Kainate excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate binds. Medical search. Frequent questions

Isomer-specific binding affinity is a result of steric effects between (R)-Willardiine and the binding site on the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Binding causes a conformational change that opens the receptor and allows for positively charged ions, Na+ and/or Ca2+ to enter the cell** (Figure 3). (wikipedia.org)
When both the ligand and ion bind, the receptor undergoes a conformational change and the ion channel opens. (wikipedia.org)
Aprobarbital (like all barbiturates) works by binding to the GABAA receptor at either the alpha or the beta sub unit. (illumina.com)
This GABAA receptor binding decr. (illumina.com)
In addition to this GABA-ergic effect, barbiturates also block the AMPA receptor, a subtype of glutamate receptor. (illumina.com)
Metharbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl - ionopore at the GABA A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl - ionopore is open. (drugbank.com)
Neurotransmitter receptor sites have been examined in both human postmortem tissue and a lesioned polysynaptic pathway in rat brain using quantitative ligand binding autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)
Scatchard analysis of this response indicated an increase in kainate receptor numbers with no change in receptor affinity. (gla.ac.uk)
Rat Visual System Studies The rat visual system was employed as a model polysynaptic pathway in which to examine neurotransmitter receptor alterations under conditions of functional deficit. (gla.ac.uk)
and (3) the relevance of alterations in neurotransmitter receptors to changes in local cerebral function, by combining the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose technique for the measurement of cerebral glucose use with in vitro receptor autoradiography. (gla.ac.uk)
PubChem]Hexobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABA-A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. (t3db.ca)
The expression pattern of the glutamate receptor subunits of NR2A, NR2B, and NR3B was assessed in spinal cord tissue in lumbar segments using Real-Time PCR technique. (siftdesk.org)
In addition, the results of the glutamate receptor expression suggest that increasing the expression of the NR2B subunit may be considered as a mechanism for the development of neuropathic pain. (siftdesk.org)
What happens is you get presynaptic release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft, which causes postsynaptic depolarization mediated by the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor. (hstalks.com)
Which when, coincident with glutamate binding to the receptor, opens the channel and in flows sodium, and importantly calcium. (hstalks.com)
And that this calcium influx was mediated by the NMDA receptor, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
AMPA receptor variants were identified with a polyclonal antibody recognizing the conserved extracellular loop region of all four AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4, both flip and flop ), whereas NMDA receptors were immunolabeled with a polyclonal antibody that binds to an extracellular N-terminal epitope of the NR1 subunit, common to all splice variants. (jneurosci.org)
Topiramate is known to modulate the dopamine reward pathways of the brain by acting as an antagonist of excitatory glutamate receptors at a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors and inhibiting dopamine release within the mesocorticolimbic system while enhancing inhibitory GABA (by binding to a site of the GABA-A receptor). (psychscenehub.com)
It works as a postsynaptic neurotoxin binding to the receptor as an extracellular ligand by interacting with OH group leaving the acetylcholine channel open which releases ions used in creating an action potential. (proteopedia.org)
There must be 5 molecules of cobra toxin (red) to block the receptor (blue) as each molecule binds with an individual alpha chain on the acetylcholine receptor. (proteopedia.org)
The 2nd image depicts an individual toxin binding with one chain on the receptor, both in the same color. (proteopedia.org)
The human β2 adrenergic receptor bound to a G-protein ( 3sn6 ) is featured in a scene above, and additional structures are on the Adrenergic receptor page . (proteopedia.org)
In contrast to AMPA receptors and kainate receptors, the NMDA receptor has two important biophysical properties. (mhmedical.com)
Topiramate also augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) at some subtypes of the GABA A receptor (controls an integral chloride channel), indicating a possible mechanism through potentiation of the activity of GABA. (pharmfair.com)
Topiramate also demonstrates antagonism of the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate excitatory amino acid receptor. (pharmfair.com)
Interestingly, GABA has varied attractions to each of its own receptors with the highest binding affinity actually for GABAC, which also has the longest binding duration and effect of any of the other GABA receptor subtypes5. (getyokd.com)
The first step in this process is the binding of amacrine and bipolar cell neurotransmitters onto specialized receptor proteins embedded in ganglion cell dendritic membrane. (eyewire.org)
100 microM) the receptor binding of tritiated AMPA, kainic acid, or (RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid, the latter being a competitive NMDA antagonist. (ku.dk)
As an example, we predicted five tricyclic antidepressants primarily based on their binding to the GABAᴬ receptor. (github.io)
Clustered mutations in the GRIK2 kainate receptor subunit gene underlie diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. (nih.gov)
This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
Pocklington, A. J., Cumiskey, M., Armstrong, J. D. & Grant, S. G. The proteomes of neurotransmitter receptor complexes form modular networks with distributed functionality underlying plasticity and behaviour. (nature.com)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
The resulting imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex is reflected by an increased duration of sleep when the animals receive a GABA receptor agonist. (jneurosci.org)

