Keto acyl fatty acid synthase type i. Medical search. Frequent questions

FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
Transcriptome sequencing revealed that all homologs induced the same general patterns with a drastic shift in gene expression profiles of leaves from that of a typical source tissue to a source-limited sink-like tissue: Transcripts encoding enzymes for plastid uptake and metabolism of phosphoenolpyruvate, fatty acid and oil biosynthesis were up-regulated, as were also transcripts encoding starch degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
KasA is a key enzyme in the fatty acid synthase "FAS-II" elongation cycle, responsible for the extension of the growing acyl chain within the biosynthesis of precursors for the most hydrophobic constituents of the cell wall - mycolic acids. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
FAD2 catalyzes the first step, towards biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in cell membrane and wall, and it is thus of great importance to investigate the regulatory role of FAD2 in anther development. (researchsquare.com)
Biosynthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B by the modular PKS 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase. (nature.com)
By mutant screening, we showed a knock-out mutant of fabR , encoding a repressor of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (UFA), to have impaired biofilm formation. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, for the first time, the low erucic acid trait in canola B. napus can be attributed to a single amino acid substitution which prevents the biosynthesis of the eicosenoic and erucic acids. (unboundmedicine.com)
This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of a GntR/FadR family protein acting as a fatty acid-responsive transcriptional regulator in M. tuberculosis , suggesting a possible role for this protein in mycolic acid biosynthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Regulation of transcription of genes required for fatty acid transport and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by FadR. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Its main function is to catalyze the synthesis of palmitate (C16:0, a long-chain saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, in the presence of NADPH. (wikipedia.org)
Type II is found in archaea, bacteria and plant plastids, and is characterized by the use of discrete, monofunctional enzymes for fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, transcripts representing fatty acid degradation were up-regulated indicating that fatty acids might be degraded to feed the increased need to channel carbons into fatty acid synthesis creating a futile cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
To be available for TAG synthesis, carbons from sucrose must first be converted to pyruvate through cytosolic or plastidic glycolytic pathways and at some point be imported into the plastid to yield acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) which feeds fatty acid (FA) synthesis with carbon backbones. (biomedcentral.com)
Long chain saturated FAs (LCSFA) and unsaturated FAs of ω9 and ω7 can be synthesized from palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) produced by the de novo FA synthesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that ligand activation of PPARγ dramatically induced de novo lipid synthesis as well as fatty acid beta (β)-oxidation in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived from roughanic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and arachidonic acid in wild type, the oxylipin-deficient mutants of Ppaos1 and Ppaos2 , the mutants of Ppdes being deficient in all fatty acids harboring a Δ 6 -double bond and the C20-fatty acid-deficient mutants of Ppelo . (frontiersin.org)
Escherichia coli unsaturated fatty acid synthesis: complex transcription of the fabA gene and in vivo identification of the essential reaction catalyzed by FabB. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Endogenous fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by FASN, a human lipogenic enzyme capable of de novo synthesis of fatty acids [ 4 , 5 ]. (aging-us.com)

Following each round of elongation the beta keto group is reduced to the fully saturated carbon chain by the sequential action of a ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enoyl reductase (ER). (wikipedia.org)
In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
The elongation of the chain occurs by repeating the condensation cycle until a 16-carbon palmitic acid (16:0) is generated. (encyclopedia.pub)
In mammals, FA elongation depends on a set of enzymes termed elongation of very long-chain fatty acid enzymes (ELOVLs) [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
ELOVLs are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and catalyze FA elongation via the condensation of a malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA molecule to yield 3-ketoacyl-CoA, which is the first rate limiting step in the elongation cycle of FAs [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Genomic fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1) clones from high erucic acid (HEA) Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, and low erucic acid (LEA) B. napus cv. (unboundmedicine.com)

Aldo/keto reductase family [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Starting from the N-terminus, these units include β-ketoacyl synthase (KS), acetyl/malonyl transacylase (AT/MT), β-hydroxyacyl dehydratase (DH), enoyl reductase (ER), β-ketoacyl reductase (KR), acyl carrier protein (ACP), and thioesterase (TE). (aging-us.com)

The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
This study provides an important insight of future translational and clinical research into targeting PPARγ regulation of lipid metabolism in lung cancer patients accompanying type 2 diabetes. (oncotarget.com)
Escherichia coli FadR, a member of the GntR family of transcription factors, plays dual roles in fatty acid metabolism. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Polyketide synthases use a similar mechanism and homologous domains to produce secondary metabolite lipids. (wikipedia.org)
Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
In flowering plants, the anther cuticle and pollen wall are riched in lipids, mainly fatty acids and their derivatives [17, 18]. (researchsquare.com)
Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
a -Hydroxy acids or 2-hydroxy acids are found in plants (chain from 12 up to 24 carbon atoms) and in animal wool waxes, skin lipids and specialized tissues, mainly in brain. (gerli.com)

