Involves reprogramming adult cells human somatic cell cloning. Medical search. Frequent questions

Induced totipotent cells can be obtained by reprogramming somatic cells with somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (wikipedia.org)
hESCs can be generated by SCNT using dermal fibroblasts nuclei from both a middle-aged 35-year-old male and an elderly, 75-year-old male, suggesting that age-associated changes are not necessarily an impediment to SCNT-based nuclear reprogramming of human cells. (wikipedia.org)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
Despite the technological advances in SCNT during the last decade, and its scientiﬁc and medical importance, the molecular processes involved in nuclear reprogramming remain largely unknown and the overall efﬁciency of SCNT in mammals remains very low. (sibi.org)
Additionally, the efﬁciency of nuclear transfer technology may be enhanced by better understanding the nature of reprogramming using the cow model, since approximately half of all SCNT's worldwide are performed in this species [20]. (sibi.org)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
This is currently achieved by three methods: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cell fusion and direct reprogramming by defined transcription factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
A breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer opens the possibility of producing human embryonic stem cells with a patient's own genes. (the-scientist.com)
The first pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer, according to a study published today (October 5) in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
The advance here is the proof that somatic cell nuclear transfer can work [in human cells] and can fully reset the donor cell genome to a pluripotent state," said Harvard Medical School's George Daley , who was not affiliated with the study. (the-scientist.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer typically involves the transfer of genomic information from a somatic cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. (the-scientist.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer has shown limited success in animal studies, which have successfully isolated pluripotent cells. (the-scientist.com)
In humans, somatic transfer has been less fruitful-the egg cell quits dividing and often dies after nuclear transfer. (the-scientist.com)
Instead of removing the egg genome prior to nuclear transfer, he and his colleagues added the somatic cell nucleus directly to the intact egg. (the-scientist.com)
hPSC-enriched essential genes mainly encode transcription factors and proteins related to cell-cycle and DNA-repair, revealing that a quarter of the nuclear factors are essential for normal growth. (nature.com)
Mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) were first established in 2000, and then proved to be able to differentiate either in vivo or in vitro, and give rise to individual tissues through germ line transmission or tetraploid complementation. (benthamscience.com)
Although exciting results have been achieved by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and culture-induced reprogramming [ 1 ], these procedures are technically demanding and inefficient and therefore unlikely to become a common approach for producing patient-specific pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review we will discuss studies conducted, in our laboratories and those of others, to gain a better understanding of nuclear reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
The birth and adult development of 'Dolly' the sheep, the first mammal produced by the transfer of a terminally differentiated cell nucleus into an egg, provided unequivocal evidence of nuclear equivalence among somatic cells. (bioscientifica.com)
This ground-breaking experiment challenged a long-standing dogma of irreversible cellular differentiation that prevailed for over a century and enabled the development of methodologies for reversal of differentiation of somatic cells, also known as nuclear reprogramming. (bioscientifica.com)
Dolly was a product of nuclear transfer cloning, a process in which a cell nucleus of the animal to be cloned is physically transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus had previously been removed. (khanneasuntzu.com)
is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is immoral as it involves creating embryos only to destroy them. (goodmancoaching.nl)
However, whether and how other sirtuins, especially nuclear epigenetic regulator Sirt6, regulate mouse somatic reprogramming still remains exclusive. (biomedcentral.com)
According to an approximate estimate, the version of the human nuclear genome, which has been constantly replenished and improved since 2001, did not contain about 8% of the genomic DNA sequence. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
While the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 2 ( NFAT2 , NFATC1 ) is overexpressed in AML, it is unknown whether it plays a role in FLT3 ITD -induced HSC transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
One such TF is the nuclear factor of activated T-cells ( NFAT ). (biomedcentral.com)
The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)

Progenitors are obtained by so-called direct reprogramming or directed differentiation and are also called induced somatic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
This meant that the cells can change their differentiation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
In Drosophila imaginal discs, cells have to choose from a limited number of standard discrete differentiation states. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that transdetermination (change of the path of differentiation) often occurs for a group of cells rather than single cells shows that it is induced rather than part of maturation. (wikipedia.org)
Aside from the promise of using hPSC-derived cells for cell replacement therapies there (+)-Corynoline is great potential of using hPSCs for modeling lineage decisions during differentiation and studying disease-relevant phenotypes that ENG are manifested at the cellular level. (hiv-proteases.com)
Among them embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are the classic example of a PSC 1-3 and they remain the gold standard to which newly derived PSC lines are typically compared molecularly through expression and epigenetic profiling and functionally by assessing their differentiation potential and (Table 1). (hiv-proteases.com)
For the first time researchers can now compare iPSC differentiation to the same process an egg goes through after the transfer of a somatic cell genome. (the-scientist.com)
This could help researchers identify abnormalities in iPSC differentiation, correct them, and develop pluripotent stem cells that don't harbor tumorigenic qualities and do not require the use of human embryos. (the-scientist.com)
Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
Our scientists have developed a wide array of stem cell-focused reagents and resources for many applications including flow cytometry , western blotting , ELISAs , and recombinant proteins for cell differentiation. (biolegend.com)
RUNX1 is also required for the differentiation of CD8+, Th17, and regulatory T cells. (biolegend.com)
These findings revealed that RUNX1 acts as a tumor suppressor for myeloid leukemia and is crucial for the development and terminal differentiation of several blood cell lineages 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
Stem cells are not specialized and the process of their specialization is called differentiation. (benthamscience.com)
However, the use of bFGF for human ES cell culture, particularly at the high levels used by some for 'feeder-free' culture, must be considered carefully, as bFGF may drive ES cells towards differentiation. (ddw-online.com)
The need to control differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro presents another set of challenges. (ddw-online.com)
Ideally, iPSC-based therapies in the future will rely on the isolation of skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes, their reprogramming into iPSCs, and the correction of the genetic defect followed by differentiation into the desired cell type and transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
First, we utilized single cell sequencing to dissect the differentiation of stem cells to midbrain dopaminergic neurons. (lu.se)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
It has been reported that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases, is involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
OP9 feeder cell co-culture system was used to measure the hematopoietic differentiation from mouse ES and iPS cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we showed that Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line has intrinsically a differentiation defect even though the establishment of normal self-renewal. (biomedcentral.com)
To further understand the epigenetic regulators for specific lineage differentiation from iPS cell would have great significance for potential regeneration therapy and human disease modeling [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During the preparation of our manuscript, another group reported that Sirt6 knockout ES cells skewed towards neuroectoderm differentiation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
But the exact role of Sirt6 in mouse somatic reprogramming and iPS cell differentiation remains unrevealed. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we employed a human pancreatic differentiation platform complemented with an shRNA screen in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to identify potential drivers of early endoderm and pancreatic development. (mdpi.com)
The ICOC has approved a very well-balanced portfolio of research proposals, including those aimed at understanding stem cell differentiation and identifying new ways of obtaining hESCs, and many that target specific diseases," Hall said. (ca.gov)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
Temporal multimodal single-cell profiling of native hematopoiesis illuminates altered differentiation trajectories with age. (lu.se)