Willardiine specifically agonizes non-NMDA glutamate receptors: AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Willardiine analogs have been developed that have different binding affinities for the AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
While willardiine and its analogs have not been explicitly studied as therapeutics, there are a variety of neurological disorders characterized by alterations in glutamate signaling, and ligands for AMPA and kainate receptors are often studied as potential therapeutics. (wikipedia.org)
Willardiine naturally exists as two isomers: (S)-Willardiine (R)-Willardiine Only the (S) isomer has binding affinity for the AMPA and kainate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
AMPA receptors are tetrameric transmembrane proteins with distinct amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domains (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
Like AMPA receptors, kainate receptors are tetrameric, transmembrane, ionotropic glutamate receptors on glutamatergic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
However, unlike AMPA receptors, external ions also bind to kainate receptors at the ion binding pocket on the extracellular domain. (wikipedia.org)
Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission. (drugbank.com)
Quisqualate receptors, as assessed by [3H]-a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid ([3H]-AMPA) binding were unaltered in A. D. frontal cortex compared to controls. (gla.ac.uk)
However, in the molecular layer of cerebellar cortex from A. D. subjects, there was a significant reduction (40%) in the number of [3H]-AMPA binding sites indicating a loss of quisqualate receptors in this region. (gla.ac.uk)
AMPA and NMDA receptors mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are divided into three classes-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, kainate receptors, and N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptors-which are named after synthetic ligands that activate them. (mhmedical.com)
AMPA receptors mediate the vast majority of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain, whereas NMDA receptors play an important role in triggering synaptic plasticity and, when overactivated, in triggering excitotoxicity. (mhmedical.com)
AMPA, kainate or NMDA evoke excitatory currents in both ON and OFF type cat beta cells (Cohen et al, 1994). (eyewire.org)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
These are binding sites that are distinct from GABA itself and also distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site. (illumina.com)
Within the visual system, glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter, although serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) are also involved in visual processing. (gla.ac.uk)
It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. (wikimili.com)
γ-Aminobutyric acid , or GABA , is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. (wikimili.com)
The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system. (wikimili.com)
GABA A receptors including those of the ρ-subclass are ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. (wikimili.com)
GABA is the brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter. (psychscenehub.com)
the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (mhmedical.com)
Many drugs, most notably benzodiazepines and barbiturates, bind to GABA A receptors and enhance their function. (mhmedical.com)
GABA B receptors are localized both presynaptically, where they inhibit neurotransmitter release, and postsynaptically, where they mediate a slow, inhibitory synaptic response. (mhmedical.com)
Sedative works mostly by providing the "inhibitory" (as opposed to excitatory) neurotransmitters Glycine, GABA, and somewhat Serotonin. (getyokd.com)
This begins with two specific inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters: L-Glycine and GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid). (getyokd.com)
However, L-Glycine isn't the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the body - that role belongs to Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid or GABA. (getyokd.com)
GABA is the principal inhibitory (vs. excitatory) neurotransmitter and it is estimated that at least 20% of all brain neurons are "GABAergic"4. (getyokd.com)
Different specific mechanisms may be involved, which are mediated by the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and other neurotransmitters. (github.io)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
In addition, intracellular GABA and glutamate in astrocytes were augmented on CNT platforms. (biomedcentral.com)
Among gliotransmitters, GABA and glutamate are metabolically interconnected and are closely linked to intermediate metabolism [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These receptors are found at excitatory synapses and bind glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter) and structurally similar ligands, such as willardiine. (wikipedia.org)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Individual excitatory synapses typically express several different subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors as well as metabotropic receptors. (mhmedical.com)
Long-term depression (LTD), a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength, also occurs at most excitatory and some inhibitory synapses in the brain. (mhmedical.com)
By far the most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. (wikidoc.org)
Comparative proteomics has shown that vertebrate excitatory synapses have evolved to be significantly more complex than invertebrates. (nature.com)

