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CyanidesHydrogen CyanidePotassium CyanideSodium CyanideCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneIon ChannelsHydroxocobalaminCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneAntidotesIon TransportIon Channel GatingHeavy IonsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationFerricyanidesKineticsOxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group DonorsAzidesUncoupling AgentsThiocyanatesMethemoglobinSpectrophotometryPseudomonas pseudoalcaligenesOxidation-ReductionThiosulfate SulfurtransferaseCobamidesSodiumPotassiumCalciumAntimycin AThiosulfatesCytochromesMetalsAmygdalinMembrane PotentialsElectron Transport Complex IVSpectrometry, Mass, Secondary IonIon PumpsAdenosine TriphosphateIon ExchangeCarbon MonoxideMagnesiumBiological Transport, ActiveHemeMetmyoglobinBinding SitesValinomycinCopperOxidoreductasesOxygen ConsumptionAntimetabolitesProtonsSodium AzideElectron TransportPseudomonas fluorescensIodoacetatesAcetonitrilesCationsChloridesOligomycinsMolecular Sequence DataHydroxyquinolinesElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyMitochondriaSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationIodoacetic Acid2,4-DinitrophenolHemeproteinsCobaltModels, MolecularTemperatureAmino Acid SequenceOxidative PhosphorylationIonophoresOxygenSpectrum AnalysisZincManganeseSulfurtransferasesNinhydrinFormatesBiological TransportIronAnionsPeroxidasesNigericinNitrilesProton IonophoresElectrochemistryMass SpectrometryProtein BindingSodium NitriteChromatography, Ion ExchangeRotenoneEscherichia coliCattleNADSuccinatesProtein ConformationCations, MonovalentCell Membrane
SaltsCytochrome C oxidaAmmoniumAmmoniaHydrocyanic acidTOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CYANIDEThiocyanateConcentrationIngestionCompoundsPotassiumConcentrationsConjugate baseAlkaliExposureVolatileToxicityInhalationInorganicMethylChloride ionsHydrogen ionsBitter almond odorNegatively chargedOxidationDeterminationMoleculeOxygenElectrodeCopperAnionLactic acidosisChromateAcidic conditionsCalciumSulfideDecompositionReactDetectionBiological SamplesElectrodesBindsInhibitorUptakeWaterOccurContaminateComplexAffinityDosesCobalt ion
Salts11
  • Acidification of cyanide salts produces this HCN. (byjus.com)
  • The salts of the cyanide anion are known as cyanides. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the laboratory, small amounts of HCN are produced by the addition of acids to cyanide salts of alkali metals: H+ + NaCN → HCN + Na+ This reaction is sometimes the basis of accidental poisonings because the acid converts a nonvolatile cyanide salt into the gaseous HCN. (wikipedia.org)
  • For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts ), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide , and even hydrogen cyanide despite the fact it contains a carbon-hydrogen bond), are generally considered inorganic . (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cases of toxicity from dermal exposure have been from industrial accidents involving partial immersion in liquid cyanide or cyanide solutions or from contact with molten cyanide salts, resulting in large surface-area burns (ATSDR 2006). (cdc.gov)
  • Ingestion of hydrogen cyanide solutions or cyanide salts can be rapidly fatal (ATSDR 2006). (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment of ingested cyanide salts is similar to treatment of oral hydrogen cyanide poisoning because cyanide salts form hydrogen cyanide in acidic conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • It may be generated by treating cyanide salts with acid, and it is a combustion by-product of nitrogen-containing materials such as wool, silk, and plastics. (cdc.gov)
  • Salts that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are called alkali salts and salts that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called acid salts . (wikipedia.org)
  • Salts of strong acids and strong bases (" strong salts ") are non- volatile and often odorless, whereas salts of either weak acids or weak bases (" weak salts ") may smell like the conjugate acid (e.g., acetates like acetic acid ( vinegar ) and cyanides like hydrogen cyanide ( almonds )) or the conjugate base (e.g., ammonium salts like ammonia ) of the component ions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activated charcoal can be used in patients presenting after ingestion of cyanide salts or organic cyanides. (medscape.com)
Cytochrome C oxida3
  • Cyanide binds to the cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX) heme a3-CuB binuclear center to inhibit both cellular oxygen utilization and ATP production (Way, 1984). (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide acts as competitive inhibitor to the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The cyanide ion, CN, binds to the iron atom in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of the cells and acts as an irreversible enzyme inhibitor. (scienceoxygen.com)
Ammonium2
  • The chromium (III) ion acts as a hard Lewis acid and so readily forms complexes with ligands such as hydroxyl, sulphate, ammonium, cyanide, sulphocyanide, fluoride and chloride, as well as natural and synthetic organic ligands. (europa.eu)