They form characteristic cell clusters in suspension culture that express a set of genes associated with pluripotency and can differentiate into endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cells both in vitro and in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
use but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity pluripotency and plasticity. (hiv-proteases.com)
Based on these observations Yamanaka and colleagues screened 24 pluripotency transcription factors and demonstrated that over-expression of the reprogramming factors Oct4 Sox2 Klf4 and c-Myc (referred to as OSKM) is sufficient to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts (Figure 1 (h)) 8. (hiv-proteases.com)
Human EGCs show limited self-renewal capacity and the pluripotency of human GSCs has been seriously questioned 222 223 This review aims to provide a summary of current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of iPSC generation. (hiv-proteases.com)
Overall, we have constructed an atlas of essential and growth-restricting genes in hPSCs, revealing key aspects of cellular essentiality and providing a reference for future studies on human pluripotency. (nature.com)
Transcription factors have an important role in the ability of a cell to self-renew and also differentiate into most cell types, also known as pluripotency 1 . (biolegend.com)
you(r cells) are never too old for pluripotency! (biologists.com)
Although the mechanism of how these factors induced pluripotency in somatic cells is not completely understood, it is clear that the endogenous pluripotency genes OCT4 , SOX2 and NANOG were activated and, in turn, re-activated the autoregulatory loop that could maintain the pluripotent state independent of the transgenes. (biologists.com)
iPS cells showed many characteristics of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) such as expression of pluripotency markers, reactivation of telomerase and the ability to form teratomas, demonstrating a potential to redifferentiate into descendants of all three embryonic lineages. (biologists.com)
examined individual clones and found that endogenous pluripotency gene expression was activated and the promoters of OCT4 and NANOG , which are usually heavily methylated in differentiated cells, were demethylated in the newly converted iPS cells. (biologists.com)
The authors then repeated this procedure with cells from donors 92, 94, 96 and 101 years of age and again were successful in generating iPS cells with the same efficiency, making these the oldest human donors so far whose cells were reprogrammed for pluripotency. (biologists.com)
Automatically expanded hiPSCs exhibit normal growth characteristics, and show sustained expression of the pluripotency associated stem cell marker TRA-1-60 over at least 5 weeks (10 passages). (frontiersin.org)
Overall, we demonstrate that it is possible to separate rejuvenation from complete pluripotency reprogramming, which should facilitate the discovery of novel anti-ageing genes and therapies. (elifesciences.org)
Mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. (biomedcentral.com)
Particularly, by performing transcriptome analysis, we observed that several pluripotent transcriptional factors increase in knockout cell line, which explains the underlying loss of pluripotency in Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, we have identified a new regulatory role of Sirt6 in reprogramming and maintenance of pluripotency. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent-like state through four defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
Here we summarize (+)-Corynoline the genetic epigenetic and cellular events during reprogramming and the roles of various factors identified thus far in the reprogramming process. (hiv-proteases.com)
Embryonic germ cells (EGCs) and germ line stem cells (GSCs): derived respectively from mouse primordial germ cells (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (d)) or germ line stem cells (GSCs) from neonatal and adult testis (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (e)) they resemble ESCs but retain some epigenetic features of their cell of origin. (hiv-proteases.com)
Next we delineate the different phases of reprogramming focusing on the major transcriptional and epigenetic. (hiv-proteases.com)
Some epigenetic imprinting remained, the telomeres length was not fully restored, and the descendants of these cells entered senescence prematurely. (biologists.com)
Practically, cycle regulation, chromosome stability and epigenetic F9 cells allow for the efficient metabolic labelling of the modification, in both mouse and human oocytes SILAC reference in vitro, overcoming the difficulty of directly labelling oocytes in vivo. (gotomydoctor.com)
Applying MPTR to dermal fibroblasts from middle-aged donors, we found that cells temporarily lose and then reacquire their fibroblast identity, possibly as a result of epigenetic memory at enhancers and/or persistent expression of some fibroblast genes. (elifesciences.org)
However, whether and how Sirt6 influences epigenetic reprogramming remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a muscular dystrophy caused by inefficient epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite array and somatic expression of the DUX4 retrogene. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, in diseased cells, a failure in epigenetic control allows DUX4 to prevent its own destruction by tampering with nonsense-mediated decay. (elifesciences.org)

