• Conductivity in liquid electrolytes is generally accepted to be due to the free mobility of ions in the electrolyte. (chemistryviews.org)
  • This material is extremely cheap, has excellent fluoride-conduction properties, and should be especially promising as an electrolyte for a fluoride-ion battery. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Solid-state lithium (Li)-sulfur (S) batteries are promising secondary batteries because of their high energy density and high safety, but their practical application is severely hindered by poor Li-ions (Li + ) transport in batteries due to low ionic conduction of the electrolyte and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface. (oaepublish.com)
  • Recently, many groups have designed electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and high mechanical strength to improve the ionic conduction of electrolytes and the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface [ 1 - 8 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • Although ceramic electrolytes generally exhibit high ionic conductivity and high strength, they often show poor contact with electrodes, which affects the Li + transport in the electrode/electrolyte interface [ 1 , 6 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • We report a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)-based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for calcium ion conduction. (syr.edu)
  • Our results show that the concentration of free cations in the electrolyte is primarily coordinated with NMP as well as PVDF, generating a suitable network for ion transport, i.e., a liquid electrolyte encompassed within a polymer matrix. (syr.edu)
  • Anion exchange membrane (AEM), generally composed of a polymer with covalently tethered ionic groups, is the central component of the fuel cell serving as the electrolyte, conducting hydroxide ions from cathode to anode, where fast ionic conduction is directly related to power output. (wustl.edu)
  • Here a systematic computational study on the intrinsic transport properties of lithium gallium oxysulfide, LiGaOS (S. G. Pmc2 1 ), as a potential solid-state Li-ion electrolyte have been reported. (sc.edu)
  • Overall, the presented first-principles calculations suggest that LiGaOS is a promising solid Li-ion electrolyte for future all-solid-state lithium batteries. (sc.edu)
  • Li-ion-hopping conduction is known to occur in certain highly concentrated electrolytes, and this conduction mode is effective for achieving lithium batteries with high rate capabilities. (acs.org)
  • Herein, we investigated the effects of the solvent structure on the hopping conduction of Li ions in highly concentrated LiBF 4 /sulfone electrolytes. (acs.org)
  • Raman spectroscopy revealed that a Li + ion forms complexes with sulfone and anions, and contact ion pairs and ionic aggregates are formed in the highly concentrated electrolytes. (acs.org)
  • Li + exchanges ligands (sulfone and BF 4 - ) rapidly to produce unusual hopping conduction in highly concentrated electrolytes. (acs.org)
  • This study demonstrates the importance of polar groups in electrolytes in maintaining a fast and stable Li + transport, which can be applied to other solid-state batteries. (oaepublish.com)
  • Solid Li-ion conducting electrolytes are highly sought for all solid-state Li-batteries, which are considered the next-generation safe batteries. (sc.edu)
  • At the cellular level, calcium is an important regulator of ion transport and membrane integrity. (medscape.com)
  • 18. How are molecules transported across and through the membrane? (fsu.edu)
  • 19. Which types of membrane transport requires energy? (fsu.edu)
  • Members of this family affect diverse processes in potassium channel regulation, including ion selectivity, voltage dependence, and anterograde recycling from the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Magnesium has an important role in membrane stabilisation, nerve conduction, ion transport and calcium channel activity. (newcastlelaboratories.com)
  • Abstract The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer (CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties, structural stability, and water management capability. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • This resting potential is determined by the concentration gradients of 2 major ions, Na + and K + , and the relative membrane permeability to these ions (also known as leak currents). (medscape.com)
  • In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)
  • The positive ions move to the cathode (negative electrode) and the negative ions to the anode (positive electrode). (wordinfo.info)
  • An important challenge in lithium-ion battery production is to optimize the manufacturing process for electrode coatings (cathode & anode) to improve and optimise capacity whilst reducing and controlling manufacturing costs. (teraview.com)
  • Lithium- Nickel-Magnesium-Cobalt-Oxide (NMC) in a typical lithium-ion cathode and graphite for an anode. (teraview.com)
  • Whereas family members poorly discriminate between different divalent transition-metal ions, they efficiently select against Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , which are both several orders of magnitude more abundant 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
  • Mutations in the ANK2 gene lead to production of an altered ankyrin-B protein that cannot target ion channels to their correct locations in cardiac muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Finally, the modified Walden plot analysis reveals that the ion conductivity transforms from being closely coupled with structural relaxation to being strongly decoupled from it as MW increases. (osti.gov)