  • Normally, the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions (H + ) through the formation of titratable acids and ammonium. (medscape.com)
Ammonia6
  • Hydrogen cyanide forms in at least limited amounts from many combinations of hydrogen, carbon, and ammonia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogen cyanide could be obtained from potassium ferricyanide and acid: 6 H+ + [Fe(CN)6]3− → 6 HCN + Fe3+ The large demand for cyanides for mining operations in the 1890s was met by George Thomas Beilby, who patented a method to produce hydrogen cyanide by passing ammonia over glowing coal in 1892. (wikipedia.org)
  • This method was used until Hamilton Castner in 1894 developed a synthesis starting from coal, ammonia, and sodium yielding sodium cyanide, which reacts with acid to form gaseous HCN. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hexaamminenickel(II) ion at the right has six ammonia molecules surrounding the central nickel 2+ ion in an octahedral arrangement. (ibchem.com)
  • The two ammonia molecules bond to the central silver ion using a lone pair on the nitrogen atom. (ibchem.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is manufactured by oxidation of ammonia- methane mixtures under controlled conditions and by the catalytic decomposition of formamide. (cdc.gov)
Hydrocyanic acid3
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CYANIDE1
  • Toxicological Profile for Cyanide (PB98-101207, 1997) 291 pp. (drugfuture.com)
Thiocyanate3
  • The determination of cyanide in body fluids requires the separation of cyanide from thiocyanate, usually by distillation of cyanides or microdiffusion into an absorber solution. (cdc.gov)
  • Sodium thiosulfate enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate , which is renally excreted. (medscape.com)
  • It donates sulfur, which is used as a substrate by rhodanese and other sulfur transferases for detoxification of cyanide to thiocyanate. (medscape.com)
Concentration7
  • The probe measures the concentration of Cyanide (CN-) present in the water. (arnowa.com)
  • You can complex the cation to be deposited so that there is a high concentration of metal available near the electrode surface but a low free ion concentration near that surface. (yarchive.net)
  • Cyanide ions react with the silver electrode and generate a current proportional to the cyanide concentration. (ysi.com)
  • If the concentration of chloride ions is increased, for example, the complex ion may exchange the water ligands for chloride ligands. (ibchem.com)
  • There are 15 electrodes in the TruLine ISE series, with each electrode measuring the effective ion concentration of a different ionic species. (ysi.com)
  • This eliminates the need for a separate reference half-cell when measuring ion concentration and is more convenient. (ysi.com)
  • A hydrogen cyanide concentration of 300 mg/m3 in air will kill a human within about 10 minutes. (who.int)
Ingestion2
  • Sodium cyanide can affect the body through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. (cdc.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning usually occur less than 1 minute after inhalation and within a few minutes after ingestion. (scienceoxygen.com)
Compounds5
  • Hydrogen cyanide (also known as prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the formula HCN and structural formula H−C≡N. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous, and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valued precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is more toxic than solid cyanide compounds due to its volatile nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide has a high affinity for metals like cobalt and trivalent iron, and for sulfane compounds such as sodium thiosulfate which contains a sulfur-to-sulfur bond. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Complexes are compounds, or ions, in which an atom (or ion) is surrounded by other species making a larger particle. (ibchem.com)
  • This article examines his research in physical chemistry, covering the spectral analysis of the ruby and emerald gemstones, a detailed analysis of part of the Fraunhofer lines of the solar spectrum, and an examination of the spectra of cobalt compounds, the permanganate ion, and uranium compounds. (ajol.info)
Potassium3
Concentrations6
  • The choice of tissues and the factors influencing measured cyanide concentrations are also important (Ballantyne 1983c, 1987a). (cdc.gov)
  • Concentrations of cyanide in heart blood and peripheral blood. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The concentrations of cyanide were determined in biological samples, such as heart blood and peripheral blood (femoral vein). (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide has a distinctive bitter almond odor, but some individuals cannot detect it and consequently, it may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is very volatile, producing potentially lethal concentrations at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • The odor of hydrogen cyanide is detectable at 2-10 ppm (OSHA PEL = 10 ppm), but does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Conjugate base1