Among the factors thought to contribute to the greater success in cloning cattle are the relatively late embryonic genome activation speciﬁc for this species [16 -18] and the optimization of reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, brought about by the cattle industry [19]. (sibi.org)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
Thanks to this new paradigm, novel alternatives for regenerative medicine in humans, improved animal breeding in domestic animals and approaches to species conservation through reproductive methodologies have emerged. (bioscientifica.com)
Reproduction (2014) 148 55-72 (Thus, ageing of oocytes may The 'maternal age effect' in reproduction, characterized be viewed as a life-long maintenance of cellular by a negative relationship between maternal age and homeostasis in the same cell, unlike ageing of the male reproductive success, is a poorly understood phenom- germline. (gotomydoctor.com)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
2) To achieve 20 years of combined 4 key biotechnologies of 21st century such as animal cloning techniques, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cell), Transgenic animals, advanced reproductive technology, and modern breeding applications in medicine and agriculture. (edu.vn)
3) To provide high-level research and education for graduate students in the field of stem cell, cellular reprogramming, assisted reproductive technology, and transgenic animals. (edu.vn)
Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)

The researchers were able to identify the minimal conditions and factors that would be sufficient for starting the cascade of molecular and cellular processes to instruct pluripotent cells to organize the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
They showed that opposing gradients of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a well-developed embryo. (wikipedia.org)
That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
The fusion ultimately gives rise to a microscopic embryo, from which embryonic stem cells can theoretically be derived. (the-scientist.com)
In the best case, an early embryo consisting of a few cells may form, but these are not capable of giving rise to human life, nor hESCs for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
The resulting clone developed into a microscopic embryo, which survived long enough for pluripotent stem cell lines to be derived. (the-scientist.com)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
James Thomson, the first scientist to derive stem cells from a human embryo, made this point clearly just a few weeks ago: "I don't want to sound too pessimistic because this is all doable, but it's going to be very hard. (robertpgeorge.com)
The human embryo has at least some degree of special moral status. (robertpgeorge.com)
Standard embryology texts insist that from the zygote (single-cell embryo) stage forward there exists a new living member of the species homo sapiens. (robertpgeorge.com)
Surely we can all agree that the human embryo possesses the active potential to develop by an internally directed process towards maturity, and that this is morally significant. (robertpgeorge.com)
It is increasingly clear that there are non-embryo destructive research alternatives that hold out the promise of providing sources of stem cells with properties equivalent to, or nearly equivalent to, embryonic cells. (robertpgeorge.com)
It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)
Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
Those who oppose this practice often argue that human life begins from the moment of conception, and that, therefore, destruction of a blastocyst stage embryo is morally equivalent to abortion and infanticide . (citizendium.org)
However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)
Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Opponents argue that the research is unethical, because deriving the stem cells destroys the blastocyst, an unimplanted human embryo at the sixth to eighth day of development . (goodmancoaching.nl)
In both cases, the embryo is ultimately destroyed, which opponents of embryonic stem cell research argue is immoral. (goodmancoaching.nl)

I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
SCNT allows generating ESCs (ntESC) from cloned embryos obtained through injection of a somatic nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. (hiv-proteases.com)
SCNT and experiments involving fusions between PSCs and somatic cells (Figure 1 (g)) demonstrate that factors present in the egg and in PSCs have the ability to reset somatic nuclei to a pluripotent state 7. (hiv-proteases.com)
Under such circumstances, the idea of "therapeutic cloning" was proposed, indicating the generation of ESCs from SCNT embryos for therapeutic purpose. (benthamscience.com)

These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)

The triploid cells aren't suitable for therapeutic purposes, and future efforts will be focused on trying to eliminate the [egg cell] genome," said Daley, who wrote an accompanying News & Views in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
Using our recently established haploid human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we generated a genome-wide loss-of-function library targeting 18,166 protein-coding genes to define the essential genes in hPSCs. (nature.com)
However, changing the genetic code of the host cell, as well as that of the cellular machinery that reads and expresses the viral genome, could thwart the virus's ability to infect cells. (khanneasuntzu.com)
And the reason for this interview was the receipt of the most complete version of the human genome. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
The most complete human genomeRecently, an article was published in Science: The Telomere-to-telomere (T2T) consortium published the full version of the human genome. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
What exactly from the human genome have you sequenced?The role of our group's employees is to participate in the analysis of centromeric alpha-like DNA repeats. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
Most of the unread genome just belonged to centromeric regions, these are special sections of chromosomes that are necessary for cell division, and they usually consist of tandem repeating DNA sequence units. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
We had a very wonderful interaction myself Jennifer Doudna with Bill from Stanford and we realized there was an opportunity to get together and discuss the ethics of genome editing and in particular human genome editing. (diyhpl.us)
I will ask you to raise your hand if you have your human genome sequenced. (diyhpl.us)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

The process involves sucking out the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell and injecting it into an oocyte that has had its nucleus removed Using an approach based on the protocol outlined by Tachibana et al. (wikipedia.org)
3. What does the nucleus of a somatic cell contain that is necessary for this process? (scienceteacherprogram.org)

