Killer cell immunoglobulin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the plasma membrane of natural killer (NK) cells and a minority of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
KIR receptors can distinguish between MHC I allelic variants, which allows them to detect virally infected cells or transformed cells. (wikipedia.org)
This phenomenon is determined by MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors that functionally dominate the triggering potentials induced by activating receptors Thus, NK cells use a complex array of inhibitory or activating receptor/ligand interactions, the balance of which regulates NK cell function and cytolytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, in primates and a few other species, evolved MHC class I-inhibitory receptors belong to the KIR immunoglobulin superfamily, while in rodents and other species the same function is under the control of type II integral transmembrane glycoproteins, structurally characterized as disulfide-linked homodimers belonging to the Ly49 protein family. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike T cells, NK cell receptors are germline encoded, and therefore do not require somatic gene rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
Natural killer cell cytolysis of target cells and cytokine production is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and activating signals, which are facilitated by NK cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
NK cell inhibitory receptors are part of either the immunoglobulin-like (IgSF) superfamily or the C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
KIR and CD94 (CTLR) receptors are expressed by 5% of peripheral blood T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Statistical comparison of all inhibitory and activating killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) between controls, survivors, and persons who died of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, 2015-2017. (cdc.gov)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
HLA-C is a ligand of killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) and is an essential regulator of natural killer cell activity, which is associated with endometriosis progression. (tmu.edu.tw)
2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (wikidoc.org)
Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (wikidoc.org)
These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (wikidoc.org)
Most of these receptors are not unique to NK cells and can be present in other T cell subsets as well. (wikidoc.org)
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
Killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are polymorphous activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on the surface of NK cells and some T cells. (rndsystems.com)
The assay, developed by researchers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , provides information on both the patient's cancer cells and the makeup of receptors on specialized immune cells called natural killer (NK) cells from donor candidates. (autm.net)
Each NK cell has proteins extending from its surface called killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that regulate the cell's activity. (autm.net)
Before NK cells attack and eliminate foreign cells in the body, these receptors must first recognize and bind to proteins or ligands (known as human leukocyte antigens or HLAs) on foreign cells. (autm.net)
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. (caslab.com)
ImmunOs Therapeutics´ lead program is a multi-functional fusion protein that blocks specific LILRB (leukocyte immunoglobulin-like) and KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like) receptors and activates anti-tumor responses. (globenewswire.com)
2009). Role of human leukocyte antigen, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, and cytokine gene polymorphisms in leptospirosis . (up.pt)
Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
Natural Killer (NK) cells protect against viral infections and tumours by killing abnormal cells recognised by Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR). (edgehill.ac.uk)
Related T cell approaches such as engineered T cell receptors also show promise. (bdbiosciences.com)
The human NK cell repertoire is functionally diversified through a tightly regulated differentiation process characterized by an early transition from CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells, followed by coordinated changes in expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). (confex.com)
This process is mediated by chemokines, which guide cell migration by binding to their specific receptors. (confex.com)
Interestingly, receptors which expression declines during NK cell differentiation (CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR3) are commonly associated with adaptive T cell responses to viruses, whereas receptors that are upregulated along the differentiation axis (CXCR1, CXCR2, CX3CR1, CMKLR1) are typical for neutrophils and macrophages as a part of the innate immune response. (confex.com)
The gene complex located on chromosome 19q13.4 encodes the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs), which exhibit remarkable polymorphism in both gene content and sequences. (bvsalud.org)

most KIRs are inhibitory: their recognition of MHC molecules suppresses the cytotoxic activity of their NK cell. (wikipedia.org)
A limited number of KIRs are activating: their recognition of MHC molecules activates the cytotoxic activity of their cell. (wikipedia.org)
Initial expression of KIRs on NK cells is stochastic, but NK cells undergo an educational process as they mature that alters the KIR expression to maximize the balance between effective defense and self-tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
When HLA ligands in the patient's body bind to KIRs on the donor's NK cells, the receptor sends a signal to the NK that either activates or inhibits the attack mechanism. (autm.net)
The acquisition of self HLA class I binding KIRs during NK cell differentiation tunes the cytotoxic potential of NK cells in a process termed education, characterized by increased loading of granzyme B in dense core granules. (confex.com)