  • The Grotthuss mechanism of bond-exchange processes was determined to be a key factor in enhancing the conductivity of the melts: Iodide ions formed groups which expelled the end ions when an isolated ion approached the other end. (chemistryviews.org)
  • 2. The conductivity of a medium in which the transport of electric charges, under electric potential differences, is by particles of atomic or larger size. (wordinfo.info)
  • The polar urethane/urea groups of PU reduce the hopping energy barrier of Li + , which results in high ionic conductivity of 1.8 × 10 -4 S cm -1 (25 °C), high ion transference number of 0.54, and low activation energy of 0.39 eV. (oaepublish.com)
  • Another electrical property is conductivity, which is characterized by a conduction and activation process, where the action potential, by the all-or-nothing law, travels throughout the heart. (bvsalud.org)
  • While inefficiency can be approached at the macro level, emphasizing bulk parameters and bulk methods cannot fully interrogate or address the inherent heterogeneity of ion and electron flux contributing to the local resistance within an electrode and at the interfaces. (stonybrook.edu)
  • The goal of the m2m EFRC is to enable deliberate design of materials and components to achieve higher performing, longer life, and safer energy storage systems through acquisition of new fundamental knowledge about ion and electron transport and electron transfer properties of energy relevant materials, over multiple length scales, across interfaces and over time. (stonybrook.edu)
  • The expected research outcomes are that the Center will provide the conceptual approaches to predict materials properties, processing outcomes, and functional characteristics which determine conduction and electron transfer properties, including the complexities of interfaces and time. (stonybrook.edu)
  • In solutions, the electric charges are carried by electrolytic ions, each having a mass several thousand times as great as the electron. (wordinfo.info)
  • The ICF implosion is characterized by the equations of radiation hydrodynamics, which are mainly composed of equations describing fluid motion, electron heat conduction, ion heat conduction, photon transport, nuclear reaction and charged particle transport. (global-sci.org)
  • 10. Review of GENERAL principles of glycolysis, TCA, electron transport chain? (fsu.edu)
  • Similar to applying ice packs to injured areas, the cold reduces nerve impulses by slowing the movement of sodium ions across nerve cell membranes in the tooth. (cdhp.org)
  • The entry of sodium ions causes the transmembrane electric potential to increase from the resting potential. (medscape.com)
  • Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)
  • Cathode degradation is a key factor that limits the lifetime of Li-ion batteries. (nature.com)
  • Magnesium affects the conduction of nerve impulses, regular heart rhythm and muscle contractions. (hellobmw.com)
  • For application in emerging sodium batteries, we have developed three dual-cation polymeric ionomers, which contain bulky tetraalkylammonium ions in addition to the sodium ion. (rsc.org)
  • The ion conductivities of the ionomers are greatly enhanced by the introduction of bulky counterions, as a result of the additional free volume and decreased sodium ion association. (rsc.org)
  • Argyrodites, with fast lithium-ion conduction, are promising for applications in rechargeable solid-state lithium-ion batteries. (ornl.gov)
  • Depolarized dynamic light scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to systematically study the influence of MW on the mechanism of ionic transport and segmental dynamics in these materials. (osti.gov)
  • These proteins are highly conserved across all kingdoms of life and thus likely share a common transport mechanism. (nature.com)
  • Despite the advance in the understanding of ion selectivity, important properties of the transport mechanism remained elusive. (nature.com)
  • By determining the structure of EcoDMT in an outward-facing conformation, we provide a framework that defines the conformational changes underlying transport by the alternate access mechanism 19 . (nature.com)
  • Jacques-E. Moser, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, and co-workers have demonstrated the existence of a mechanism for the conduction of electricity without mobile ions. (chemistryviews.org)
  • An apparent Mg 2+ ion was bound between monomers at a conserved site in the cytoplasmic domain suggesting a mechanism to link gating of the pore to the intracellular concentration of Mg 2+ . (tcdb.org)
  • The CI-NEB calculations reveal that the "kick-off" collective migration via Li-interstitials is the dominant conduction mechanism for Li-transport, with an extremely low energy barrier of 0.05 eV. (sc.edu)
  • Tunable Lithium-Ion Transport in Mixed-Halide Argyrodites Li 6- x PS 5- x ClBr x : An Unusual Compositional Space. (ornl.gov)
  • Fluoride is also cheaper than lithium and cobalt that are required for lithium-ion batteries. (fluoridealert.org)
  • What's more, calculations suggest that fluoride-ion batteries have potential for greater storage capacity than lithium-ion technologies. (fluoridealert.org)