Use of hiPSCs circumvents the ethical controversies associated with hESCs or nt-hESCs and as one can easily generate hiPSCs that match the genetic background of any individual this offers an ideal platform for cell replacement therapy and disease modeling. (hiv-proteases.com)
The findings validate this controversial method, and may one day allow therapeutic stem cells to be created from a patient's own genetic material. (the-scientist.com)
Noggle said the findings may also pave the way for better induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which form when somatic cells are regressed to a pluripotent state through the use of genetic factors. (the-scientist.com)
Wutz, A. Haploid mouse embryonic stem cells: rapid genetic screening and germline transmission. (nature.com)
Genetic modification and screening in rat using haploid embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
1. What genetic information is required to clone a human or an animal? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
In addition, as the genetic identity of the donor egg from which the ESCs are derived most likely will differ from that of potential recipients, patients who receive ESC-derived cells or tissues may face the same complications that result from organ transplantation (for example, immunorejection, graft-versus-host disease, and need for immunosuppression). (biomedcentral.com)
Combined with the incorporation of new tools for genetic modification, these novel techniques promise to (i) transform and accelerate our understanding of genetic diseases and the development of targeted therapies through creation of tailored animal models, (ii) provide safe animal cells, tissues and organs for xenotransplantation, (iii) contribute to the preservation of endangered species, and (iv) improve global food security whilst reducing the environmental impact of animal production. (bioscientifica.com)
First - the perfect genetic human specimen. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Viruses can take control of a cell's genetic machinery because both the virus and the cell share the same genetic code. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Although Dolly's genetic parent had not been taken from the grave and magically resurrected, Dolly was nevertheless probably a nearly exact genetic duplicate of the deceased ewe from which she had been cloned, and so in that sense Dolly had indeed been "raised from the dead. (khanneasuntzu.com)
While human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide novel prospects for disease-modeling, the high phenotypic variability seen across different lines demands usage of large hiPSC cohorts to decipher the impact of individual genetic variants. (frontiersin.org)
Scientists are also working on ways to develop stem cells from other cells, using genetic "reprogramming" techniques. (goodmancoaching.nl)
Succesful cloning from a cancer cell, succesful cloning from old adult organisms, repeated cloning of old adult organisms without compromising health(that is clones from clones from clones, second and third generation clones), and the like have shown, unless I missed some news, that IMHO it seems no permanent or at least significantly impairing damage at a genetic level seems to be occuring with aging. (fightaging.org)
Even some cancers seem to be unable to significantly do damage that permanently impairs genetic function given the healthy clone obtained out of a cancer cell. (fightaging.org)
As part of its charge, the committee was asked to prepare a subreport evaluating methods for detecting potential unintended compositional changes across the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, metabolites and nutrients that may occur in food derived from cloned animals that have not been genetically modified via genetic engineering methods. (nationalacademies.org)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology modeling diseases and for therapeutic applications. (hiv-proteases.com)
While iPSCs avoid the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells, the methods used to derive them sometimes induce mutations in cancer causing genes, making them unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
Kuldip S. Sidhu , " Frontiers in Pluripotent Stem Cells Research and Therapeutic Potentials Bench-to-Bedside ", Bentham Science Publishers (2012). (benthamscience.com)
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can grow infinitely and give rise to all types of cells in human body, thus of tremendous therapeutic potentials for a variety of diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and diabetes. (benthamscience.com)
The use of mouse feeder layers and animal serum are particularly problematic in the culturing of stem cells for possible therapeutic applications. (ddw-online.com)
The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)
The advent of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technology offers unprecedented opportunities for disease modeling, personalized medicine, and the development of new therapeutic interventions. (frontiersin.org)
Regardless of current curiosity within the therapeutic potential of recombinant human insulin-like development factor-I (rhIGF-I) within the remedy of diabetes mellitus, its mechanism of motion remains to be not outlined. (ncbcs.org)
Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)

Depending on the source, stem cells can be classified into two broad categories i.e. embryonic stem cells that are derived from embryos and non-embryonic stem cells that are derived from adult and fetal tissues. (benthamscience.com)
Cell therapies are treatments that use human cells, including stem cells, with the aim of restoring, maintaining, or improving the functioning of human tissues or organs. (eurostemcell.org)
These include 'adult' differentiated cells of the body (known as somatic cells, e.g. skin cells) and stem cells from a range of sources - embryonic, foetal, cord blood, and mature tissues. (eurostemcell.org)
Using GO analysis, these alterations do not relate in any simple way to the classic signature of ageing known from somatic tissues. (gotomydoctor.com)
Furthermore, we conclude that the classic features of ageing may not be transposed from somatic tissues to oocytes in a one-to-onefashion. (gotomydoctor.com)
The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
Human heart tissues grown as three-dimensional spheroids and consisting of different cardiac cell types derived from pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) recapitulate aspects of human physiology better than standard two-dimensional models in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
By contrast, engineered heart tissues (EHTs) formed around two flexible pillars, can measure contraction force but conventional EHTs often require between 0.5 and 2 million cells. (bvsalud.org)