A recombinant protein containing the extracellular region of mouse (m)2B4 attached to avidin-coated fluorescent beads bound to rodent cells, and binding was completely blocked by CD48 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (ox.ac.uk)
Therapy of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with antibodies to T cells or cytokines is of limited value because GVHD is mediated by a pleomorphic group of effective cells and cytokines. (nih.gov)
NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
The non-cellular component includes immunoglobulins (or antibodies) and the cells that produce them. (kemin.com)
The infections are likely related to lower-than-normal levels of special proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulins, particularly immunoglobulin M (IgM) or immunoglobulin G (IgG). (medlineplus.gov)
The sera were assayed for humoral immunoglobulin-G antibodies raised against KLH and alachlor/bovine serum albumin conjugate. (cdc.gov)
T cell-targeted immunomodulators such as monoclonal antibodies against PD-1 or CTLA4 may be used in combination with CAR-T cells in clinical trials. (bdbiosciences.com)
Targeted antibodies that prevent leukaemia stem cells from multiplying while attracting the natural killer cells of the body, which in turn send a death signal to the diseased stem cell. (lu.se)
This receptor, called (IL1RAP), cannot be found on healthy blood stem cells, which opens up the possibility for a selective attack on the diseased stem cells using antibodies. (lu.se)
Studies have shown that by targeting antibodies against IL1RAP, they will attach themselves to the receptor, and thereby inhibit cell growth. (lu.se)
Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)

Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to quantify the infiltrating immune cell subsets. (scienceopen.com)
In order to delineate the homing patterns of distinct NK cell subsets, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry combined with functional assays to map the NK cell chemokine receptor expression and migratory behavior. (confex.com)
The CDC guidelines concerning CD4+ T-cell determinations (33) were first published in the MMWR in 1992 to provide laboratorians with the most complete information about how to measure CD4+ T-lymphocytes in blood from HIV-infected persons by using flow cytometry. (cdc.gov)

2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48. (ox.ac.uk)
CD244 is a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2 IgSF). (bdbiosciences.com)

T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper cell balances, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in immunomodulatory status. (hindawi.com)
It also enhances the body s production of immunoglobulin and stimulates macrophages. (healthywarehouse.com)
There have been many clinical studies showing how astragalus not only boosts the immune system, but also encourages an increase in immune cell (T-cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, immunoglobulin) activity, production, and function. (alive.com)
The number of macrophages (cells of the immune system that ingest foreign antigens to protect against infection) has been shown to increase after administering a decoction of astragalus. (alive.com)
Accumulation of microglia and infiltration of the ischemic hemisphere by macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) preceded the neutrophilic influx. (scienceopen.com)
Expressed on natural killer cells, macrophages, subpopulation of T cells, immature thymocytes and placental trophoblasts. (lu.se)

It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. (umassmed.edu)
The KIR proteins are classified by the number of extracellular immunoglobulin domains (2D or 3D) and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain. (caslab.com)
CAR-T cells, which incorporate an antibody-derived extracellular receptor and T cell derived intracellular signaling domains, have shown convincing outcomes in certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, including commercial licensure of CD19 CAR-Ts for the treatment of relapsed/ refractory large B cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (bdbiosciences.com)

Like T cells, NK cells have many qualities characteristic of the adaptive immune system, including the production of "memory" cells that persist following encounter with antigens and the ability to create a secondary recall response. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoglobulin replacement had been discontinued, and there were normal IgG responses to tetanus vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type B and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine antigens. (frontiersin.org)
MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. (wikidoc.org)
The cellular component of the specific immune mechanism includes all the cells that react with specificity to antigens, except those associated with antibody production. (kemin.com)
1 T cells are engineered to express CARs through viral vectors, enabling them to recognize specific target antigens. (bdbiosciences.com)

The drug candidate acts by targeting killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor 3DL3 (KIR3DL3) and is administered through intravenous route. (globaldata.com)
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is an FDA-approved therapeutic modality used for various inflammatory diseases. (scienceopen.com)