Theories suggest that neurological damages and diseases lead to the release of many mediators such as ATP, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and glutamate in the environment surrounding the neurons in the brain and the spinal cord, and make stable changes in synaptic activities of pain pathway neurons to induce symptoms of neuropathic pain [ 8 ]. (siftdesk.org)
And what they observed was that the amino acid glutamate, when administered to the retina, was toxic to the neurons in the inner layers of the retina. (hstalks.com)
Now, this work wasn't followed up until the late '60s, when John Olney demonstrated that glutamate could be toxic to a wide variety of neurons in different brain regions. (hstalks.com)
So it wasn't until the mid-1980s that the major cause of glutamate excitotoxity was pinned down by Choi, Meldrum, and others as being due to calcium influx into the neurons. (hstalks.com)
The cortical plate (CP) is composed of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, the latter of which originate in the ganglionic eminences. (bvsalud.org)
Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
[6] Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca 2+ -dependent release of glutamate . (atozwiki.com)
Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)

Willardiine is a partial agonist of Ionotropic glutamate receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are the principal excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate a calcium-permeable component to fast excitatory neurotransmission. (bvsalud.org)

Aprobarbital also appears to bind neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (illumina.com)
Acetylcholine What is the most widespread neurotransmitter in the nervous system? (flashnews.net)
Furthermore, Otto Loewi is accredited with discovering acetylcholine -the first known neurotransmitter. (wikidoc.org)

kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), in adjacent sections of frontal, temporal and cerebellar cortex from six patients with A. D. and six age-matched controls. (gla.ac.uk)
There was a small reduction (25%) in NMDA-sensitive [3H]-glutamate binding only in superficial layers of A. D. frontal cortex relative to controls, although [3H]-glutamate binding in A. D. subjects was unrelated to senile plaque numbers in these cortical layers (r=0.104). (gla.ac.uk)
3H]-D-aspartate, [3H]-kainate and NMDA-sensitive [3H]-glutamate binding were unaltered in either the molecular or granule cell layers of A. D. cerebellar cortex. (gla.ac.uk)
And one particular focus in the lab is on an important source of calcium influx, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
Alcohol alters NMDA and metabotropic MGlu5 receptors thus interfering with glutamate transmission. (psychscenehub.com)
NMDA currents are of the typical 'conditional' sort, dominant only if cells are depolarized first by other excitatory neurotransmitters, or in the absence of extracellular magnesium. (eyewire.org)

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. (illumina.com)

Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)

At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)

Glutamate receptors comprise two large families, ligand-gated ion channels called ionotropic receptors and G protein-coupled receptors called metabotropic receptors. (mhmedical.com)
There are eight subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. (mhmedical.com)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) have emerged as new therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety with their regulatory roles in glutamatergic transmissions. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

Template:Synapse map Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse . (wikidoc.org)
[1] Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft , where they bind to receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic side of the synapse. (wikidoc.org)
Release of neurotransmitters usually follows arrival of an action potential at the synapse, but may also follow graded electrical potentials . (wikidoc.org)

Seizures may occur as a consequence of a misbalance between inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission with increase in glutamatergic activation and, thus, excessive calcium influx, initiating intracellular processes. (github.io)

This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. (mdpi.com)

Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. (nih.gov)

Initially we sought out the main inhibitory amino acids that can act as neurotransmitters to help promote relaxation and a calm state of being. (getyokd.com)
Neurotransmitters are synthesized from plentiful and simple precursors, such as amino acids , which are readily available from the diet and which require only a small number of biosynthetic steps to convert. (wikidoc.org)

Binding of [3H]-D-aspartate to Na+-dependent uptake sites was reduced by approximately 40% throughout A. D. frontal cortex relative to controls, indicating a general loss of glutamatergic presynaptic terminals. (gla.ac.uk)

When localized to the presynaptic terminal, they inhibit neurotransmitter release. (mhmedical.com)

An endogenous ligand, either kainic acid or glutamate, binds to the ligand binding site. (wikipedia.org)

Specifically, we discuss contributors to aberrant neuronal excitability, including abnormal levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and glutamate, pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, genetic risk factors, including APOE , and impaired inhibitory interneuron and glial function. (nature.com)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)
Astrocyte is a key regulator of neuronal activity and excitatory/inhibitory balance via gliotransmission. (biomedcentral.com)

2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)

Retinal ganglion cells respond to all common excitatory or inhibitory retinal neurotransmitters. (eyewire.org)
When neurotransmitters are applied to the solution bathing ganglion cells, membrane currents are induced. (eyewire.org)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)

Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)
Localization of high-affinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain. (shengsci.com)
Sites which bind oxytocin and vasopressin with high affinity were detected in the brain and upper spinal cord of 12 human subjects, using in vitro light microscopic autoradiography. (shengsci.com)

