AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
KetonesKetone BodiesMethyl n-Butyl KetoneTosyllysine Chloromethyl KetoneTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneAcetoacetates3-Hydroxybutyric AcidHydroxybutyratesAmino Acid Chloromethyl KetonesKetosisCoenzyme A-TransferasesStereoisomerismKetogenic DietAlcoholsAcetoneAldehydesMolecular StructureHydroxybutyrate DehydrogenasePentanonesCyclizationCatalysisDiabetic KetoacidosisAlkenesMannich BasesAlkadienesStarvationPropanolsOxidation-ReductionPalladiumAcetyl-CoA C-AcetyltransferaseAlkynesEstersHydrogenationIminesFatty Acids, NonesterifiedRhodiumEchinaceaProtease InhibitorsButylene GlycolsLiver
AldehydesSynthesisMethylDerivativesAldehydeAlkylationOxidationUrineCompoundsBodiesAlkynesCarboxylic acidSerumCarbonyl Alpha-Substitution ReactionsChemistryIntermediatesReactivityAlpha-halogenationEnolateReactiveHalogenationEnantioselectiveOrganocatalysisKetosisDivergentAcid chlorideCycloadditionPericyclic reactionsFunctionalEthersCatalyticAllergic reactionHaloform reactionSubstrateProceedsOrganic ReactionsEsterSequenceCatalystYieldsWittigEAWAG-BBDLiverProducesGood yieldAminesKineticMechanismGrignardRearrangementFunctionalizationDehydrationOccurCatalystsOxygenYieldSolventChemical reaction mechanisms
Aldehydes16
  • Oxa-Diels-Alder reaction of acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones with aldehydes is a challenging transformation that affords valuable pyranone products. (rsc.org)
  • Aldehydes and ketones can be starting materials for a range of other functional groups. (khanacademy.org)
  • We will be learning about the nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, including how to use acetals as protecting groups. (khanacademy.org)
  • The yields of several small molecular ozonation by-products, such as, aldehydes, ketones and ketoacids, were monitored after ozonation of the individual NOM fractions. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Aldehydes and ketones from HON and HOA and ketoacids from the two fractions accounted for 55.56% and 60% of the ozonation by-products from all the NOM, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Alpha Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones. (conceptdraw.com)
  • A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl2, Br2 or I2 in acidic solution. (conceptdraw.com)
  • Addition reactions are typical of unsaturated organic compounds- i.e., alkenes , which contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond, and alkynes , which have a carbon-to-carbon triple bond-and aldehydes and ketones, which have a carbon-to-oxygen double bond. (britannica.com)
  • The hydrochlorination of propene or, in general, the addition to alkenes is said to be initiated by electron-seeking (electrophilic) reagents, while the additions to alkynes, aldehydes, and ketones are said to be initiated by electron-rich (nucleophilic) reagents. (britannica.com)
  • Aldehydes and ketones are present in a number of low molecular weight molecules such as drugs, steroid hormones, reducing sugars and metabolic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate). (thermofisher.com)
  • Even those aldehydes and ketones that are found in the open-ring form of simple carbohydrates are usually in equilibrium with the closed-ring form of the sugar. (thermofisher.com)
  • The infrequent occurrence of aldehydes and ketones in biomolecules has stimulated the development of techniques to selectively introduce these functional groups, thus providing unique sites for chemical modification and greatly extending the applications of the probes found in this section. (thermofisher.com)
  • The most common method for introducing aldehydes and ketones into polysaccharides and glycoproteins (including antibodies) is by periodate-mediated oxidation of vicinal diols. (thermofisher.com)
  • These introduced aldehydes and ketones can then be modified with fluorescent or biotinylated hydrazine, hydroxylamine or amine derivatives to label the polysaccharide or glycoprotein. (thermofisher.com)
  • The mechanism of the reaction with aldehydes or ketones. (utexas.edu)
  • CuO oxidation, the lignin macromolecule is hydrolyzed into a series of methoxy phenyl and phenyl aldehydes, ketones, Lignin is a complex biopolymer that constitutes a large por- and acids [9]. (lu.se)
Synthesis8
  • Tsuna, K, Noguchi, N & Nakada, M 2011, ' Synthesis of medium-sized carbocyclic ketones via the intramolecular B-alkyl Liebeskind-Srogl coupling reaction ', Tetrahedron Letters , vol. 52, no. 52, pp. 7202-7205. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Other new enaminone, ( E )-ethyl 3-(3-(dimethylamino)acryloyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1 H -pyrazole-4-carboxylate (8), was also prepared from compound 4a and utilized as precursor for synthesis of different functionalized 3,4'- bis -pyrazolyl ketones 9a-c, 10a-c. (eurjchem.com)