It is a substrate for succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. (hmdb.ca)

Acyl CoA Synthetase: What is it/What does it do? (flashcardmachine.com)

Mtb has a complex cell wall made up of mycolic acids (long-chain fatty acids with 60 to 90 carbon atoms), glycolipids, peptidoglycan, and proteins. (ajgreenchem.com)
In some bacteria, complex hydroxy, branched-chain fatty acids ( mycolic acids ) are described. (gerli.com)

The growing fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covalently to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and is released by the action of a thioesterase (TE) upon reaching a carbon chain length of 16 (palmitic acid). (wikipedia.org)
β-Ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II of Escherichia coli. (illinois.edu)
Then, Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are coupled to the acyl-carrier protein domain of the rate-limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene. (wikipedia.org)
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and gene expression omnibus (GEO) dataset contain useful genomic information sets of various tumors [ 1 - 3 ] and can be employed to identify the potential oncogenic role of fatty acid synthase (FASN). (aging-us.com)

The evolutionary history of fatty acid synthases are very much intertwined with that of polyketide synthases (PKS). (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, polyketide synthases also exhibit a Type I and Type II organization. (wikipedia.org)
A new review article details how new structural insight regarding modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) helps us better understand the organization of catalytic events within a PKS module. (nature.com)
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) were discovered in the 1990s in bacteria and thousands of these proteins have been identified since then. (nature.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme that is involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. (nih.gov)
Defects in this gene that affect the peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation activity are a cause of D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBPD). (nih.gov)
In higher plants, the microsomal oleate Δ12 -desaturase (fatty acid desaturase 2, FAD2) is a hydrophobic endoplasmic reticulum protein, catalyzing the reaction from monounsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) to polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) by introducing a double bond between the 12th and 13th carbon atoms of C18:1 [1]. (researchsquare.com)
This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids . (wikidoc.org)
The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A . The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter. (wikidoc.org)
In agreement with published findings regarding different HEA and LEA B. napus cultivars, comparison of FAE1 protein sequences from HEA and LEA Brassicaceae revealed one crucial amino acid difference: the serine residue at position 282 of the HEA FAE1 sequences is substituted by phenylalanine in LEA B. napus cv. (unboundmedicine.com)
We have shown that FadR Mt (Rv0494) directly binds to long-chain fatty acyl-CoA and that binding quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of the purified protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Overexpression of Rv0494 in Mycobacterium bovis BCG reduced the basal level expression of kas operon genes, thereby suggesting the repressor nature of this protein in fatty acid synthase II regulation. (microbiologyresearch.org)

It also acts as a catalyst for the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids. (nih.gov)

Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase , acetyl-CoA acyltransferase , or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHB gene . (wikidoc.org)
synthesized very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids that are not normally found in yeast, while fatty acid profiles of yeast cells expressing the FAE1 gene from LEA B. napus were identical to control yeast samples. (unboundmedicine.com)
Westar, the mutated gene was expressed in yeast and GC analysis revealed the presence of very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLCMFAs), indicating that the elongase activity was restored in the LEA FAE1 enzyme by the single amino acid substitution. (unboundmedicine.com)
Escherichia coli FadR positively regulates transcription of the fabB fatty acid biosynthetic gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Methods: We investigated the oncogenic roles of fatty acid synthase in 33 cancers based on the cancer genome atlas and gene expression omnibus. (aging-us.com)

So far a relatively unexplored target is the cell wall enzyme β-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase "KasA", which plays a crucial role in maintaining the membrane impermeability and hence the cell ability to resist to With 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2014, tuberculosis (TB) is alongside with AIDS the most deadly infection. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
So far a relatively unexplored target is the cell wall enzyme β-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase "KasA", which plays a crucial role in maintaining the membrane impermeability and hence the cell ability to resist to the immune response and drug therapy. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
In the case of Pyk mutant, the enzyme level regulation was made clear such that Pyk knockout caused PEP concentration to be up-regulated and activated Ppc, which caused the increase in MAL concentration and backed up reduced PYR through Mez, resulting in the phenotypic growth characteristics similar to the wild type. (biomedcentral.com)