When localized to the postsynaptic membrane, they exert complex modulatory effects through specific signal transduction cascades, which can lead to excitatory or inhibitory effects. (mhmedical.com)
Once the neurotransmitter is bound, ion selective channels, a kind of micropore in the subsynaptic membrane, open. (eyewire.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

This gene product belongs to the kainate family of glutamate receptors, which are composed of four subunits and function as ligand-activated ion channels. (nih.gov)

Willardiine binds to glutamate receptors at the glutamate binding site in the extracellular ligand binding domain (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
The ligand specificity of binding was assessed with unlabelled vasopressin or oxytocin in excess, as well as in competition experiments using synthetic structural analogues. (shengsci.com)

Glutamate is the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter system. (psychscenehub.com)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

At the brain level, the formation of anatomical changes and the establishment of connections between the nerve fiber types C and A beta, the reduction in the activity of the inhibitory pathways of pain sense and the excessive release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate in the spinal dorsal horn, contribute to neuropathic pain [ 6 ]. (siftdesk.org)
Induction of c-fos expression in cervical spinal interneurons after kainate stimulation of the motor cortex in the rat. (shengsci.com)

Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)

The presence of oxytocin and vasopressin binding sites in limbic and autonomic areas suggests a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role for these peptides in the human central nervous system. (shengsci.com)

The association of the kainate response in frontal cortex with the level of local neuropathology and the loss of quisqualate receptors in the cerebellum in the absence of gross neuropathological change suggests that the mechanisms of glutamatergic dysfunction in A. D. are heterogeneous with respect to anatomical locus. (gla.ac.uk)
Shawn Thomas ( [email protected] ) is working to summarize the mechanisms of action of every drug approved by the FDA for a brain- related condition. (neurotransmitter.net)
Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. (mdpi.com)
We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)

Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)
Single ions , such as synaptically released zinc , are also considered neurotransmitters by some, as are some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). These are not classical neurotransmitters by the strictest definition, however, because although they have all been shown experimentally to be released by presynaptic terminals in an activity-dependent way, they are not packaged into vesicles. (wikidoc.org)

The pain can be caused by damage to afferent nerve fibers and sensitization of afferent terminal due to the release of neuropeptides, or an increase in the number of sodium and calcium channels in the site of damage and changes in neurotransmitter and receptors, especially the increase in alpha-adrenergic receptors [ 4 , 5 ]. (siftdesk.org)
The pharmacokinetic profile of the extended release formulation is non linear at 25 mg due to binding of topiramate to carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. (pharmfair.com)
When the presynaptic neuron is stimulated, calcium channels open and the influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers a cascade of events leading to the release of neurotransmitter. (org.es)
however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)

Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)

1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Furthermore, clomipramine also likely exhibits anti-cholinergic effects [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , which would mean all 9 ictogenic tricyclic compounds bind to cholinergic receptors. (github.io)
Compounds classified as neurotransmitters have several characteristics in common (reviewed in Massey, 1990, Erulkar, 1994). (org.es)

Vasopressin binding sites were detected in the dorsal part of the lateral septal nucleus, in midline nuclei and adjacent intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, the dorsolateral part of the basal amygdaloid nucleus and the brainstem. (shengsci.com)

There was no significant alteration in any glutamate binding sites in A. D. temporal cortex relative to control brains, despite the presence of senile plaques in comparable numbers to those found in A. D. frontal cortex. (gla.ac.uk)
In drug-free patients who had PD, increased benzodiazepine binding in the temporal cortex and right lateral frontal gyrus but decreased binding in the left hippocampus, has been observed. (anxietyprohelp.com)

A very recent study of herbs used in traditional Lebanese medicine as sedatives demonstrated that lemon balm extracts had the ability to bind to receptors that trigger relaxation and reduce anxiety in the brain. (lifeextension.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes5

Information Science1

Receptor35

AMPA14

GABA20

Synapses6

Neurons10

Ionotropic glutamate3

Acetylcholine3

NMDA6

Principal excitatory neurotransmitter1

Glycine1

Dopamine1

Metabotropic3

Synapse3

Neurotransmission1

Astrocytes1

Mammalian1

Amino acids2

Aspartate1

Presynaptic terminal1

Kainic acid1

Neuronal3

Mechanism1

Ganglion cells2

Synaptic vesicles1

Neuroactive1

Affinity3

Membrane3

Subunits1

Ligand2

Major2

Spinal2

Vertebrate1

Peptides1

Mechanisms4

Molecules2

Release4

Amacrine1

Antibodies1

Compounds2

Dorsal1

Temporal cortex2

Brain1