Unlike T lymphocytes, resting NK cells use preformed lytic granules to kill target cells, implying a rapid cytolytic effect that requires a finely regulated control mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
There was 93% donor T-lymphocytes, 20% donor B-lymphocytes, and 5% donor myeloid cells, indicative of some donor stem cell engraftment. (frontiersin.org)
The cells associated with this system, T Lymphocytes (T-cells), begin as the same stem cells as B-Lymphocytes (B-cells). (kemin.com)
It is expressed on all natural killer (NK) cells, IL-2-activated NK (LAK) cells, committed progenitors of NK cells, and a subset of T lymphocytes which mediate non-MHC-restricted cytoxicity, including dendritic epidermal T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Additionally, regulatory immune cells (natural killer T-cells, CD4(-)/CD8(-)T lymphocytes) cumulated in the ischemic hemisphere. (scienceopen.com)
It usually shows the presence of smudge cells, depicted in the image below, which are artifacts from lymphocytes damaged during the slide preparation. (medscape.com)
smudge cells are the artifacts produced by the lymphocytes damaged during the slide preparation. (medscape.com)
Large atypical cells, cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes are also often seen on the peripheral smear and may account for up to 55% of peripheral lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes is strongly positive for surface immunoglobulin, and positive for FMC-7, CD22, CD79b, and DBA-44. (medscape.com)
HIV infection is characterized by a decrease and, eventually, a depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes (helper T cells). (cdc.gov)
Using immunophenotyping, HIV-positive blood samples and age-matched controls were tested for the proportion of lymphocytes that are T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells (suppressor/inducer T cells). (cdc.gov)
Accurate and reliable measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells) are essential to the assessment of the immune system of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons (1-3). (cdc.gov)
and the percentage of lymphocytes that are CD4+ T-cells. (cdc.gov)

We determined the capacity of the leukemia cell line K562 modified to express a membrane-bound form of interleukin (IL)-15 and 41BB ligand (K562-mb15-41BBL) to generate human NK cells with enhanced cytotoxicity. (aacrjournals.org)

2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244/Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4) contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains. (prospecbio.com)
280 independent research projects studying β-cell physiology, β-cell differentiation, immunology, T1D biomarkers, technology development, T1D pathology, and diabetes etiology ( https://www.jdrfnpod.org/publications/current-npod-projects/ , accessed October 21, 2021). (nature.com)
Although NK cell differentiation and education are critical determinants of the functional potential of the cell, little is known about how these events shape the migratory behavior of NK cells. (confex.com)
The present results show that peripheral blood NK cell chemokine receptor profile changes in a coordinated fashion during NK cell differentiation and is further influenced by the expression of self-specific KIR. (confex.com)
that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)

Contains 2 immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains. (lu.se)
A 40-45 KDa GPI-linked protein in the SLAM family that consists of two IMMUNOGLOBULIN C2-SET DOMAINS. (bvsalud.org)

CBL-1, a murine monoclonal antibody, recognises an antigen on activated T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. (nih.gov)
This allows Natural Killer cells to target cells against which a humoral response has been mobilized and to lyse cells through Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . (wikidoc.org)
2B4 antibody activates lytic and secretory functions of IL-2-cultured NK cells and CD244.2+ T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
The mechanisms of action by which RTX kills FL cells include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) ( 3 ), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) ( 4 , 5 )-herein referred to as 'effector function' mechanisms-as well as CD20 signaling effects ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The researchers found that listening to and playing music increases the body's production of the antibody immunoglobulin A and natural killer cells - the cells that attack invading viruses and boost the immune system's effectiveness. (thepolypost.com)
Computer artwork of an antibody or immunoglobulin molecule attacking a leukaemia white blood cell. (lu.se)
The antibody locates IL1RAP on its own, then blocks the signal, causing the cell to grow at a slower pace. (lu.se)
Once the antibody has become attached to the receptor, it activates the body's natural immune system and attracts killer cells that are part of our immune system. (lu.se)
The killer cells are drawn to the antibody because it has indicated that something is wrong inside the body and, in turn, the killer cells send out a death signal to the AML stem cell. (lu.se)

Patients with a clonal B-cell population less than 5000/µL without lymphadenopathy or organomegaly, cytopenia, or other disease-related symptoms have monoclonal B-lymphocytosis (MBL). (medscape.com)

Patient PBMCs are collected by leukapheresis followed by enrichment approaches to isolate T cells while removing other cells such as B cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and contaminating tumor cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
At least two isoforms of CD244.2 protein, products of alternative splicing of hnRNA, are expressed on IL-2-activated C57BL/6 NK cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes have recently been identified and shown to contribute to cell death in tissue injury. (scienceopen.com)
The research team has discovered a type of receptor - a protein, located on the surface of the AML stem cells - which sends out signals. (lu.se)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), a cytoplasmic protein necessary for normal B- and T-cell signaling. (msdmanuals.com)