Alkali1
  • Sol in alkali cyanide solns because of formation of stable cyanocuprate(I) ions. (drugfuture.com)
Exposure5
  • The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring cyanide, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to cyanide. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation of tobacco smoke is an important source of cyanide, and exposure may occur from smoke due to fires. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to sodium cyanide can be rapidly fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • If the exposure was to cyanide gas, decontamination of clothing or equipment is unnecessary in view of its high volatility. (who.int)
  • Exposure to hydrogen cyanide can cause skin and eye irritation. (cdc.gov)
Volatile1
  • Since cyanide forms volatile hydrogen cyanide gas, tissue sampling techniques, storage, and cyanide analysis must be done with caution. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity9
  • What is the mechanism of cyanide toxicity? (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The toxicity of cyanide is linked mainly to the cessation of aerobic cell metabolism. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The azide ion has a similar toxicity to that of cyanide (LD 50 = 27mg/kg in rats). (k-state.edu)
  • Antidotal therapy is indicated for any patient in whom the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity is considered on clinical grounds, even before laboratory confirmation. (medscape.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin (HCO, vitamin B-12) is the first-line therapy for cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • However, in cases of smoke inhalation in which cyanide toxicity is suspected, administration of sodium thiosulfate is safe. (medscape.com)
  • Antidotes either directly counteract cyanide's toxicity on the electron transport chain or help the body eliminate the cyanide molecule. (medscape.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin may be used in combination with sodium thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Low-dose hydroxocobalamin in combination with sodium thiosulfate has been used successfully to prevent cyanide toxicity in patients receiving prolonged sodium nitroprusside infusions. (medscape.com)
Inhalation2
  • Cyanide poisoning usually occurs as the result of smoke inhalation or with suicidal attempt. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is absorbed well by inhalation and can produce death within minutes. (cdc.gov)
Inorganic3
  • It is less toxic than inorganic cyanide. (byjus.com)
  • CO 2 ), and cyanides are generally considered inorganic . (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, as part of his inorganic and analytical investigations, he also delved into the physical chemistry aspects of solution chemistry, particularly the hydrolysis of the cyanide ion. (ajol.info)
Methyl1
  • Organic cyanides such as acetonitrile, the cyanide group is attached to methyl. (byjus.com)
Chloride ions3
  • In the complex ion at the left there are four chloride ions bonded to the central copper ion in an tetrahedral arrangement. (ibchem.com)
  • There is no need for brackets around the chloride ions. (ibchem.com)
  • [1] A common example is table salt , with positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen ions1
  • The strength of acidity of the compound depends on the number of hydrogen ions in the solution after its dissociation and H3PO4 releases only a few hydrogen ions in the solution which makes it a weak acid. (pfeiffertheface.com)
Bitter almond odor1
  • Hydrogen cyanide has a faint, bitter almond odor and a bitter, burning taste. (cdc.gov)
Negatively charged1
  • Therefore, the number of negatively charged ions (anions) should equal the number of positively charged ions (cations). (medscape.com)
Oxidation2
Determination2
  • Determination of Cyanide in Aluminum Industrial Waste Water by Ion Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Techniques. (epa.gov)
  • Tracqui A, Kintz P, Ludes B, Rouge C, Douibi H, Mangin P. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion spray spectrometry for the determination of colchicine at ppb levels in human biofluids. (cdc.gov)
Molecule3
  • Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule, with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • and an ion molecule form of carbon monoxide that comes with a proton attached (HCO+). (spaceflightnow.com)
  • Astronomers have found very little phosphorus or ion molecule chemistry in outflows from cool stars until now. (spaceflightnow.com)
Oxygen9
