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Chromosome PaintingPaintChromosome BandingIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomesChromosome MappingKaryotypeKaryotypingChromosome AberrationsX ChromosomeSex ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, YChromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Abnormal KaryotypeChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Human, 13-15Ring ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosome BreakageGenetic LinkageChromosome InversionTranslocation, GeneticGenetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, 4-5AneuploidyChromosome PositioningTrisomyMolecular Sequence DataCentromereX Chromosome InactivationBase SequenceMetaphaseMeiosisChromosomes, Human, 19-20Hybrid CellsChromosome StructuresChromosomes, InsectMitosisMosaicismRecombination, GeneticMutationPhenotypeTurner SyndromeRegional Blood FlowPedigreeMicrosatellite RepeatsCytogenetic AnalysisMonosomyCrosses, GeneticFlow CytometryLod ScoreBlood Flow VelocityAbnormalities, MultipleLead PoisoningCytogeneticsDiploidyAllelesXYY KaryotypeNucleic Acid HybridizationNondisjunction, GeneticCloning, MolecularTelomereDNA ProbesDNABlotting, SouthernChromosomal Instability
Homologous chromosomesFluorescence in situ hybriCentromereChromosomalCytogeneticsInheritanceRearrangementsGenomicSpeciesGenomeSegmentsGeneticConservationMolecularCloselyRecognizeIdentifyMechanismAnalysisFISHStudiesResearchCellContentIndividual chromosomesArtificial chromosomesMetaphaseMammalian speciesProbesHomologousGenomeDiploidCharacterizeVariabilityMeioticFluorescenceAcrocentricSequencesComparativeGene mapsAutosomesDifferencesDemonstrateProbeSingleStructureBandsPresentMapsPresenceLength
Homologous chromosomes3
  • In cases where human and primate karyotypes differ by chromosome rearrangements, reverse painting of primate probes resulted in a subregional delineation of the human homologous chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescence in situ hybri2
  • We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes derived from bivariate fluorescence activated flow sorting of primate chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
Centromere4
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • In particular, a distinction between those inversions which cover both chromosome arms and thus include the centromere (pericentric inversions) and those which are restricted to a single chromosome arm (paracentric inversions) has often been made [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomal2
  • The entire chromosomal set of a species is known as a karyotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, in comparative cytogenetics, phylogenetic relationships should be determined on the basis of the polarity of chromosomal differences (derived traits). (wikipedia.org)
Cytogenetics3
Inheritance2
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
Rearrangements2
  • Sequencing of daughter cell pairs derived from micronucleated mother cells demonstrated that complex rearrangements are indeed a common outcome of micronucleus formation. (nature.com)
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
Genomic1
  • However, it is now widely thought that species may have phenetically similar karyotypes due to genomic conservation. (wikipedia.org)
Species7
  • Probes were used from two gibbon species (Hylobates concolor and H. syndactylus) which both showed highly rearranged karyotypes. (nih.gov)
  • It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
  • During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
  • The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome2
  • Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
Segments2
  • Hybridization of human chromosomes with painting probes derived from both gibbons showed that, with the exception of human chromosomes 15, 18, 21, 22 and the sex chromosomes, each chromosome was differentiated in at least two and up to six segments. (nih.gov)
  • They were also used in a multi colour format (colour segmenting) to differentiate the entire human karyotype into 81 homologous coloured segments with probes derived from H. concolor, and 74 segments with probes derived from H. syndactylus. (nih.gov)
Genetic3
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
Conservation1
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular1
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
Closely1
  • Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognize1
  • The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Identify2
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
  • Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism1
Analysis2
  • The addition of colours not only simplifies chromosome identification compared to the analysis of classical banding based on grey values, but colour segmenting also provides simple coloured landmarks for further fine analysis by classical banding. (nih.gov)
  • These maps also provide an unprecedented opportunity to use multispecies analysis as a tool to infer karyotype evolution. (wikipedia.org)
FISH1
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
Studies1
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Research1
  • He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Cell1
  • Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
Content1
  • Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Individual chromosomes2
  • Although it was possible to visualize chromosomes under microscopes as early as the mid-1800s, it was quite difficult to observe individual chromosomes and thus to count the number of chromosomes in a cell or to examine structural abnormalities. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • and the use of staining materials that are absorbed differently by different parts of chromosomes, producing the characteristic light and dark bands that help to identify individual chromosomes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Artificial chromosomes1
  • The artificial chromosomes (BAC) can be grown, extracted, and labeled, in any lab containing a library. (iiab.me)
Metaphase4
  • Our ability to study chromosomes has been improved by the visualization of chromosomes in metaphase, by hypotonic solutions that cause nuclear swelling, and by staining techniques that label chromosome bands. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chromosomes are typically analyzed by collecting a living tissue (usually blood), culturing the tissue for the appropriate amount of time (usually 48 to 72 hours for peripheral lymphocytes), adding colcemid to produce metaphase arrest, harvesting the cells, placing the cell sediment on a slide, rupturing the cell nucleus with a hypotonic saline solution, staining with a designated nuclear stain, and photographing the metaphase spreads of chromosomes on the slide. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The banded metaphase chromosomes are arranged from largest to smallest. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Then, an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced. (iiab.me)
Mammalian species3
