Injections, IntravenousAdministration, IntravenousAdministration, OralInfusions, IntravenousBiological AvailabilityHalf-LifeTissue DistributionDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsDrug Administration RoutesArea Under CurveRats, WistarDrug Administration ScheduleMetabolic Clearance RateDogsInfusions, ParenteralLiverDisease Models, AnimalBlood PressureInjections, SubcutaneousInjections, IntraperitonealUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationBileInjections, IntramuscularRabbitsChromatography, High Pressure LiquidDrug CarriersRats, Inbred StrainsAdministration, IntranasalHeart RateInjections, IntraventricularProdrugsAdministration, RectalKidneyDrug InteractionsMice, Inbred C57BLCross-Over StudiesAdministration, TopicalHemodynamicsMice, Inbred BALB CBrainAnesthesiaInjections, Intra-ArterialLiposomesDouble-Blind MethodLungTreatment OutcomeRandom AllocationPolyethylene GlycolsInjectionsCarbon RadioisotopesContrast MediaDrug Delivery SystemsIodine RadioisotopesRecombinant ProteinsBiotransformationMice, Inbred ICRBlood-Brain BarrierIntestinal AbsorptionMacaca fascicularisCrataegusKineticsGenetic VectorsAbsorptionGenetic TherapyAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug CombinationsAntineoplastic AgentsDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalAntibodies, MonoclonalDiazepamAdministration, InhalationMorphineSpleenRadioisotopesGene Transfer TechniquesPiperidinesChemistry, PharmaceuticalNaloxoneAnalysis of VarianceInjections, SpinalPharmaceutical VehiclesAnalgesics, OpioidNicorandilCatsAcetazolamideNanoparticlesRegional Blood FlowAdenoviridaeVasodilator AgentsBody WeightBiliary TractDrug ToleranceNorepinephrineMice, Inbred StrainsAtropinePropranololAnalgesicsStereoisomerism