• The enzymes of these genes are key factors in starch biosynthesis. (bgu.ac.il)
  • The mutant also had altered expression of a number of starch biosynthesis genes and this was associated with a more highly crystalline starch. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genomic organization of the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) in cassava was examined to increase our knowledge of starch biosynthesis and facilitate the production of modified starches in cassava. (scialert.net)
  • The implications of these findings on starch biosynthesis and modification are discussed. (scialert.net)
  • Many genes are involved in starch biosynthesis and there is limited natural variation with regards to starch metabolism in cassava compare to other crops such as maize. (scialert.net)
  • Although most xyloglucans (XyGs) biosynthesis enzymes have been identified, the molecular mechanism that defines XyG branching patterns is unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Decreases in these enzymes have been shown to lead to increased TAG production as fatty acid biosynthesis is favoured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The energy harvested during photosynthesis is shifted to starch biosynthesis, resulting in the accumulation of starch in turions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its clinical presentation clearly differs from other forms of GSD, because it is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, leading to the pathologic accumulation of normally structured glycogen within the lysosomes of most tissues, differs Three forms of the disease exist: infantile-onset, late-onset juvenile and adult onset. (medscape.com)
  • The glucose is used to generate the chemical energy required for general metabolism, to make organic compounds such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose, or is stored in the form of starch granules, in amyloplasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the wider importance of starch metabolism, the genes involved have not been given much attention or exploited for their use in molecular breeding. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Therefore, it is of great interest to analyze the expression of genes involved in starch metabolism for improvement of starch-related traits through molecular breeding. (bgu.ac.il)
  • In this study, a quantitative gene expression analysis of 25 starch metabolism genes was conducted in three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes differing in yield- and starch-related traits at five seed developmental stages, i.e., 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after anthesis. (bgu.ac.il)
  • The starch metabolism genes with high expression levels will be sequenced in a wheat germplasm set to develop single nucleotide polymorphism markers for improvement of yield- and starch-related traits through molecular breeding approaches. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Modulation of the Activity of Enzymes Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism during Flower Development of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • In order to further understand the relationships between flower development and sugar metabolism in grapevine, the fluctuations of both starch and sucrose contents were compared with the activity of their related enzymes, in the inflorescences, from the appearance of flower buds until the fruit set. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Because most mutations affecting starch metabolism are recessive, moving useful mutations into the appropriate genetic background via conventional breeding is ardous. (scialert.net)
  • Further comparative analysis of the enriched pathways between the early stages of the two reproductive modes demonstrated that starch and sucrose metabolism pathway responsible for cell wall was only significantly enriched in asexual embryonic cell initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. (unl.edu)
  • It is an autosomal recessive disorder in which there is an AGL gene mutations which causes deficiency in glycogen debranchinging enzyme and limited storage of dextrin. (medscape.com)
  • GSD type IV, also known as amylopectinosis, Glycogen Branching enzyme deficiency (GBE) or Andersen disease, is a rare disease that leads to early death. (medscape.com)
  • A debranching enzyme is a molecule that helps facilitate the breakdown of glycogen , which serves as a store of glucose in the body, through glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activity. (wikidoc.org)
  • Together with phosphorylases , debranching enzymes mobilize glucose reserves from glycogen deposits in the muscles and liver. (wikidoc.org)
  • [1] When glycogen breakdown is compromised by mutations in the glycogen debranching enzyme, metabolic diseases such as Glycogen storage disease type III can result. (wikidoc.org)
  • Proteins that catalyze both functions are referred to as glycogen debranching enzymes (GDEs). (wikidoc.org)
  • When glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are catalyzed by distinct enzymes, "glycogen debranching enzyme" usually refers to the glucosidase enzyme . (wikidoc.org)
  • Together with phosphorylase , glycogen debranching enzymes function in glycogen breakdown and glucose mobilization. (wikidoc.org)
  • When phosphorylase has digested a glycogen branch down to four glucose residues, it will not remove further residues. (wikidoc.org)
  • Glycogen debranching enzymes assist phosphorylase, the primary enzyme involved in glycogen breakdown , mobilize glycogen stores. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phosphorylase can only cleave α-1,4- glycosidic bond between adjacent glucose molecules in glycogen but branches exist as α-1,6 linkages. (wikidoc.org)
  • because 1 in 10 residues is branched, cleavage by phosphorylase alone would not be sufficient in mobilizing glycogen stores. (wikidoc.org)
  • 4-α-D-glucanotransferase ( EC 2.4.1.25 ), or glucosyltransferase , transfers three glucose residues from the four-residue glycogen branch to a nearby branch. (wikidoc.org)