  • Developing ordered gene maps from multiple mammalian species coupled with chromosome-painting data provide a powerful resource for resolving the evolutionary history of chromosomes and whole genomes. (nih.gov)
  • During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
  • The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Probes13
  • Multidirectional chromosome painting, using probes from homologs to chromosome 1 in seven mammal species from six orders of placental mammals, confirm the gene-mapping results and indicate that the multiple human chromosome 1 homologs in these species are derived from independent fissions of a single ancestral chromosome. (nih.gov)
  • Chromosome painting using human chromosome 1 probes identifies a single human chromosome 1 homolog in phylogenetically distant taxa, the two-toed sloth, cetaceans, and higher primates. (nih.gov)
  • The euchromatin conservatism was shown by comparative chromosome painting with stone marten probes in newly built maps of the sable and pine marten. (bvsalud.org)
  • Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until recently, MCB probes have only been available for human and some murine chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generation of MCB probes for chromosomes of other species, useful and required in many cytogenetics research fields, was limited by technical difficulties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MCB probes are established by chromosome microdissection followed by whole genomic DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present method can be applied for generation of whole or region-specific DNA probes for species, where karyotyping of G-banded chromosomes is challenging due to similar chromosome morphology and/or chromosome banding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides whole chromosome painting probes (WCP), partial chromosome painting (PCP) probes can also be extremely helpful for the characterization of chromosomes of closely related species and their evolutionary relations to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, application of human MCB probes on chromosomes of evolutionarily distant species is challenging, and often not feasible. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This created the necessity of generating MCB probes for the chromosomes of other species, potentially interesting from the cytogenetic point of view. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Probes are often derived from fragments of DNA that were isolated, purified, and amplified for use in the Human Genome Project. (iiab.me)
Homologous2
  • With the possible exception of L. schreiberi, all the species of the family Lacertidae described to date appear to share homologous Z chromosomes, which date back to the last common ancestor of the whole group. (bvsalud.org)
  • Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
Genome5
  • In this work, we recapitulate the evolutionary history of human chromosome 1 and its homologs in placental mammals, putatively the largest physical unit in the ancestral placental genome. (nih.gov)
  • Constitutive-heterochromatin placement in the genome affects chromosome structure by occupying centromeric areas and forming large blocks. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytogenetic manifestations of amplified DNA include self-replicating extrachromosomal elements called d ouble m inutes (DMs), amplified regions on a single chromosome ( h omogeneously s taining r egions, HSRs) or amplified regions distributed throughout the genome [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Diploid1
  • The family Cervidae is the second most diverse in the infraorder Pecora and is characterized by variability in the diploid chromosome numbers among species. (bvsalud.org)
Characterize1
Variability2
  • We demonstrate the types of rearrangements that may have underlined the variability of Cervidae X chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Karyotype variability in mammals is mainly due to the varying amount of heterochromatin in each mammal. (wikipedia.org)
Meiotic2
  • Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
  • This has increased our understanding of the biological basis of meiotic errors and chromosome abnormalities. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Fluorescence2
  • The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. (biosyn.com)
  • Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. (iiab.me)
Acrocentric1
  • We detected two types of cervine X chromosome-acrocentric and submetacentric. (bvsalud.org)
Sequences1
  • It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s [1] to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. (iiab.me)
Comparative1
  • Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
Gene maps2
  • Precise definition of translocation exchange breakpoints in human, carnivore, cetartiodactyl, and rodent-ordered gene maps demonstrate that chromosome breakpoints, previously considered as equivalent, actually represent distinct chromosome positions and exchange events. (nih.gov)
  • Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
Autosomes1
Differences1
  • Our results are consistent with the idea that the default 3D architecture of the X chromosome forms the basis for regional differences in Xi heterochromatin stability. (nature.com)
Demonstrate1
  • We provide conclusive evidence that L. schreiberi should no longer be considered an exception to this rule, and demonstrate that the loss of microchromosomes in Iberolacerta was produced by their fusion to a middle-sized chromosome. (bvsalud.org)
Probe1
  • However, unambiguous identification of the target chromosome is required for MCB-probe establishment. (biomedcentral.com)
Single2
  • By single-cell DNA replication sequencing, here we show that the entire Xi is reorganized to replicate rapidly and uniformly in late S-phase during X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), reflecting its relatively uniform structure revealed by 4C-seq. (nature.com)
  • Clonal populations of bacteria, each population maintaining a single artificial chromosome, are stored in various laboratories around the world. (iiab.me)
Structure2
Bands1
  • These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Present3
  • The term karyotype refers to the number and type of chromosomes present in an individual, and karyogram is now often used to designate the printed display of chromosomes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Dr Borlaug attributed download Catholics Writing the Nation as a server with DuPont before questioning to Mexico painting as a efficiency and name catholicism to present have clear principal island individuals. (only4you-hitradio.de)
  • The chromosome that is labeled with green and red spots (upper left) is the one where the rearrangement is present. (iiab.me)
Maps1
  • These maps also provide an unprecedented opportunity to use multispecies analysis as a tool to infer karyotype evolution. (wikipedia.org)
Presence1
  • Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Length2