Building off experience in hematopoietic stem cell transplant and exploiting advances in genetic engineering, genome editing, immunology, immunotherapy, stem cell biology, understanding disease mechanisms and cell therapy manufacturing, considerable progress has been made with hundreds of clinical trials underway. (bdbiosciences.com)

Large granular lymphocytic leukemia has a natural killer (NK) cell phenotype (CD2, CD16, and CD56) or a T-cell immunotype (CD2, CD3, and CD8). (medscape.com)
While the percentages of CD56 (dim) cells and their CD16 expression were lower in the chronic group, this was not statistically significant. (who.int)

These experimental cytokine-producing CAR-Ts, called T cells redirected for universal cytokine killing (TRUCKs), can deliver a variety of cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 or IL-21. (bdbiosciences.com)

Conclusions These studies provide the rationale for testing expanded natural killer cells in humans. (haematologica.org)

What's more, he found that this variation in the NK cell's gene content, as well as the matching between the donor KIR and recipient HLA, affects the strength of the cells' immune response and its cancer-killing ability following transplantation. (autm.net)
Comparisons of the gene expression profiles of the expanded NK cells and their unstimulated or IL-2-stimulated counterparts showed marked differences. (aacrjournals.org)
We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
This translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene on chromosome 14 and the BCL1 locus on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)

CD244 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is also known as Natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (NKR2B4), or Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 4 (SLAMF4). (bdbiosciences.com)

KIR's role in killing unhealthy self-cells and not killing healthy self-cells, involves them in protection against and propensity to viral infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and tumor transformation of host cells. (wikipedia.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
In view of the disseminated CMV infection, the decision was made to infuse stem cells without any pre-conditioning chemotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
As these are stress-molecules, released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK-cell the presence of viral pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen -specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection. (wikidoc.org)
Patients deficient in NK cells prove to be highly susceptible to early phases of herpes virus infection. (wikidoc.org)
This enzyme is found predominantly in immune system cells and is critical for the cells' roles in preventing infection by recognizing and attacking foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccination against Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) elicits MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that stringently control SIV infection in ~55% of vaccinated rhesus macaques (RM). (bvsalud.org)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an immunodeficiency disorder that involves a combined B- and T-cell defect and is characterized by recurrent infection, eczema, and thrombocytopenia. (msdmanuals.com)
CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
Evidence of previous dengue infection, such as detection of anti-DENV immunoglobulin G with a highly specific serodiagnostic test, will be required for eligible children before vaccination. (cdc.gov)
Our results confirm a potential role of NK cells and the different subsets in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection. (who.int)
et 20 témoins en bonne santé ne présentant pas d'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C. Une réduction importante de la fréquence des cellules tueuses naturelles totales dans le groupe des patients porteurs d'une infection chronique a été observée par rapport au groupe des témoins ( P = 0,001) ou au groupe des patients dont l'infection a connu une résolution spontanée ( P = 0,01). (who.int)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has impaired cellular immune response and circulating NK cells, NK subsets (in- the ability to establish chronic infection virus persistence [8]. (who.int)
The elimination or persistence (NKRs) and mediate functions of both cells and CD56+NT cells was charac- of the infection depends on a balance T cells and NK cells [13]. (who.int)

Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
The cytokines Interferon play a crucial role in NK-cell activation. (wikidoc.org)
NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage -derived cytokines . (wikidoc.org)
These changes are thought to lead to tumor-microenvironment interactions via factors secreted by stromal or epithelial cells in response to lymphoma cell-produced cytokines ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The fourth generation of CAR-T design attempts to deliver cytokines to modulate the tumor microenvironment either by activating host effector T cells or hampering host suppressors and reinforcing memory T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

Additionally, a 11-year prospective cohort study of Japanese inhabitants linked low peripheral-blood NK cell cytotoxicity with increased cancer risk ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
Natural Killer (NK) cells play an essential role in cancer surveillance and have a unique capability of spontaneous cytotoxicity against cancer cells. (confex.com)

The cells kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)

Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
We also identified NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition as a novel mechanism by which IVIg can protect brain cells against ischemic damage, suggesting a potential clinical benefit of therapeutic interventions that target inflammasome assembly and activity. (scienceopen.com)

Upregulation of the costimulatory molecule CD80 was observed in DCs and microglial cells but did not further increase in major histocompatibility complex II high-expressing DCs. (scienceopen.com)

Members of the IgSF family include the human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and the Immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILT). (wikipedia.org)

The present study demonstrated that CA125 could bind to RTX and reduce its tumor cell killing activity. (spandidos-publications.com)

Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
The differential diagnosis (see DDx ) of CLL includes several other entities, such as hairy cell leukemia , which is moderately positive for surface membrane immunoglobulins of multiple heavy-chain classes and is typically negative for CD5 and CD21. (medscape.com)
The separated HIV-1 proteins are elecrotransferred from gel to a nitrocellulose membrane, which is then washed, blocked (to minimize nonspecific immunoglobulin binding), and packaged. (cdc.gov)

Stem cells, which live in the spongy center (called marrow) of certain bones in the body, produce the body's blood cells - including NK cells - that play a critical role in the immune system to fight off invading germs and cancer cells.A stem cell transplant essentially recruits a whole new defense against the disease by infusing stem cells from a well-matched donor into the patient to attack the cancer. (autm.net)

CD244 is a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells (and some T cells) which mediate non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing. (prospecbio.com)
To mediate appropriate and directed immune response against cancer, NK cells must be capable of migration to the tumor site. (confex.com)

NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Schematic diagram indicating the complementary activities of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells. (wikidoc.org)
We therefore adapted the K562-mb15-41BBL stimulation method to large-scale clinical-grade conditions, generating large numbers of highly cytotoxic NK cells. (aacrjournals.org)

The technique has also shown preliminarily promising outcomes in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in clinical trials targeting CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30 and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with many more under investigation. (bdbiosciences.com)

Human NK cells are phenotypically characterized by the expression of CD56 and the absence of CD3 and can be further subdivided into a CD56 bright population and a CD56 dim population. (frontiersin.org)
The percentage of CD56(bright) cells was significantly higher than the control group ( P = 0.04). (who.int)
The frequency of CD3+CD56- T cells was significantly lower in both the chronic and resolved groups compared to the control group ( P = 0.04). (who.int)

For example, in multiple myeloma, CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands (MIG, IP-10, and MIP-1a) are significantly upregulated in the bone marrow compared to healthy controls, affecting the composition of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (confex.com)

A bone marrow or stem cell transplant in which stem cells from a donor (called allogeneic ) are transplanted into a patient is often the best chance for a cure for patients with recurrent or resistant cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. (autm.net)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in the mantle region of secondary follicles. (medscape.com)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is recognized in the Revised European-American Lymphoma and World Health Organization classifications as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. (medscape.com)
it was frequently categorized as diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (by the International Working Formulation) or centrocytic lymphoma (by the Kiel classification). (medscape.com)

instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
Infusions of natural killer (NK) cells are an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)

MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
The only curative therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
This study was carried out to characterize KIR genotypes and haplotypes among 379 Arab Kuwaiti individuals including 60 subjects from 20 trio families, 49 hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients and 270 healthy Kuwaiti volunteer HCT donors. (bvsalud.org)

Thus, KIR2DS5 is an activating receptor for NK cells, and is thought to play a role in NK cell function in response to a number of conditions. (rndsystems.com)

2B4 is a cell surface glycoprotein related to CD2 and implicated in the regulation of natural killer and T lymphocyte function. (ox.ac.uk)
heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)

Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human non-small cell lung carcinoma using DNAM-1/CD226 (E8L9G) XP ® Rabbit mAb performed on the Leica ® BOND ™ Rx. (cellsignal.com)
CD244 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Insect cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 448 amino acids (19-224a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 50.2kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 50-70kDa). (prospecbio.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells can kill cancer cells in the absence of prior stimulation and hold considerable potential for cell-based therapies targeting human malignancies ( 1 - 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
Visualization of the human immunoglobulins specifically bound to HIV-1 proteins is accomplished in situ by using a series of reactions with goat anti-human IgG conjugated with biotin, avidin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the HRP substrate 4-chloro-1-naphthol. (cdc.gov)