  • Modular Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles via an Annulative Migration Reaction of Allenyl Ketones and p-Toluenesulfonylmethyl Isocyanide. (acs.org)
  • Alkene synthesis, including Wittig reaction. (bath.ac.uk)
  • For the synthesis of monoareno pentalenes, a carbopalladation cascade reaction between alkynes and gem-dibromoolefins was applied. (researchgate.net)
  • Saltigo's fluorine team provides custom research services based on experience in conducting fluorination reactions, developing fluorinating reagents, and producing fluorinated building blocks for further synthesis. (acs.org)
  • A method for the synthesis of novel fused tricyclic tetrazoles from allylic bromides generated by the recently discovered DiazAll reaction has been developed. (lu.se)
  • Structural resemblance with substances which possess important pharmacological properties motivated the synthesis of a series of ketones and a small library of amines. (lu.se)
Methyl4
  • When a methyl ketone is treated with base and a halogen (e.g. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • In the days before our modern spectroscopic techniques, the iodoform test was widely used for the identification of methyl ketones. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • Analysis of breathing zone air samples revealed that the concentrations of methyl -ethyl- ketone (78933), isopropanol (67630) and acetone (67641) were below the most recent evaluation criteria. (cdc.gov)
  • I just read mad scientist's post on synthesizing methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. (sciencemadness.org)
Derivatives2
  • Iron(III)-Mediated Bicyclization of 1,2-Allenyl Aryl Ketones: Assembly of Indanone-Fused Polycyclic Scaffolds and Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene Derivatives. (acs.org)
  • A stereoselective formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclopropyl ketones and radical-acceptor alkenes to form polysubstituted cyclopentane derivatives is catalyzed by a chiral Ti(salen) complex via a radical redox-relay mechanism. (organic-chemistry.org)
Aldehyde4
  • Except for polysaccharides containing free reducing sugars, however, biopolymers generally lack aldehyde and ketone groups. (thermofisher.com)
  • 1. Aldehyde and Ketone IUPAC nomenclature. (utexas.edu)
  • 5. Recognize the relative order of thermodynamic stability of aldehyde, ketone, ester, carboxylic acid, and acid chloride carbonyl groups and be able to explain the order based upon substituent effects upon the carbocation character of the respective carbonyl groups. (utexas.edu)
  • Is this corresponding equilibrium for an aldehyde more or less favorable than for a ketone. (utexas.edu)
Alkylation2
  • Examples of enolates as nucleophiles abound, among them the Aldol and Claisen condensations, the alkylation of enolates, the Michael reaction and others. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • This review summarizes these advancements into three major categories: use of ketone carbonyls as DGs, direct β-functionalization, and α-alkylation/alkenylation with unactivated olefins and alkynes. (rsc.org)
Oxidation5
  • This is a rare example of an oxidation of a ketone to a carboxylic acid, which is possible because the (-)CX 3 ion is a good leaving group and can be displaced by NaOH. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • Oxidation reactions of alkenes and alcohols. (bath.ac.uk)
  • These other reactions, however, usually occur at a slower rate than oxidation of vicinal diols. (thermofisher.com)
  • 8. What functional group which has the same oxidation level as a carboxylic acid is readily converted to a ketone function without the problem of addition of a seond mole of Grignard reagent? (utexas.edu)
  • Oscillating reactions are neat and they show you some of the most vital parts in chemistry: catalysis, oxidation, etc. (sciencemadness.org)
Urine2
  • Urine should be tested for ketones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Examples of semi-quantitative examinations are urine dipsticks, tablet tests for ketones, and serological agglutination procedures. (who.int)
Compounds6
  • Schema 1 below is a typical use of a gas-phase reaction to produce nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (pyridine bases, pyrazines, pyrroles), and Schema 2 describes a process of ammoxidation. (koeichem.com)
  • Reduction reactions of ketones and other carbonyl compounds. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Laboratory experiments cover important reactions of biochemical compounds. (ccp.edu)
  • Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. (conceptdraw.com)
  • While pure hydrocarbons undergo certain limited classes of reactions, many more reactions which organic compounds undergo are largely determined by functional groups. (conceptdraw.com)