  • Sodium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The mechanism of cyanide intoxication has been attributed to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, thereby decreasing the tissue utilization of oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide binds to the electron transport chain and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen, so it would stop NADH from being turned into NAD+. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide combines with cytochrome oxidase and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide rapidly decreased hepatic oxygen uptake by 70% and increased rates of glycolysis (lactate plus pyruvate production) from less than 10 to over 60 mumol/g/hr. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • The six water molecules bond to the central cobalt ion using a lone pair on the oxygen atom. (ibchem.com)
  • After oxygen has been administered, subsequent treatment is aimed at dissociating the cyanide ion into cytochrome oxidase. (who.int)
  • Oxygen is the initial agent used in suspected or confirmed cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
Electrode1
  • The TruLine Cyanide laboratory electrode kit includes a solid state combination ISE with refillable reference, bottle of fill solution (30 mL), and a bottle of ISA (30 mL). (ysi.com)
Copper1
  • Further, as practical application of compound 1 , we utilized the TLC strips coated with THF solution of 1 for the solid state detection of copper and cyanide ions. (rsc.org)
Anion1
  • Cyanide formula, also known as Cyanide Ion formula or Cyanide Anion formula is explained in this article. (byjus.com)
Lactic acidosis1
Chromate1
  • The chromium (VI) species present in the environment are much more soluble than the chromium (III) forms, however, a relatively insoluble barium salt (BaCrO4 or mixed sulphate/chromate salt) could be formed if barium ions are present. (europa.eu)
Acidic conditions1
Calcium1
  • Binds 1 heme B (iron-protoporphyrin IX) group covalently and 1 calcium ion per heterodimer. (lu.se)
Sulfide1
  • Cyanide and sulfide standards not included with respective kits. (ysi.com)
Decomposition1
  • When absorbed by skin through wounds or inhaling and ingesting of hydrogen cyanide forms coloured toxic due to decomposition. (byjus.com)
React1
Detection1
  • The CNSolution™ 9310 Online Cyanide Analyzer improves accuracy of cyanide detection in precious metal leaching solutions by offering a dynamic continuous-monitoring approach, significantly reducing operating costs. (ysi.com)
Biological Samples1
  • Cyanide was identified and confirmed in biological samples from autopsies and articles left by the deceased in other 163 cases. (scienceoxygen.com)
Electrodes2
  • Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are membrane electrodes that respond selectively to ions in the presence of other ions. (globalspec.com)
  • The use of Ion Selective Electrodes offers several advantages over other methods of analysis. (globalspec.com)
Binds3
Inhibitor3
Uptake1
  • We also found that the same ferritin biomineralization mechanism occurs after the uptake of Ce-ions into polarized macrophages and into unpolarized human monocytes and murine RAW 264.7 cells. (cdc.gov)
Water5
  • The study was aimed at developing suitable chromatographic conditions and pretreatment methods for reliable trace analysis of cyanide in drinking water and seawater. (itu.edu.tr)
  • Water: Sodium cyanide can be used to contaminate water. (cdc.gov)
  • In the complex ion at the left there are six water molecules bonded to the central cobalt ion in an octahedral arrangement. (ibchem.com)
  • In aqueous solution the vast excess of water molecules means that the most common transition metal complex is the hexaaqua complex ion. (ibchem.com)
  • EPA approved for wastewater and drinking water compliance reporting of cyanide. (ysi.com)
Occur1
  • inadequate warning because rapid olfactory fatigue can occur and 20-40% of the general population cannot smell hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)
Contaminate2
  • Agricultural: If sodium cyanide is released as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles, it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
  • Persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with cyanide-containing solutions can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor. (cdc.gov)
Complex5
  • What complex does cyanide inhibit? (scienceoxygen.com)
  • Cyanide is a gas that inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain. (scienceoxygen.com)
  • This is why many plating baths use e.g. cyanide to complex metal ions. (yarchive.net)
  • Complex ion formation is typical of transition metal chemistry. (ibchem.com)
  • A complex ion consists of a central transition metal ion surrounded by species (atoms, molecules or ions), called ligands, which are bonded to the central metal ion by dative coordinate bonds. (ibchem.com)
Affinity1
  • Hydroxocobalamin contains cobalt ion, which is able to bind to cyanide with greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase to form nontoxic cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12), which is excreted in urine. (medscape.com)
Doses1
  • Children exposed to the same levels of hydrogen cyanide as adults may receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
Cobalt ion1
  • It functions by binding cyanide to its cobalt ion to form cyanocobalamin, which is essentially nontoxic and is cleared renally. (medscape.com)