PPARγ2, which is generated by alternative splicing, contains an additional 28 amino acids at the N-terminal end relative to PPARγ1. (biomedcentral.com)

However, this pathway has only one known product, lipoic acid, which functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Based on compositional analysis of anthers cuticle and transcriptome data, we demonstrated it was unfavorable to the development of anther by regulating GhFAD2-3 expression level to increase the oleic acid content. (researchsquare.com)

In these bacteria, the FAS I system produces palmitic acid, and cooperates with the FAS II system to produce a greater diversity of lipid products. (wikipedia.org)
Next, palmitic acid is further elongated and desaturated to generate complex fatty acids. (encyclopedia.pub)

Type I systems utilise a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both animals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and animal syntheses differ). (wikipedia.org)
Fatty acids have shown antimalarial activity10,11,12 but literature reports have been scarce and there is not a consensus as to what structural characteristics (i.e., unsaturation level, position or chain length) favor the best antimalarial fatty acids. (exposed-skin-care.net)
We believed that a systematic study of the antimalarial activity of a series of isomeric C16 acetylenic fatty acids could shed light on the structural properties required for antimalarial activity, in particular how the antimalarial activity depends on the position of the triple relationship inside a C16 acyl chain. (exposed-skin-care.net)

The fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)

How do Fatty Acyl-CoA's pass the mitochondrial intermembrane space? (flashcardmachine.com)

2-Hydroxytetracosanoic acid ( cerebronic acid ) and 2-hydroxy-15-tetracosenoic acid ( hydroxynervonic acid ) are constituents of the ceramide part of cerebrosides (glycosphingolipides found mainly in nervous tissue and in little amount in plants). (gerli.com)

ARA, arachidonic acid). (encyclopedia.pub)

A Type I fatty acid synthase system is also found in the CMN group of bacteria (corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia). (wikipedia.org)
FadR-DNA binding is inhibited by fatty acyl-CoAs, and thus FadR acts as a sensor of the fatty acid level in bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Conclusions: This study provides a complete understanding of the oncogenic role of fatty acid synthase in human tumors. (aging-us.com)

Most patients diagnosed with advanced lung cancer accompany poor prognosis, and thus standard therapies such as radio-chemotherapy or targeted treatment confer little benefit for the survival rate [ 2 , 3 ].Thus, recently, different oncologic features between patients even with the same histologic type of tumors have led to personalized genomic screening to identify the most effective, individualized treatment option that matches each patient [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Fatty acid synthase expression is related to tumor-infiltrating immune cells in tumors (e.g. (aging-us.com)

Mtb is an aerobic bacillus with high lipid content in its cell wall, resulting in high lipophilicity and resistance to alcohol, acids, alkali, and certain disinfectants. (ajgreenchem.com)
The chemical composition of lipid inclusions in Bacillus megaterium was identifed in 1926 as poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) ( Lemoigne M, Bull Soc Chim Biol 1926, 8, 770 ). (gerli.com)

A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic acid (JA) belong. (frontiersin.org)

Transferases, Acyltransferases, Transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups. (uma.es)

The neutral type of selection seemed to be predominant in both KCS and ELO genes evolution. (nature.com)

ATP synthase, alpha subunit, C-terminal [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Type II secretion system pilotin lipoprotein (PulS_OutS) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Branched-chain amino acid transport system / permease component [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

The analysis of long-chain hydroxylated fatty acids in ancient ceramics or shells enables to identify the origin of these deposits. (gerli.com)
FadR-DNA binding can be impaired by long-chain fatty acyl-CoA compounds. (microbiologyresearch.org)

However, a systematic analysis of fatty acid synthase across pan-cancers has not been carried out. (aging-us.com)

Yeast FAS has a highly efficient rigid barrel-like structure with 6 reaction chambers which synthesize fatty acids independently, while the mammalian FAS has an open flexible structure with only two reaction chambers. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy1

Chemicals and Drugs24

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science2

Biosynthesis9

Synthesis11

Elongation7

Reductase2

Metabolism3

Lipids5

Transferase1

Synthetase1

Mycolic2

Carrier protein3

FASN2

Polyketide synthases4

Protein8

Branched-chain fatty1

Gene5

Enzyme3

Amino Acids1

Pathway1

Oleic acid1

Palmitic acid2

Structural3

Malonyl1

Mitochondrial1

Ceramide1

Arachidonic acid1

Bacteria2

Conclusions1

Tumors2

Lipid2

Derivatives1

Transferases1

Genes1

Interproscan3

Chain2

Systematic1

Mammalian1