  • Few organofluorine compounds exist naturally ( C&EN, May 22, page 12 ), meaning that almost all must be made. (acs.org)
Bodies8
Alkynes1
  • Addition reactions to alkenes and alkynes are sometimes called saturation reactions because the reaction causes the carbon atoms to become saturated with the maximum number of attached groups. (britannica.com)
Carboxylic acid1
  • The iodoform test is an example of the haloform reaction , which uses an excess of base (usually hydroxide) and an excess of halogen to produce a carboxylic acid and a haloform. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
Serum2
  • Biochemically, DKA is defined as an increase in the serum concentration of ketones greater than 5 mEq/L, a blood glucose level greater than 250 mg/dL (although it is usually much higher), and a blood (usually arterial) pH less than 7.3. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who appear significantly ill and those with positive ketones should have arterial blood gas and serum lactate measurements. (msdmanuals.com)
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions1
Chemistry5
  • Describe the synthetic chemistry of carbocations, anions and radical species and describe some of the mechanisms involved in their reaction. (bath.ac.uk)
  • To apply their experience in synthetic organic chemistry to other organic reactions. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Designing reaction sequences, especially those involving diazonium intermediates, so as to access a wide variety of substituted benzenes provides a good introduction to the challenges of synthetic organic chemistry. (yale.edu)
  • Use it to draw structural formulas of organic molecules, schemes of chemical reactions and organic chemistry diagrams. (conceptdraw.com)
  • I want to get the latest chemistry news from C&EN in my inbox every week. (acs.org)
Intermediates3
  • Ketones are an especially attractive choice of DGs and substrates due to their prevalence in various molecules and versatile reactivity as synthetic intermediates. (rsc.org)
  • These issues can determine the relative stability of short-lived reactive intermediates, which usually directly determine the path of the reaction. (conceptdraw.com)
  • The stepwise course of any given reaction mechanism can be represented using arrow pushing techniques in which curved arrows are used to track the movement of electrons as starting materials transition through intermediates to final products. (conceptdraw.com)
Reactivity3
  • So the Friedel-Crafts reaction we were just beginning with, and we'll talk today about some ideas about how you design syntheses, and about benzylic stabilization, the reactivity at positions next to an aromatic system. (yale.edu)
  • The sequence divergence within the class presents a challenge in assigning one of these functions to a given Rieske oxygenase, let alone predict the substrate, site of reactivity, or type of reaction (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • Structural studies on enzymes with divergent selectivities have the potential to illuminate critical features that are responsible for selectivity and provide valuable insight on how reactivity can be controlled in biocatalytic reactions. (nature.com)
Alpha-halogenation1
  • There are ways of getting alpha-halogenation reactions to stop at adding a single halogen atom, generally by adding a single equivalent of a strong base [e.g. lithium di-isopropylamide, LDA ] to form the enolate followed by addition of an electrophilic halogen under carefully controlled conditions. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
Enolate3
  • Of relevance today is that an enolate in the presence of a halogen such as chlorine (Cl 2 ) will give the "alpha-chloro" ketone, below. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • After halogenation of its enolate, the resulting dihalo ketone is in turn even more acidic than its two precursors (thanks to the two electron-withdrawing groups on the alpha carbon) which means it will out-compete these ketones for base. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group, the α-position, and involve the substitution of an α hydrogen atom by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or enolate ion intermediate. (conceptdraw.com)
Reactive2
  • The new carbon-carbon bond produced is shown in purple, and the reactive 'ketone' substrate group is shown in green. (nature.com)
  • Explain why ester functions are more thermodynamically stable and generally less reactive than ketone carbonyl groups? (utexas.edu)
Halogenation4