  • Thus the debranching enzymes, transferase and α-1,6- glucosidase converts the branched glycogen structure into a linear one, paving the way for further cleavage by phosphorylase. (wikidoc.org)
  • Starch fluctuations were mediated by the activity of amylases (alpha- and beta-) rather than by starch synthase. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Changes of sucrose were correlated with the activity of Starch Synthase degradation, both cytoplasmic and wall-bounded invertases but not with the Sucrose Phosphate Synthase activity. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Finally, the significant increase of sucrose degrading enzyme activities, such as Starch Synthase degradation, cytoplasmic invertase, and wall-bound invertase, observed after the flower separating stage was interpreted as the first sign of the strong physiological modifications occurred in the ovaries between fertilization and the fruit formation. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Three isoforms of the starch branching enzyme have been identified in maize: SBE I, SBE IIa and SBE IIb. (ndltd.org)
  • In the mash, barley malt - and possibly other cereal starches - are transformed into fermentable sugars and proteins. (crispmalt.com)
  • Using a newly developed enzyme-coupled continuous activity assay, we compare differing NAS proteins identified through multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses. (bvsalud.org)
  • All of these alterations have deep effects on muscle proteins and also on proteolytic enzyme systems (Huff Lonergan et al. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • The main objective of this work was to study the effect of starch branching enzyme I gene (sbe1) silencing and to monitor the possible alterations in the absence of the expression of the gene in the seeds. (ndltd.org)
  • Sucrose phosphorylase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of sucrose to yield glucose-1-phosphate and fructose. (unl.edu)
  • For example, one group was characterized by a high level of expression at early and middle stages as exhibited by different isoforms of starch synthases, starch-branching enzymes, isoamylase, and transcription factors (TaRSR1 and SPA). (bgu.ac.il)
  • Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) is a major source of starch in tropical and subtropical countries. (scialert.net)
  • There is considerable interest in generating cassava plants with altered starch characteristics which would offer new industrial applications for this important root crop. (scialert.net)
  • For example, creation of cassava variety that produces low-amylose (waxy) starch would take advantage of existing huge market in global food industry for low-amylose starches which is estimated to be US$10 million ( Blennow, 2003 ). (scialert.net)
  • For practical purposes, depending on the enzyme activity and the presence of mutations in the G6Pase and T genes, respectively, GSD type I may be subdivided into 2 major forms. (medscape.com)
  • Then clustering pattern and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that 15 candidate genes were likely involved in the carpel quantitative variation, including floral organ development, transcriptional regulatory and enzyme-like factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This enzyme has a molecular mass of 73.6 kDa, and is coded for by the gene glgX. (wikidoc.org)
  • Un facteur stimulant : les mutations sur le gène FADS2 de la Δ6-désaturase, enzyme clé de la synthèse du DHA et de l'acide sapiénique. (ocl-journal.org)
  • Avec l'apport de la cuisson et de nouvelles mutations plus productives de FADS2, le volume cérébral a trouvé son apogée chez Homo neanderthalensis dans un écosystème alimentaire favorable en acide α-linolénique et DHA. (ocl-journal.org)
  • We propose that the specificity of XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5 is directed toward the prior synthesis of the acceptor substrate by the other two enzymes, XXT1 and XXT2. (bvsalud.org)
  • a key enzyme for the synthesis of DHA and sapienic acid. (ocl-journal.org)
  • The applicability of different enzymes such as glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, glycophosphorylases and glycosynthases have been de-scribed around the review article considering their advantages and disadvantages of these biocat-alysts in the stereoselective and regioselective synthesis of different types of glycosylated mole-cules, phenolic and aliphatic alcohols, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoderivatives, glyco-peptides and glycoproteins with a clear focus on food and pharmaceutical chemistry. (preprints.org)
  • In E. coli glgX selectively catalyzes the cleavage of 4-subunit branches, without the action of glucanotransferase. (wikidoc.org)
  • Green algae and land-plants store their starch in the plastids, while red algae, glaucophytes, cryptomonads, dinoflagellates and the parasitic apicomplexa store a similar type of polysaccharide called floridean starch in their cytosol or periplast. (wikipedia.org)
  • In industry, starch is often converted into sugars, for example by malting. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, sugars produced from processed starch are used in many processed foods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Starch grains from the rhizomes of Typha (cattails, bullrushes) as flour have been identified from grinding stones in Europe dating back to 30,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • Starch grains from sorghum were found on grind stones in caves in Ngalue, Mozambique dating up to 100,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • The starch contained in its grains is highly used in human nutrition, animal feeding and fuel industry. (ndltd.org)
  • Glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in E. coli and other bacteria, complicating nomenclature. (wikidoc.org)
  • In E. coli and other bacteria, glucosyltransferase and glucosidase functions are performed by two distinct enzymes. (wikidoc.org)
  • Enzymes are biological molecules produced by living entities for carrying out biological processes. (preprints.org)