Soon after this groundbreaking discovery iPSCs were generated from human fibroblasts using the same 9-11 or a slightly different combination of reprogramming factors (OCT4 SOX2 NANOG and LIN28)12. (hiv-proteases.com)
Derivation of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through direct reprogramming of easily accessible somatic cells holds the potential to transform the field of regenerative medicine. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we summarize current reprogramming methodologies with a focus on the production of transgene-free or genetically unmanipulated iPSCs and highlight important technical details that ultimately may influence the biological properties of pluripotent stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2006, a major breakthrough was reported in Japan by Takahashi and Yamanaka, who described the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts via over expression of defined transcription factors [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we outline current reprogramming approaches developed to improve the safety and efficiency of the method and highlight its critical aspects that may have an impact on the quality of the iPSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Several experimental strategies have been developed to derive iPSCs from differentiated somatic cells (summarized in Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
They were able to induce a pluripotent state in differentiated cells by introducing four transcription factors, OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4 by retroviral infection, hence the name "induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (biologists.com)
These progenitors which are derived from either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or healthy induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) express wild-type levels of a-syn, thus making them equally susceptible to developing Lewy bodies over time. (lu.se)
The advent of iPSCs has opened up the possibility to graft patient-specific cells which most likely would circumvent the need for immunosuppression. (lu.se)

The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
1. What is a human gene, and what does it do? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
2. What are some of the diseases hat human gene therapy might cure? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
Conceptus-endometrial interactions in ruminants are complex and involve carefully orchestrated temporal and spatial alterations in gene expression regulated by hormones from the ovary and conceptus. (bioscientifica.com)
Amazingly, the first human cancer gene was cloned only thirty years ago. (jcancer.org)
Without doubt, the first human transforming gene, and more broadly, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, had been previously theorized by Theodor Boveri. (jcancer.org)
Historically, eugenics has covered everything from selective breeding for the purpose of upgrading the human gene pool to vast human-rights violations against classes of people regarded as undesirable, degenerate, or unfit because of traits like religion, sexual preference, handicap, and so on, culminating, in the extreme case, in the Nazi extermination program. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Equatorial segment protein (ESP), a novel 349-amino acid concanavalin-A-binding protein encoded by a two-exon gene ( SP-ESP ) located on chromosome 15 at q22, has been localized to the equatorial segment of ejaculated human sperm. (bioone.org)
Resolution of cell fate decisions revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst. (nature.com)
Utilizing site-directed mutagenesis and gene recombination strategies, we generated a mutated recombinant human glucagon-like peptide-1 (mGLP-1) which has longer half-life as in contrast with native GLP-1. (ncbcs.org)
Positional cloning efforts revealed that this locus contains the SWI/SNF related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily B, member 1 ( SMARCB1 ) gene, also known as human sucrose non-fermenting gene number 5 ( hSNF5 ), integrase interactor 1 ( INI1 ) , or 47-Kd Brg1/Bam -associated factor ( BAF47 ). (medscape.com)
pendent of those associated with cretory ducts, columnar epithelia the KRAS gene is more frequent- other key mechanistic characteris- lining the gastrointestinal tract and ly mutated in human cancer, which tics of IARC Group 1 carcinogens. (who.int)
focused on another gene called UPF1 because cells without the protein encoded by this gene have similar defects in nonsense-mediated decay as cells with active DUX4 . (elifesciences.org)
No difference was found in how often the UPF1 gene is activated in FSHD cells and normal cells. (elifesciences.org)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

Inclusion of fetal bovine serum in stem cell media further contributes to an illdefined culture system. (ddw-online.com)
Transplantations of fetal tissue in the 1980s and 1990s provided proof-of-concept for the potential of cell replacement therapy for PD and some patients benefitted greatly from their transplants. (lu.se)

In 2007, a group let by Takahashi and Yamanaka from Kyoto University successfully generated pluripotent cells from human adult fibroblasts. (biologists.com)
What's more, the converted cells showed no signs of premature aging and appeared "rejuvenated" - iPS cells converted from nearly senescent donor cells regained their replicative potential and, when re-differentiated to fibroblasts, by all accounts resembled young proliferative cells. (biologists.com)
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from transgenic Oct4-GFP reporter mice with or without Sirt6 were used for reprogramming by Yamanaka factors. (biomedcentral.com)
There has been one previous report showing that overexpression of Sirt6 in aged human dermal fibroblasts could improve iPS generation via regulation of miR-766 transcription [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrated that fully functional EHTs could be generated from physiologically relevant combinations of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (70%), cardiac fibroblasts (15%) and cardiac endothelial cells (15%), using as few as 1.6 × 104 cells. (bvsalud.org)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)

In abstract, a framework was developed to supply useful human full-length GLP-1R by recombinant expression in E. coli as a prerequisite for eventual construction willpower and a rigorous biophysical characterization together with protein variants. (ncbcs.org)

Generation of genetically modified mice by oocyte injection of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)

After injury, mature terminally differentiated kidney cells dedifferentiate into more primordial versions of themselves and then differentiate into the cell types needing replacement in the damaged tissue Macrophages can self-renew by local proliferation of mature differentiated cells. (wikipedia.org)
In newts, muscle tissue is regenerated from specialized muscle cells that dedifferentiate and forget the type of cell they had been. (wikipedia.org)
Induced pluripotent stem cells, another types of pluripotent stem cells derived from any tissue by reprogramming and are the homologous source of stem cells. (benthamscience.com)
If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
These are at all stages of development from early preclinical research, as with a neural stem cell therapy being developed for Parkinson's Disease by Axontherapix S.L of Spain, through to products that are available to treat patients now such as Chondroselect ® , a cell therapy for repairing damaged tissue in knee joints produced by Belgian cell therapy firm TiGenix. (eurostemcell.org)
The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
However, post-mortem analysis of transplanted tissue revealed accumulation of pathological Lewy bodies in a small subset of transplanted cells over time, revealing a host-to-graft disease propagation. (lu.se)
This versatility allows embryonic stem cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs . (goodmancoaching.nl)
One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)