  • The reaction proceeds through three successive cycles of deprotonation and halogenation at the alpha carbon, followed by addition of base to the carbonyl and expulsion of CX 3 as a leaving group. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • Getting the reaction to stop at "just one" halogenation is a little bit like asking the Cookie Monster to eat "just one" cookie. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • This chemical reaction mechanism drawing depicts steps of carbonyl compound halogenation reaction. (conceptdraw.com)
  • The halogenation is a typical α-substitution reaction that proceeds by acid catalyzed formation of an enol intermediate. (conceptdraw.com)
Enantioselective2
  • The first highly enantioselective catalytic hetero Diels-Alder reaction of ketones. (dtu.dk)
  • Carbohydrate-based macrocycles can be enantioselective catalysts in certain reactions. (researchgate.net)
Organocatalysis2
  • Non-classical reaction conditions are compatible with organocatalysis and can often improve reaction course. (rsc.org)
  • Radical Acylalkylation of 1,3-Enynes To Access Allenic Ketones via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. (acs.org)
Ketosis5
Divergent2
  • Divergent Construction of Benzothiophene-Fused N-Heterocycles via Stereotunable Three-Component Domino Reactions. (acs.org)
  • Based on these structures, substrate-bound structures, and mutagenesis experiments, we implicate specific residues in substrate positioning and the divergent reaction selectivity observed in these two enzymes. (nature.com)
Acid chloride2
  • So giving an ester hydrolysis rule a score of 2 would give it a high priority but after an acid chloride hydrolysis reaction. (europa.eu)
  • 7.What reagent permits the conversion of an acid chloride to a ketone? (utexas.edu)
Cycloaddition1
  • This new tandem reaction comprises a cycloaddition between a nitrile and (TMS)N-3 followed by an intramolecular N-allylation. (lu.se)
Pericyclic reactions1
  • The basic reaction types are: addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions and redox reactions. (conceptdraw.com)
Functional3
  • Perilla ketone is a natural terpenoid that consists of a furan ring with a six-carbon side chain containing a ketone functional group. (wikipedia.org)
  • While nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur-based functional groups (FGs) are widely employed as effective directing groups (DGs) to control the site-selectivity of C-H activation, the use of common FGs ( e.g. ketone, alcohol and amine) as DGs has been continuously pursued. (rsc.org)
  • This is to be used when almost all bacteria can catalyze a given reaction with a functional group present in a molecule. (europa.eu)
Ethers1
  • A copper-amine catalyst system enables a general and facile synthetic method for β-fluoroenones from silyl enol ethers or ketones via tandem process of difluoroalkylation-hydrolysis-dehydrofluorination. (organic-chemistry.org)
Catalytic1
  • The catalyst opens a synthetically interesting reaction pathway to this surprisingly underrepresented class of indanones that are not accessible using alternative catalytic systems. (acs.org)
Allergic reaction2
  • May produce an allergic reaction. (tesco.com)
  • One of the workers complained of nasal congestion and an allergic reaction to mahogany dust. (cdc.gov)
Haloform reaction1
  • 3. Skip the haloform reaction and the iodoform test. (utexas.edu)
Substrate3
  • This reaction offers high yields, excellent Z / E ratios, a low-cost catalyst, and a broad substrate scope. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • For example, hydrocarbon oxygenation reactions are quite possible, but may or may not be likely to occur depending on what the substrate is. (europa.eu)
  • The green sphere is the ketone substrate, and the orange zigzag shows the light-sensitive link, used to ensure that biotin addition has occurred at the ketone, and not elsewhere. (nature.com)
Proceeds2
  • The reaction proceeds in good yields at room temperature and needs only low photocatalyst loadings. (chemistryviews.org)
  • The reaction proceeds in two stages: first, the hydrogen ion , H + , of hydrogen chloride (the positively charged component) adds to one of the pair of carbon atoms joined by double bonds-in this case, the less alkylated carbon atom-followed by addition of the chloride ion, Cl − (the negatively charged component), to the other carbon atom. (britannica.com)
Organic Reactions1
Ester1
  • The sequence of hydroboration of ω-alkenyl thiol ester with 9-BBN and the Liebeskind-Srogl reaction results in the formation of medium-sized carbocyclic ketones with good yield. (elsevierpure.com)
Sequence2
  • Each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens in sequence - although the detailed description of steps is not always clear from a list of reactants alone. (conceptdraw.com)
  • This catalyst was difficult to find: there was only one sequence that could carry out the reaction efficiently among the 10 15 starting RNAs. (nature.com)
Catalyst2
  • A cycloisomerization of aryl allenyl ketones to 3-arylidene-indan-1-ones using a cationic Fe-complex as a catalyst is reported. (acs.org)
