ElectrodesGastric Acidity DeterminationGlassHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationElectrodes, ImplantedIon-Selective ElectrodesElectrochemistryGlass Ionomer CementsIon ChannelsElectrochemical TechniquesMicroelectrodesPotentiometryEquipment DesignGraphiteFluorocarbon PolymersBiosensing TechniquesIon TransportIon Channel GatingElectric StimulationGoldEnzymes, ImmobilizedSurface PropertiesConductometryElectric ImpedanceHeavy IonsCochlear ImplantsCarbonCochlear ImplantationMaterials TestingEquipment Failure AnalysisElectricityAction PotentialsElectrophysiologyElectroencephalographyElectric Stimulation TherapyTin CompoundsTime FactorsMembrane PotentialsSilanesCalibrationSilver CompoundsSilverBioelectric Energy SourcesPotassiumElectric ConductivityDeep Brain StimulationPolyvinyl ChlorideMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningElectromyographyMembranes, ArtificialAluminum SilicatesIon ExchangeSodium