In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
To overcome this significant crisis, researchers are investigating various approaches involving direct xenotransplantation, organoids, decellularization, and recellularization, and more recently, organ bioengineering using blastocyst complementation (BC). (frontiersin.org)
The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
The use of embryonic stem cells has been a source of considerable controversy due to its sacrifice of human embryos in the blastocyst stage, which some people view as the destruction of human life . (citizendium.org)
Ethical objections to the use of human embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of human embryos in the blastocyst stage to obtain the stem cells. (citizendium.org)
Fleming, T. P. A quantitative analysis of cell allocation to trophectoderm and inner cell mass in the mouse blastocyst. (nature.com)
Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)

Little is known yet about the reprogramming mechanisms. (sibi.org)
These advances have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming and promise to accelerate the clinical translation of iPSC technology. (biomedcentral.com)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
This current work goals to look at whether or not mGLP-1 attenuates Abeta(1-42)-mediated cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and to discover the attainable mechanisms. (ncbcs.org)
Understanding the mechanisms involved in guiding at least under homeostatic or physiological conditions. (lu.se)

They are classified as either totipotent (iTC), pluripotent (iPSC) or progenitor (multipotent - iMSC, also called an induced multipotent progenitor cell - iMPC) or unipotent - (iUSC) according to their developmental potential and degree of dedifferentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Use of progenitor cell lines can eliminate the need to culture challenging human ES cells. (ddw-online.com)
Progenitor cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in their capacity to differentiate into various cell types. (ddw-online.com)
However, progenitor cells can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types. (ddw-online.com)
Progenitor cells can be far easier to handle in culture than ES cells. (ddw-online.com)
For example, neural progenitor cells derived from a human ES cell line are easily propagated and require less handling than human ES cells. (ddw-online.com)
The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)
Figure 1 Sources of pluripotent Stem Cells Table 1 Molecular and functional assays to assess the developmental potential of PSCs. (hiv-proteases.com)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
Senescence was confirmed by FACS analysis showing cell cycle arrest, increase in molecular markers characteristic of senescence, and formation of SAHF. (biologists.com)
Unlike the male germline, the bulk of The synthesis of the aforementioned molecular oocytes do not have a gonial stem cell population. (gotomydoctor.com)
Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the molecular mechanism underlying the reprogramming process has been an active area of research. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying reprogramming still remains largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)

5. How are pluripotent stem cells derived? (scienceteacherprogram.org)

Before the technique will ever make it to the clinic, however, researchers must find a way to remove genomic material from the egg cell. (the-scientist.com)
8. Draw a diagram of how genomic imprinting theoretically works to turn on a cell s ability to read genes. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
Burdened with past evils and silliness, any new proposal for changing human beings through genomic engineering faces an uphill battle. (khanneasuntzu.com)
A)BACs carry DNA fragments much larger than plasmids or phages and greatly minimize the number of clones needed to make up the genomic library. (easynotecards.com)

The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
There are currently no controlled human clinical trials underway for ESC-derived therapies. (robertpgeorge.com)
The potential use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for cell replacement therapies is limited by ethical concerns and the technical hurdles associated with their isolation from human embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Work on regenerative medicine is not only happening in academic laboratories, novel cell-based therapies are also being developed by commercial companies in Europe and across the world. (eurostemcell.org)
Biotech products include protein drugs made by genetically-engineered cell cultures, monoclonal antibodies (laboratory-made copies of a single human antibody, often for use in cancer treatment ) and, most recently, human cell-based therapies. (eurostemcell.org)
There are currently around 50 firms developing cell therapies within Europe. (eurostemcell.org)
Companies face a choice between a range of human cell types to work with when developing new therapies. (eurostemcell.org)
The REMEDiE project identified some 65 cell therapies under development in the European commercial sector. (eurostemcell.org)
There are more cell therapies than firms because several firms have more than one product in development. (eurostemcell.org)
European cell therapy firms are split almost equally between therapies based on stem cells and therapies based on somatic cells. (eurostemcell.org)
The data presented in this thesis may serve as valuable resources to help optimize future cell replacement therapies for patients suffering from PD. (lu.se)
What is the main risk factor when using embryonic stem cells in medical therapies? (goodmancoaching.nl)
With these new grants, California is continuing on the path of turning the hope and promise of stem cell research into the reality of therapies and cures for millions of Californians and people across the globe. (ca.gov)

Like Dolly the sheep, these microscopic embryos can also be implanted into a host uterus, where they develop into a fetus and grow into adult animals after birth. (the-scientist.com)
Back in 1996, when the sheep Dolly was the first mammal cloned into existence, she was not cloned from the cells of a live animal. (khanneasuntzu.com)

Human PSCs (hPSCs) are relevant to a wide range of applications from basic biology to regenerative medicine. (hiv-proteases.com)
Stem cells are emerging as an important source of material for diseases in regenerative medicine. (benthamscience.com)
The study of biology of stem cells is the hallmark of the recent emerging field of regenerative medicine and medical biotechnology. (benthamscience.com)
The remarkable potential of stem cells to generate several hundred differentiated cell types is driving their use for regenerative medicine and for supporting the traditional drug discovery and development process (Figure 1). (ddw-online.com)
Other countries such as Spain and Switzerland have made significant investments in regenerative medicine and can be considered 'emerging' or secondary sites of strength in the European cell therapy field. (eurostemcell.org)
The 29-member Independent Citizens Oversight Committee (ICOC), governing board of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), today approved 29 Comprehensive Research Grants for approximately $74.6 million over four years, to accomplished stem cell investigators at academic and non-profit research centers throughout the state. (ca.gov)

Androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells produce live transgenic mice. (nature.com)
It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)

The term stem cell is generally used to describe cells that are totipotent , pluripotent , or multipotent . (citizendium.org)

The efﬁciency of cloning, deﬁned as the proportion of transferred embryos that result in viable offspring, is approximately 2 to 3% for all species. (sibi.org)
However, in cattle, average cloning efﬁciency is higher than in other species, ranging from 5 to 20% [10 -15]. (sibi.org)
It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)
The idea of improving the human species has always had an enormously bad press, stemming largely from the errors and excesses associated with the eugenics movements of the past. (khanneasuntzu.com)
The new egg cell is then implanted into the uterus of an animal of the same species, where it gestates and develops into the fully formed, live clone. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
Sirtuins are conserved in species ranging from bacteria to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
It seems few genes are involved in confering regeneration capabilities to an organism, same goes for negligible senescense, as organisms with either of these have closely related species that do not posses such traits. (fightaging.org)

Researchers began to wonder whether cellular aging was a barrier to iPS cell conversion. (biologists.com)
Viruses do their damage by entering the cells of the host organism and then using the cellular machinery to replicate themselves, often killing the host cells in the process. (khanneasuntzu.com)
I think, we've seen several hints that the cellular machinery of life is far more powerful and versatile than most believed, it certainly doesn't seem like something that would just decay, Multi-celled organisms seem quite capable of faithfully preserving their genes(even after going through aging several times, third gen clones) and seems to have vast innate regeneration potential. (fightaging.org)

In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)
The biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells elicit that are generated must not be unduly sensitive to small fluctu- continued scientific, commercial, and public interest. (lu.se)

Additionally, it was reported that cells from older donors were difficult to convert to iPS cells. (biologists.com)
Conversion of somatic cells to iPS cells occurs at very low frequency in any given cell population, but because older individuals have a higher number of senescent cells it has proved to be difficult to convert cells from older-aged donors. (biologists.com)
In a recent paper published the November issue of Genes in Development, entitled "Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state," Lapasset and colleagues from the Institute of Functional Genomics in France report that they have overcome this barrier and generated iPS cells from human donors as old as 101 years. (biologists.com)

RUNX1-deficient mice fail to generate hematopoietic stem cells. (biolegend.com)
After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
Furthermore, the use of diphtheria toxin -- which is far more toxic to human cells than mouse cells -- to destroy the human neurons in the mice reversed the observed improvements in motor function. (citizendium.org)
Histone deacetylase inhibitor scriptaid rescues full-term development in cloned inbred mice by enhancing nascent mRNA production.Reproduction, 138: 309-317, 2009(IF: 3.413). (edu.vn)
2013: the first time in the world to have 25 generation of cloned mice from 1 somatic cell. (edu.vn)
Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
The empirical difference between programed and nonprogramed senescence becomes evident when comparing the stereotypical steps leading to death in salmon contrasted with the lack of such stereotypy in most organisms such as humans and mice. (fightaging.org)

So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
Alkaline phosphatase-positive and OCT4-GFP-positive colony were counted to calculate reprogramming efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that loss of function of Sirt6 could significantly decrease reprogramming efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
And later both our group and others reported that Sirt1 can promote the efficiency of reprogramming and maintain characteristics of iPS cell [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that Sirt6 is highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells and also it regulates the efficiency of somatic reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)

In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
An additional benefit of engineering a sweeping multivirus resistance into the body is that it would alleviate a common fear concerning synthetic biology-the accidental creation of an artificial supervirus to which humans would have no natural immunity. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)

Sagi, I. & Benvenisty, N. Haploidy in humans: an evolutionary and developmental perspective. (nature.com)
Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
The method performs favorably compared to other transient reprogramming protocols, and the study will be of interest to developmental biologists as well as researchers who study ageing. (elifesciences.org)

Americans are divided over the question of whether it is morally acceptable to authorize by law, and fund with taxpayer dollars, research in which human embryos are destroyed. (robertpgeorge.com)
How many embryos are destroyed each year for stem cell research? (goodmancoaching.nl)

Leeb, M. & Wutz, A. Derivation of haploid embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos. (nature.com)
Forward and reverse genetics through derivation of haploid mouse embryonic stem cells. (nature.com)
However, the derivation of human NT-ESCs goes with the destruction of clone embryos, leading to fierce ethical disputes. (benthamscience.com)

We first describe the current models of reprogramming and experiments attempting to dissect the stochastic vs deterministic nature of this process. (hiv-proteases.com)

On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)

An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line, in which a H2B-fluorescent protein fusion is temporally expressed, is a valuable tool to track cells and study cell divisions and apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)

This could allow us to create cells that are useful for transplantation for a variety of diseases without the problem of immunological rejection," said Noggle in a press briefing. (the-scientist.com)
Continued development of new biotechnologies also will allow farm animals to serve as sources of both biopharmaceuticals for human medicine and organs for transplantation. (nationalacademies.org)

A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)