  • Here, we characterised physiological and proteomic changes between a low-starch C. reinhardtii strain and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis, to reveal insights into their contrasting responses to salinity stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2DE is also a valuable tool to study post-translational modifications and identify protein isoforms. (thermofisher.com)
  • [9] A second protein, referred to as debranching enzyme, performs α-1,6-glucose cleavage. (wikidoc.org)
  • Gibbon, enzyme activity [21], and for eluci- dating the structure of QD-protein assemblies [22]. (forexsignalx.com)
  • In the EU the starch industry produced about 11 million tonnes in 2011, with around 40% being used for industrial applications and 60% for food uses, most of the latter as glucose syrups. (wikipedia.org)
  • The US produced about 27.5 million tons of starch in 2017, of which about 8.2 million tons was high fructose syrup, 6.2 million tons was glucose syrups, and 2.5 million tons were starch products. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extra glucose is changed into starch which is more complex than the glucose produced by plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • glucose in the form of starch, on the other hand, is not soluble, therefore osmotically inactive and can be stored much more compactly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatic phosphorylase deficiency or deficiency of other enzymes that form a cascade necessary for liver phosphorylase activation cause the disease. (medscape.com)
  • this enzyme is involved in acetyl CoA production and has been linked to TAG accumulation in microalgae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5%) starches have better physicochemical properties compared with those containing amylose making it more useful for industrial applications. (scialert.net)
  • To begin a characterization of the transition from the growth to the dormant phase we used abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, to induce controlled turion formation in Spirodela polyrhiza and investigated their differentiation from fronds, representing their growth phase, into turions with respect to morphological, ultra-structural characteristics, and starch content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Greek term for starch, "amylon" (ἄμυλον), which means "not milled", is also related. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that the tricarboxylic acid cycle-associated enzyme α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dehydrogenase (KGDH) entered the nucleus, where it interacted with various JMJs to regulate α-KG-dependent histone demethylations by JMJs, and thus controlled genome-wide gene expression in plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • After a variable period of time, the resolution of rigor mortis happens, with a progressive softening of the muscles due to the action of proteolytic enzymes (Warriss 2000). (earthwormexpress.com)
  • The enzyme is located in skeletal muscles and erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Mixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biochemistry bioassays confirmed the involvement of monooxygenase enzyme, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in multi-insecticide resistance mechanism. (preprints.org)
  • Starch contributes about 50-80 % of the dry weight of seed, and its quality affects both processing and nutrition quality. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Toward the end of the growing season, starch accumulates in twigs of trees near the buds. (wikipedia.org)
  • [10] Activity of the two enzymes is not always necessarily coupled. (wikidoc.org)
  • Enzymes are reactivated by soaking crushed malt (grist) in water at a specific temperature to form a porridge-like substance. (crispmalt.com)
  • Most green plants store energy as starch, which is packed into semicrystalline granules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Application of such enzymes for waste management would be beneficial for reducing the quantity of waste, diminishing the negative effects of waste and pollution on the environment, and would be beneficial in bio-converting the waste products into alternate sources of energy. (preprints.org)
  • These acids and bases are amino acid side chains in the active site of the enzyme. (wikidoc.org)
  • These enzymes act upon the waste products and transform them into biodegradable forms that can be recycled, reused and converted to value-added products. (preprints.org)
  • This chapter also emphasizes the usage of some prominent microorganisms, their secreted enzymes and their proposed mechanisms of action involved with the degradation of the waste products. (preprints.org)
  • The principal non-food, industrial use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The application of enzymes for waste management has been an environmentally reliable and sustainable process. (preprints.org)
  • The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. (unl.edu)
  • The enzymes are then given time to digest the starch, nitrogen and, in some cases, cell wall materials - to make them soluble. (crispmalt.com)
  • Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rice starch as surface treatment of paper has been used in paper production in China since 700 CE. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2017 EU production was 11 million ton of which 9,4 million ton was consumed in the EU and of which 54% were starch sweeteners. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pure extracted wheat starch paste was used in Ancient Egypt, possibly to glue papyrus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the volume of intercellular air space shrinks and starch increases the density of the tissue, it can sink to the bottom of waters where the organism can survive even if the top of the water freezes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • nutritional effects of food processing treatments, with emphasis on starch. (psu.edu)
  • In addition to starchy plants consumed directly, by 2008 66 million tonnes of starch were being produced per year worldwide. (wikipedia.org)