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Ion ChannelsIon Channel GatingIonsGasesAcid Sensing Ion ChannelsCalcium ChannelsSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationPotassium Channels, Inwardly RectifyingChloride ChannelsPotassium Channel BlockersProtonsCalcium Channel BlockersPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedLigand-Gated Ion ChannelsCationsTandem Mass SpectrometryAnionsIon TransportCalcium Channels, L-TypePeptidesElectrophysiologyPotassium Channels, Calcium-ActivatedKATP ChannelsShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsAmino Acid SequenceCyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation ChannelsElectronsElectric ConductivityMembrane PotentialsMolecular Sequence DataSodium Channel BlockersPatch-Clamp TechniquesMass SpectrometryDendrimersTRPC Cation ChannelsAwards and PrizesLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsTRPM Cation ChannelsXenopus laevisSchiff BasesPotassiumTRPV Cation ChannelsCalcium Channels, N-TypeCalcium Channels, T-TypeOocytesKv1.2 Potassium ChannelEpithelial Sodium ChannelsTransient Receptor Potential ChannelsEther-A-Go-Go Potassium ChannelsCalciumElectrochemistryKineticsKv1.3 Potassium ChannelStatic ElectricityKv1.1 Potassium ChannelSodiumXenopusCell MembraneKv1.5 Potassium ChannelSodium ChannelsModels, MolecularKCNQ1 Potassium ChannelCalcium Channel AgonistsShab Potassium ChannelsKCNQ Potassium ChannelsHeavy IonsKv1.4 Potassium ChannelNeuronsAction PotentialsHyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated ChannelsProtein Structure, TertiaryLipid BilayersHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSmall-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium ChannelsChloridesModels, BiologicalProtein SubunitsCell LineShaw Potassium ChannelsCells, CulturedUbiquitinShal Potassium ChannelsMutationPotassium ChannelsAdenosine TriphosphateGramicidinCattleBinding SitesDegenerin Sodium ChannelsBariumProteinsSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationDose-Response Relationship, DrugNAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium ChannelProtein ConformationBradykininG Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium ChannelsAcid Sensing Ion Channel BlockersKCNQ2 Potassium ChannelBiophysics

Ligand-Gated IoExtracellularPlasma membraneCentral porePotassiumImpermeableElectrochemicalPoreCell membraneTransmembraneAxonInfluxReceptorsFacilitated diffusionConcentrationCalcium channelsPermeabilityMembrane potentialOccurOpens the channelVoltage-sensinGradientProteinsTriggersPositively-chargedProteinEXPLOREOpenStateCellsStructureResponseElectrical potentialLarge

Ligand-Gated Io4

• Their structure and function has placed them in the Cys-loop family of cationic ligand-gated ion channels . (axonmedchem.com)
• 1] Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. (axonmedchem.com)
• Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
• Peimine (Pm), an anti-inflammatory compound from Fritillaria , is known to inhibit some voltage-dependent ion channels and muscarinic receptors, but its interaction with ligand-gated ion channels remains unexplored. (mdpi.com)

Extracellular3

• It is thought that the first 4 arginines account for the gating current, moving toward the extracellular solvent upon channel activation in response to membrane depolarization. (wikipedia.org)
• All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
• This active transport creates a concentration gradient that favors the extracellular diffusion of potassium ions. (medscape.com)

Plasma membrane2

• The sodium channels open rapidly in response to initial depolarization of the axon plasma membrane, allowing sodium ions (Na + ) to flood in. (encyclopedia.com)
• Although Piezo1 channels diffuse readily in the plasma membrane and are widely distributed across the cell, their flicker activity is enriched near force-producing adhesions. (nature.com)

Central pore2

• Voltage-gated ion channels are generally composed of several subunits arranged in such a way that there is a central pore through which ions can travel down their electrochemical gradients. (wikipedia.org)
• Nicotinergic acetylcholine receptors are made up of 5 subunits, symmetrically arranged around a central pore (ion channel). (axonmedchem.com)

Potassium9

• Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−) ions have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
• Crystallographic structural studies of a potassium channel have shown that, when a potential difference is introduced over the membrane, the associated electric field induces a conformational change in the potassium channel. (wikipedia.org)
• In potassium and sodium channels, voltage-sensing S4 helices contain positively-charged lysine or arginine residues in repeated motifs. (wikipedia.org)
• Two types are especially important in transmitting action potentials along axons: voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels. (encyclopedia.com)
• Depolarization also triggers less rapid opening of the potassium channels, which permits outflow of potassium ions (K + ), thus acting to restore the membrane potential to its resting state. (encyclopedia.com)
• The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
• In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
• The recently identified 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are believed to be responsible for leak K + currents. (medscape.com)
• Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)

Impermeable1

• Cell membranes are generally impermeable to ions, thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels. (wikipedia.org)

Electrochemical1

• Ion flux is passive and driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Pore2

• The functionality of voltage-gated ion channels is attributed to its three main discrete units: the voltage sensor, the pore or conducting pathway, and the gate. (wikipedia.org)
• The fifth and sixth transmembrane segments (S5 and S6) and pore loop serve the principal role of ion conduction, comprising the gate and pore of the channel, while S1-S4 serve as the voltage-sensing region. (wikipedia.org)