Fig. 2: Analysis of cell-essential genes. (nature.com)
The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
4. How are genes transferred from a sperm to an egg cell? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
RNA sequencing was measured to identify the differential expressed genes due to loss of Sirt6 in somatic and pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
By integrating these chromatin "signals to promoters" data and transcriptomics data (analysis of RNA transcripts of brain cells from many individuals), we have shown the possibility of discovering new genes that have not yet been annotated. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
B)The use of BACs reduces the frequency with which specific genes will be cut within the coding region by restriction enzymes and divided up among two or more clones. (easynotecards.com)
Genes are sequences of DNA that contain instructions for the cell that must be carefully controlled because it is not always appropriate or safe for these instructions to be followed. (elifesciences.org)
The muscle disease facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by the loss of the chemical tags that normally keep certain genes switched off in many cell types. (elifesciences.org)

One example is the transformation of iris cells to lens cells in the process of maturation and transformation of retinal pigment epithelium cells into the neural retina during regeneration in adult newt eyes. (wikipedia.org)
Recent work has demonstrated that the epigenome is already rejuvenated by the maturation phase of somatic cell reprogramming, which suggests full reprogramming is not required to reverse ageing of somatic cells. (elifesciences.org)
Here we have developed the first "maturation phase transient reprogramming" (MPTR) method, where reprogramming factors are selectively expressed until this rejuvenation point then withdrawn. (elifesciences.org)
This study describes a novel "maturation phase transient reprogramming" (MPTR) method to restore the epigenome of cells to a more youthful state. (elifesciences.org)

This process allows the body to replace cells not suitable to new conditions with more suitable new cells. (wikipedia.org)
To achieve this success, Scott Noggle at the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory took a unique approach to the process. (the-scientist.com)
Within the brain, the protein is involved in the development of specialized cells that process smell. (biolegend.com)
Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
In his experiments, Bridges studied Drosophila, the common fruit fly, and by doing so showed that a process called nondisjunction caused chromosomes, under some circumstances, to fail to separate when forming sperm and egg cells. (asu.edu)
Here, we describe the StemCellFactory, an automated, modular platform covering the entire process of hiPSC production, ranging from adult human fibroblast expansion, Sendai virus-based reprogramming to automated isolation, and parallel expansion of hiPSC clones. (frontiersin.org)

Another approach is to reset a somatic cell to a pluripotent state by exposing its nucleus to exogenous transacting factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
Several growth factors have been identified that promote growth of human ES cells in culture, most notably basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). (ddw-online.com)
Identifying the right cocktail of media conditions, supplements and growth factors that successfully drive stem cells toward a desired lineage on a reproducible basis is a time-consuming, iterative exercise. (ddw-online.com)
Direct reprogramming was originally achieved by retroviral transduction of transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)

As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)

F urther complicating matters, human ES cells are typically co-cultured with feeder layers of mouse fibroblast cells. (ddw-online.com)
Alternatively, stem cell cultures can be grown on extracellular matrix extracts and supplemented with conditioned medium from mouse fibroblast cultures. (ddw-online.com)

Fully reprogrammed NT-ESCs are indistinguishable from ESCs derived from fertilized eggs functionally and substantially. (benthamscience.com)
What is more, by deriving NT-ESCs from patient cells, the problem of immune rejection may be avoided. (benthamscience.com)
These cells are called embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (goodmancoaching.nl)

Researchers have recently described new lines of stem cells derived from amniotic fluid [9] . (citizendium.org)

The nature of the stem cell substates and their relationship to commitment to differ- entiate and lineage selection can be elucidated in terms of a landscape picture in which stable states can be defined mathematically as attractors. (lu.se)
This requirement strongly limits the number of solutions or entiation and lineage-specification, programmed cell death, and ``states'' for the system. (lu.se)

De-differention of highly complex cells like muscle(mammal muscle IIRC) being shown in the lab. (fightaging.org)

2014: discovered female germ line stem cells from adult ovary in the pig. (edu.vn)

In response to mito- pendence between the key mecha- gens, cell proliferation is triggered by nistic characteristics. (who.int)
The resulting hiPSC reporter line generated, which we named ProLiving, is a valuable tool to study cell division and cell cycle characteristics in living hiPSC-derived cells. (bvsalud.org)

Use of feeder layers requires two cell types to be maintained in parallel and introduces mouse proteins into the culture system. (ddw-online.com)

Individual clones were able to differentiate into cells expressing markers of all three germ layers as well as form teratomas with organ-like structures typical of all three embryonic lineages. (biologists.com)

In this review, we summarize the history of interspecies chimerism in various animal models to find hints for BC application and describe the challenges and prospects of utilizing BC for human organ generation. (frontiersin.org)

In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)

Anatomy14

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes15

Information Science2

Nuclear39

Differentiation31

Pluripotency17

Epigenetic11

Reproductive12

Embryo25

SCNT5

Nuclei1

Genome10

Nucleus of a somatic2

Genetic17

Therapeutic14

Tissues8

IPSCs9

Gene17

Fetal2

Fibroblasts6

Abstract1

Oocyte3

Tissue11

Blastocyst8

Mechanisms5

Progenitor8

Molecular7

Pluripotent stem cells de1

Genomic4

Therapies15

Dolly2

Regenerative medicine6

Transgenic2

Totipotent1

Species11

Cellular3

Biological2

Donors3

Mice7

Efficiency6

Biology4

Developmental3

Embryos are destroyed2

Derivation3

Attempting to dissect1

Organisms2

IPSC1

Transplantation2

Approaches1

Genes8

Maturation4

Process6

Factors4

Genetically identical1

Fibroblast2

ESCs3

Stem cells derived1

Lineage2

Mammal1

Germ line1

Characteristics2

Proteins1

Differentiate into cells1

Summarize1

Transcriptional1