  • What's really cool is that many of the materials appear to be better conductors than the ones used in lithium-ion batteries,' says Warren. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Lithium-ion batteries are currently used to power most of the world's portable electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets, and are increasingly used in hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs). (teraview.com)
  • The coating density and thickness measured by Terahertz will dictate the capacity of the coatings used on the lithium-ion battery electrodes, and so will be the ultimate factors to optimise by changing the coating gap, line speed and other key parameters in coating production. (teraview.com)
  • The same applies to other industries and products requiring lithium-ion batteries. (teraview.com)
  • A calendar process is then used to compress the dry coatings to increase the energy density of the cell via reduction in porosity, but leaving sufficient porosity for lithium transport and other forms of conduction [3]. (teraview.com)
  • Density of the coating - important towards maximising the energy density of the battery cell but leaving sufficient porosity for lithium transport and other conduction mechanisms. (teraview.com)
  • During the operation of an energy storage system, ions and electrons are transported over multiple size domains where the sum of these processes leads to complex physics. (stonybrook.edu)
  • 30. Why do we clinically want to measure ion channel physiology? (fsu.edu)
  • Reviewing the physiology of nerve conduction is important before any discussion of local anesthetics. (medscape.com)
  • The yeast proteins appear to exhibit broad specificity transporting a wide range of di- and trivalent metal cations. (tcdb.org)
  • Thus, CNNM proteins, the vertebrate orthologues of CorB/C, also have Mg 2+ transport capacity. (tcdb.org)
  • Ion channels are complexes of proteins that transport charged atoms (ions) across cell membranes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In these three iron azolate metal-organic frameworks (two perspectives for each compound to show bonding and pore shape), charge transport proceeds along a chain of iron and nitrogen atoms. (acs.org)
  • Thus the ionic transport and diffusion properties of the N-H co-catalyst are fundamentally important to understanding and developing such syntheses. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Abstract Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with low cost and high safety have become potential candidates for large-scale energy storage. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • The most important open questions concern the structure of the transporter in an outward-facing conformation and whether, similar to their eukaryotic counterparts, transport in the prokaryotic transporters would be coupled to H + . To resolve these questions we have investigated the structural and functional properties of the SLC11 transporter from the bacterium Eremococcus coleocola (EcoDMT). (nature.com)
  • The loss of functional ion channels in the heart disrupts the normal flow of ions, which alters the heart's normal rhythm and causes the heart problems associated with ankyrin-B syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our previous studies on the structure and function of the transition-metal ion transporter from Staphylococcus capitis (ScaDMT) have revealed the general architecture of the SLC11/NRAMP family and they provided initial insight into the structural basis of selective transition-metal ion transport 16 . (nature.com)
  • Mutants of residues in the transition-metal ion-binding site severely affect transport, whereas a mutation of a conserved histidine located near this site results in metal ion transport that appears uncoupled to proton transport. (nature.com)
  • The ratio of the self-diffusion coefficients ( D Li / D sol ) tended to be higher for cyclic sulfones (sulfolane and 3-methylsulfolane) than for acyclic sulfones, which suggests that cyclic sulfone molecules facilitate Li-ion hopping. (acs.org)
  • Comparative studies of ion dynamics, thermal properties, phase behaviours and ionic conductivities were carried out, taking advantage of various spectroscopic and thermal chemistry methods. (rsc.org)
  • The team studied the conduction properties of the ionic liquid (IL), 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide, and the dynamical behavior of IL/I 2 mixtures by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. (chemistryviews.org)
  • One phase (β) shows fast hydride ionic conduction properties (0.08 S/cm at 600 °C), on a par with the best binary ionic hydrides and 10 times higher than CaH2, whilst the other (α) is 100 times less conductive. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • The researchers were then able to apply this to the remaining materials to quickly and accurately determine their fluoride conduction properties. (fluoridealert.org)
  • However, AEMs currently used in fuel cells (H2 fuel cells and sodium borohydride fuel cells) exhibit ion poor transport properties at operation conditions of fuel cells, such as low hydroxide ion conductivities at 80 °C. Another concern with the use of AEMs in fuel cells is their stabilities in strong alkaline environment. (wustl.edu)
  • The bulk density slightly decreased with increasing rare earth Yb3+ ion and the X-ray density increased continuously with increasing x-content. (ac.bd)
  • this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)
  • To solve the first problem, a triblock copolymer-based polymer (polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene, SEBS) has been developed to synthesize AEMs with high ion conductivities by engineering a phase-separated morphology. (wustl.edu)