Cell membrane4

• The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
• This movement of ions down their concentration gradients subsequently generates an electric current sufficient to depolarize the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
• voltage-gated ion channel Any ion channel that opens and closes in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane in which the channel is situated. (encyclopedia.com)
• Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)

Transmembrane4

• Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel. (wikipedia.org)
• these four domains are part of a single α-subunit in the case of most Na+ and Ca2+ channels, whereas there are four α-subunits, each contributing one transmembrane domain, in most K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
• In general, the voltage sensing portion of the ion channel is responsible for the detection of changes in transmembrane potential that trigger the opening or closing of the channel. (wikipedia.org)
• The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)

Axon1

• Found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. (wikipedia.org)

Influx2

• The conformational change distorts the shape of the channel proteins sufficiently such that the cavity, or channel, opens to allow influx or efflux to occur across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
• Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)

Receptors1

• However, the prokaryotic ancestors of these receptors contain no such loop and the term pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) is gaining acceptance in the literature [ 5 ]. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Facilitated diffusion1

• The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)

Concentration2

• The process or movement of any molecule or ion moving down or up a concentration gradient requires a change in free energy. (wikibooks.org)
• This resting potential is determined by the concentration gradients of 2 major ions, Na + and K + , and the relative membrane permeability to these ions (also known as leak currents). (medscape.com)

Calcium channels2

• Voltage-gated sodium channels and calcium channels are made up of a single polypeptide with four homologous domains. (wikipedia.org)
• Voltage-dependent calcium channels also carry some of the depolarizing current in some cells. (encyclopedia.com)

Permeability1

• Due to their permeability to Ca 2+ and other cations, Piezo channel activity generates chemical as well as electrical signals in response to mechanical stimuli, allowing them to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. (nature.com)

Membrane potential1

• The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. (wikipedia.org)

Occur1

• Modulation of gating can occur by the binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Opens the channel2

• The movement of 10-12 of these protein-bound positive charges triggers a conformational change that opens the channel. (wikipedia.org)
• This opens the channel, allowing passage of sodium ions. (encyclopedia.com)

Voltage-sensin1

• Within a millisecond of channel opening, the voltage-sensing region returns to its original location, and a channel-inactivating segment moves to block the channel and allow the channel protein to revert to its resting state. (encyclopedia.com)

Gradient1

• this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)

Proteins1

• Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins , channels and pumps . (wikibooks.org)

Triggers2

• Movement of the voltage-sensor triggers a conformational change of the gate of the conducting pathway, controlling the flow of ions through the channel. (wikipedia.org)
• These channels are open, or gated, by the binding of a neurotransmitter to an orthosteric site(s) that triggers a conformational change that results in the conducting state. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)

Positively-charged1

• The sodium channel protein has positively charged voltage-sensing regions, which move towards negative charges on the outer surface of the membrane when the latter becomes depolarized. (encyclopedia.com)

Protein1

• The main functional part of the voltage-sensitive protein domain of these channels generally contains a region composed of S3b and S4 helices, known as the "paddle" due to its shape, which appears to be a conserved sequence, interchangeable across a wide variety of cells and species. (wikipedia.org)

EXPLORE1

• We propose that Piezo1 Ca 2+ flickers allow spatial segregation of mechanotransduction events, and that mobility allows Piezo1 channels to explore a large number of mechanical microdomains and thus respond to a greater diversity of mechanical cues. (nature.com)

Open1

• THC neither decreases α7 nAChR channel frequency nor changes open and burst durations. (researchgate.net)

State1

• The S4 segment contains many positive charges such that a high positive charge outside the cell repels the helix, keeping the channel in its closed state. (wikipedia.org)

Cells1

• Piezo1 activation in cells is typically measured by patch clamp assays that drastically affect the native environment of Piezo1, disrupt cellular composition and cytoskeletal dynamics, and provide limited or no spatial information as to where channels are activated. (nature.com)

Structure2

• 5. Hilf RJ, Dutzler R. (2009) A prokaryotic perspective on pentameric ligand-gated ion channel structure. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
• The syndrome is caused by changes in the structure and function of certain cardiac ion channels and reduced expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43) in the Right Ventricle (RV), predominantly in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (VSVD), causing electromechanical abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)

Response1

• Among these, mechanically activated ion channels provide unique features: submillisecond response to mechanical stimuli, high sensitivity, large dynamic range, spatial coding of mechanical stimuli, and the ability to temporally filter repetitive stimuli 1 . (nature.com)

Electrical potential1

• For charged species, an electrical potential is generated by an unequal distribution of ion charges across the membrane because "like" charges will be repelled. (wikibooks.org)

Large2

• HN - 2008 MH - Superior Sagittal Sinus UI - D054063 MN - A07.231.908.224.667 MS - The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. (bvsalud.org)
• HN - 2008 MH - Transverse Sinuses UI - D054064 MN - A07.231.908.224.833 MS - The two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the CRANIUM and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (JUGULAR VEINS). (bvsalud.org)