The stem cell transplantation procedure (also called a bone marrow or cord blood transplant ) is typically preceded by chemotherapy and radiation therapy to eliminate as much of the cancer as possible. (autm.net)
To better understand the molecular mechanisms that influence GVT in bone marrow transplants, Leung and his colleagues began studying the genetic makeup of NK cells in 2004. (autm.net)
In a study by Leung and his colleagues published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology , the researchers demonstrated that children with leukemia were much more likely to survive their transplant and their disease was significantly less likely to progress when bone marrow transplants came from donors whose NK cells expressed the stronger form of KIR2DL1. (autm.net)
It promotes the production of stem cells in bone marrow and lymph tissue and encourages their development into active immune cells. (healthywarehouse.com)
However, the AML stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing cancer cells, are hard to affect. (lu.se)

This test helps take the guesswork out of donor-patient matching for allogeneic stem cell transplants,' says JonEric Pettersson, manager of commercial development at Insight Genetics. (autm.net)
Solid tumors, autoimmune diseases, graft versus host disease (GvHD), genetic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases are investigated using many types of autologous and allogeneic cells with rapidly evolving cell engineering and editing approaches. (bdbiosciences.com)

NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)

NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
The peculiar activation pattern and massive increase of antigen-presenting cells in temporal conjunction with regulatory cells might provide additional insight into poststroke immune regulation. (scienceopen.com)

The Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western Blot Kit is manufactured by Calypte Corporation from HIV-I propagated in an H9/HTLV-IIIb T lymphocyte cell line. (cdc.gov)

NK-cell and target cells interaction via the CD244 receptor is believed to modulate NK-cell cytolytic activity. (prospecbio.com)

The expanded NK cells were significantly more potent than unstimulated or IL-2-stimulated NK cells against acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)

However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
The Company has identified specific HLA molecules known to activate the immune system and is utilizing these HLA molecules as the backbone of novel therapies capable of stimulating both the innate and the adaptive immune systems of cancer patients to eliminate tumor cells. (wowktv.com)
1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)

Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (wikidoc.org)

The majority of stem cell transplants are performed on patients with cancers that originate in blood cells, including leukemia, multiple myeloma and some lymphomas, that are highly resistant to standard treatments. (autm.net)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with debilitating symptoms related to anemia, immunosuppression, bone destruction, and renal failure. (haematologica.org)

Engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies (CAR-T) are now commercially available to treat certain leukemias and lymphomas. (bdbiosciences.com)
[ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)

These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)

Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
Caspase-1 inhibitor treatment protected cultured cortical neurons and brain cells in vivo in experimental stroke models. (scienceopen.com)
T cells are modified ex vivo by transduction with viral vectors containing CAR or other modifications of interest. (bdbiosciences.com)

The main challenge for the success of this approach is to obtain a great quantity of activated NK cells for adoptive transfer. (springer.com)
Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)

It appears to help trigger immune cells from a "resting" state into heightened activity. (healthywarehouse.com)

They regulate the killing function of these cells by interacting with major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules, which are expressed on all nucleated cell types. (wikipedia.org)

1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
Treatment selection takes into account patient age, fitness, and whether autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is planned. (medscape.com)

Anatomy35

Organisms11

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs128

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes47

Information Science3

Health Care1

Receptors34

KIRs5

Antibodies11

Flow Cytometry3

Superfamily2

Macrophages6

Extracellular3

Antigens5

Intravenous2

Lymphocytes14

Ligand1

Differentiation6

Domains2

Antibody9

Monoclonal1

Dendritic cells1

Protein5

Immunology1

CD162

Cytokine1

Humans1

Gene4

Natural Killer Cell R1

Infection16

Cytokines5

Cytotoxicity3

Proteins called1

Therapeutic2

Molecule1

IgSF1

Tumor cell1

Membrane3

Body's1

Mediate2

Cytotoxic4

CD221

CD563

Ligands1

Lymphoma4

Immunotherapy4

Hematopoietic3

Role in NK-cell1

Surface2

Human5

Bone marrow5

Allogeneic2

Tissue1

Antigen-prese2

Lymphocyte cell1

Modulate NK-cell1

Acute myeloid1

Innate5

Cytolytic1

Multiple myeloma2

Chimeric antigen receptor2

Mice1

Vivo3

Adoptive2

Immune cells1

Regulate1

Stem cell transplant2