suc1-bound fractions in G2-phase alfalfa cells. (bibbase.org)
  • studies suggest that certain endocrine cells may be particularly dependent on the p27 protein to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
  • Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)