  • ensured that the desired aldol catalyst would announce itself by coaxing the aldol reaction to link a tag to the active RNA. (nature.com)
Yields1
  • Application of microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions during ball-milling had the best influence on this reaction, in terms of shortened reaction times and increased product yields. (rsc.org)
Wittig1
EAWAG-BBD2
  • The EAWAG-BBD Pathway Prediction System predicts microbial catabolic reactions using substructure searching, a rule-base, and atom-to-atom mapping. (europa.eu)
  • The biotransformation rules are based on reactions found in the EAWAG-BBD database or in the scientific literature. (europa.eu)
Liver4
Produces1
Good yield1
  • What is the only product obtainable in good yield in such a reaction? (utexas.edu)
Amines1
  • periodate-oxidized ribonucleotides can subsequently be converted to fluorescent nucleic acid probes by reaction with fluorescent hydrazines, hydroxylamines and amines. (thermofisher.com)
Kinetic1
  • To show how experimental kinetic data may be used to elucidate chemical reaction mechanisms. (bath.ac.uk)
Mechanism3
  • To provide the student with a working knowledge of important classes of organic transformations and illustrate how the rate and mechanism of a chemical reaction can be understood in terms of the chemical structure of molecules. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Write the mechanism of the reaction and explain why this strategy works. (utexas.edu)
  • 9.Write the detailed mechanism for both acid and base catalyzed hydration of a ketone. (utexas.edu)
Grignard1
  • Perilla ketone was synthesized in 1957 by Matsuura from 3-furoyl chloride and an organocadmium compound similar to the Gilman reagent made from an isoamyl Grignard reagent and cadmium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
Rearrangement1
  • The Friedel-Crafts reaction creates new alkyl- or acyl-aromatic bonds, with or without cation rearrangement. (yale.edu)
Functionalization2
  • Over the last two decades, transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization that is directed or mediated by ketones has experienced vigorous growth. (rsc.org)
  • b Rieske monohydroxylases SxtT and GxtA catalyze highly selective C-H functionalization reactions in paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis. (nature.com)
Dehydration1
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis: Ketone body production is stimulated by dehydration and insulin deficiency. (medscape.com)
Occur5
  • This is to be reserved for reactions that will almost certainly occur and occur with the highest priority. (europa.eu)
  • You should also use 2 for a reaction that is significantly likely to occur once a certain intermediate has been generated. (europa.eu)
  • This applies to reactions that are common but not certain to occur in every system. (europa.eu)
  • This would be the case for reactions that clearly might occur, but are either very rarely catalyzed in bacterial and fungal populations, or that don't seem likely to occur because of the initial conditions we are using or other chemical/biochemical reason. (europa.eu)
  • The result of their search was a ribozyme that could carry out an aldol reaction about 4,300-fold faster than the reaction would occur in solution. (nature.com)
Catalysts1
  • We specialize in gas-phase reaction using proprietary catalysts, as well as our advanced R&D capabilities, to become a manufacturer specializing in gas-phase reactions driven by advanced technology. (koeichem.com)
Oxygen2
  • The C-H bonds on the alpha carbons of ketones are unusually acidic (the pK a of the simplest ketone, 2-propanone, is about 19 in water [ Note 2 for ref ] a) because the negative charge resulting from deprotonation can be delocalized through resonance to the oxygen atom, which due to its higher electronegativity is superior at stabilizing negative charge. (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • These reactions are ones, for example, that have never been observed under aerobic conditions and the enzymes are oxygen sensitive. (europa.eu)
Yield1
  • Perilla ketone has also been prepared in 74% yield via the Stille reaction from a 3-furyl-organotin compound and isocaproyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran solvent. (wikipedia.org)
Solvent1
  • As previously demonstrated, the outcome of the reaction depends strongly on the applied alkali metal, solvent, reaction conditions, and substituent pattern. (researchgate.net)
Chemical reaction mechanisms1
  • The vector stencils library "Chemical elements" contains 118 icon symbols of chemical elements for drawing atoms, structural formulas and ball-and-stick models of inorganic and organic molecules and ions, and schemes of chemical reaction mechanisms. (conceptdraw.com)