  • The methods utilize an AC signal to maintain a substantially constant electrical state in a region of the tissue through which transport occurs, thereby allowing agent to be transported across the tissue in a controlled and predictable manner. (justia.com)
  • The transport of various agents such as metabolites, drugs and nutrients across tissues is a function primarily of three factors: tissue permeability, the presence or absence of a driving force and the size of the area through which transport occurs. (justia.com)
  • For example, transport of agents across skin has proved difficult in part because the outer layer of skin termed the stratum corneum consists of tightly packed cells with intercellular lipids which severely impede passage of substances through this barrier. (justia.com)
  • The corresponding Li-ion self-diffusion coefficient estimated by transition state theory is in the order of magnitude of 10−3 cm2/s at room temperature, with the dominant charge carrier being Li-interstitial. (sc.edu)
  • An in situ combined analysis techniques reveals that the effective β-phase conducts ions via a vacancy-mediated phenomenon in which the charge carrier concentration is dependent on the ion concentration in the secondary site and by extension the vacancy concentration in the main site. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • A macroscale transient model of heat transport and fluid flow is built to study the evolution of temperature and velocity field of the molten pool. (asme.org)
  • These projects examined the potential for using electrical testing on concrete as a potential surrogate for obtaining information on ion and fluid transport. (nist.gov)
  • Electrical measurements are particularly attractive for use in quality control as they are easy to perform, are performed rapidly, and can be directly related to fluid transport. (nist.gov)
  • Interpretation of thermal conduction and toroidal momentum transport in DIII-D, taking into account IOL and pinch velocity. (aps.org)
  • We are undertaking a new comparison of various theoretical thermal diffusivity models with the improved interpretation of experimental edge transport now possible. (aps.org)
  • The improved interpretation leads to quite different experimental thermal diffusivity profiles in the edge than previously reported when ion-orbit-loss effects are included (as much as 50{\%} lower at the separatrix for shot {\#}123302). (aps.org)
  • Name physiological mechanisms where transport is operational? (fsu.edu)
  • Now, Jack Sundberg and colleagues in Scott Warren 's lab at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, US, have devised a machine learning method using supercomputers that can rapidly and accurately work out how easily fluoride-ions move in any known fluoride-containing crystal. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Further, this work reviews and discusses several factors that influence the resistivity that is measured including porosity, pore tortuosity, the role of temperature on degree of hydration (activation energy), temperature effects on conduction, ionic leaching, and the role of temperature and leaching on porosity. (nist.gov)
  • The rate of these (pacemaker) areas could be altered by modifications in ions, temperature and especially, the autonomic system. (bvsalud.org)
  • 0) leads to (i) retention of the parent Li6PS5Cl structure for a wide range of x in Li6-xPS5-xClBrx (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7), (ii) co-occupancy of Cl-, Br-, and S2- at 4a/4d sites, and (iii) gradually increased Li+-ion dynamics, eventually yielding a "liquid-like" Li-sublattice with a flattened energy landscape when x approaches 0.7. (ornl.gov)
  • This has important implications from ILs used as charge-transport media in batteries or dye-sensitized solar cells. (chemistryviews.org)
  • The structure of the solvent significantly influences the hopping conduction process. (acs.org)
  • This work would allow the experimental solid-state chemistry community to focus its efforts on the computationally down-selected compositions first and therefore accelerate the materials discovery process,' says Mauro Pasta , who investigates fluoride-ion batteries at the University of Oxford, UK. (fluoridealert.org)
  • The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated by solving the inverse boundary problems of the Marshak wave benchmark in two case studies: where the transport process is modeled by RTE and where it is modeled by its nonlinear diffusion approximation (DA). (global-sci.org)
  • 23. What are distinct characteristics of only protein-mediated transport? (fsu.edu)
  • The capability of the Georgia Tech GTEDGE edge transport interpretation code has been upgraded to include improved ion-orbit-loss models for neutral beam and thermalized ions in the edge plasma. (aps.org)
  • Neutral agents can also be transported, albeit less effectively than ionized agents, via electroosmosis. (justia.com)
  • Site-specific mutagenesis studies of three conserved residues in TMS 3 suggest that they contribute to the Mg 2+ transport pathway. (tcdb.org)
  • The narrowest constriction along the pore is a hydrophobic gate, likely forming an energetic barrier to ion flux. (tcdb.org)
  • The poor Li + transport severely hinders the practical application of solid-state Li-S batteries [ 16 - 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • LiGaOS is a Fast Li-Ion Conductor: a First-Principles Prediction" by Xueling Lei, Wenjun Wu et al. (sc.edu)