• Recently, intracellular microbial sensors have also been identified, including NOD-like receptors and the helicase-domain-containing antiviral proteins RIG-I and MDA5. (nature.com)
  • Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)
  • However, if they are trapped inside the cell, they can be stained as intracellular proteins using protein transport inhibitors such as BD GolgiStop™ (containing monensin) or BD GolgiPlug™ (containing brefeldin A). Cytokines are relatively accessible using the gentle fixation and permeabilization afforded by BD Cytofix/ Cytoperm™ Fixation and Permeabilization Solution. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In contrast to cytokines, transcription factors often are localized inside the nucleus and bound to DNA and other proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Also, intracellular phosphatases can quickly dephosphorylate these proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This buffer system can also be used to stain some transcription factors and other intracellular proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Smad proteins are the intracellular mediators of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • [ 4 ] Protein hZIP4 transports zinc ions from the cell exterior or lumen of intracellular organelles into the cytoplasm, where it is available to other newly synthesized proteins. (medscape.com)
  • These processes enable them to make proteins, which perform most intracellular tasks. (sflorg.com)
  • [ 8 , 9 ] STAT3 is one of 7 human STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins, which are critical second messengers for many cytokine, hormone, and growth factor receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Its pathophysiological substrate is related to an anomaly of normal immunological tolerogenesis leading to the formation of autoantibodies directed against specific tissue antigens: surface receptors, intracellular enzymes, secreted proteins (hormones). (lu.se)
  • To explain the various pathways of intracellular and extracellular protein turnover. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Intracellular nitrate concentrations exceeded extracellular concentrations by three orders of magnitude. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several investigations suggest that, besides their extracellular actions, also intracellular mechanisms of sGAG-derivatives seem possible. (degruyter.com)
  • Membrane-bound HER receptors activate numerous tumor promoting signaling cascades via this mechanism, including the PI3K/AKT, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PLCγ/PKC, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
  • In general, Janus family tyrosine kinases (JAKs) bind to the intracellular components of cytokine receptors, and are, in turn, bound by STATs upon cytokine signaling. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteria often can't support over-expression needed to get workable quantities of protein for an assay, and in vitro expression often can't synthesize a fully functional transcription factor. (genomeweb.com)
  • That year, the two published a paper in Science describing a method to trap low-affinity DNA-protein interactions, specifically those of transcription factors. (genomeweb.com)
  • While techniques for cell surface staining are relatively standard, optimal staining for intracellular markers often depends on the biology of the target protein. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • To detail the process of protein folding and the intracellular pathways of folding and post-translational modification. (bath.ac.uk)
  • and, regulation of biological processes such as chromosomal folding, protein secretion and intracellular signaling. (berkeley.edu)
  • We primarily focus on a intracellular signaling pathway known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (or UPR mt ), which allows cells to monitor the function of the entire cellular pool of mitochondria and adapt transcription accordingly. (umassmed.edu)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • One of the modifications affected by SARS-CoV-2, known as m6A (a multifaceted regulator of gene expression), is highly important for RNA's basic functions, including transportation of data to the protein-making parts of the cell, and transcription and translation into amino acids there. (sflorg.com)
  • In addition to the scavengers of reactive oxygen species and calcium, inhibitors specific for transcription (actinomycin D), protein kinase C (RO-31-8220), and MAP kinase (PD 98059) also blocked the cadmium -induced overexpression of the proto-oncogenes in the tumor cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Find the tools and techniques, including BD fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, buffers, kits and protocols that support intracellular cytokine staining and phosphoprotein and transcription factor detection by intracellular flow cytometry. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • To better understand the role of dietary FA on metabolic diseases, for the first time, a study to identify key transcription factors (TF) involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory response by transcriptome analysis from liver samples of animal models was performed. (nature.com)
  • Phosphorylated tyrosine residues recruit various intracellular adaptor and effector molecules that result in the propagation of growth promoting signal transduction cascades [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
  • During the first hours of an embryo's development, specialized molecules called pioneer transcription factors unravel parts of its DNA to activate the encoded genes. (phys.org)
  • To ensure that the correct sets of molecules talk to each other, the intracellular space is highly structured and special signals are employed to move specific molecules from one structure to another. (alzforum.org)
  • This is particularly crucial as both the host and intracellular symbiont molecules need to be fixed and permeabilized simultaneously. (lu.se)
  • Genes coding for defense-related transcription activators, reactive oxygen species metabolism, terpene biosynthesis, and energy conversion pathways were upregulated in inoculated samples of L. dendroidea , indicating an integrated defensive system in seaweeds. (asm.org)
  • Thus, our discovery of the role of functional interaction between intracellular signaling pathways mediated by calcium ions (Ca 2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Ca 2+ /cAMP signaling interaction) in these cellular responses, opened a great avenue for the development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, the team measured the expression of a panel of nine pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of intracellular inflammation in peripheral blood monon uclear cells, as well as blood plasma. (medscape.com)
  • Deplancke himself wondered whether this was a scalable technology, or whether it would only be useful to labs interested in transcription factor function. (genomeweb.com)
  • The transcription factors bind to any number of DNA motifs in the library, those interactions are trapped, and then the readout matches up each motif with the transcription factor via the barcode. (genomeweb.com)
  • To accomplish this goal, various intracellular regions of HER3 were fused to the DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 (Gal4DBD) and tested for their ability to transactivate Gal4 UAS-luciferase. (plos.org)
  • The BD Pharmingen™ Transcription Factor Buffer Set (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • GRs), which ultimately alter transcription through direct DNA binding 31 or transcription factor inactivation 32 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • It was used for transcription factor delivery for reprogramming cells. (tu-dresden.de)
  • Thus Notch acts as both a ligand-binding receptor and a nuclear factor that regulates transcription. (novusbio.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Elevated hepatocyte levels of the Forkhead box A2 (HNF-3beta) transcription factor cause postnatal steatosis and mitochondrial damage. (duke.edu)
  • The Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor Foxa2 (HNF-3beta) and related family members Foxa1 (HNF-3alpha) and Foxa3 (HNF-3gamma) act in concert with other hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) to coordinately regulate liver-specific gene expression. (duke.edu)
  • APECED is due to a monogenic mutation of AIRE (autoimmune regulator) which codes for a transcription factor. (lu.se)
  • Here, we report that Notch signaling also modulates the function of the transcription factor, early B-cell factor (EBF). (lu.se)
  • There was also a significant association between expression of IκBα, which inhibits the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and scores on the positive scale, the negative scale, the general psychopathology scale, as well as the total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. (medscape.com)
  • L-783,281, an antidiabetic fungal metabolite that has previously been shown to activate insulin signaling in CHO cells, was tested for its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and insulin secretion in single mouse pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Intracellular sensors of bacteria, viruses and danger signals. (nature.com)
  • Since some of the aggregate-forming diatom species store nitrate intracellularly, we explored the fate of intracellular nitrate and its availability for microbial metabolism within anoxic diatom-bacteria aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intracellular nitrate was used up within 2-3 days after shifting diatom-bacteria aggregates to dark and anoxic conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • intracellular bacteria infecting free- mission cannot be dismissed. (cdc.gov)
  • Although sulfated GAGs (sGAGs) appear intracellularly, the knowledge about intracellular effects and putative interaction partners is scarce. (degruyter.com)
  • In 2007, autosomal dominant mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 ( STAT3) gene were identified as the molecular cause of this disease. (medscape.com)
  • Although it would be useful to understand how neurons regulate intracellular cytosolic free Zn 2+ concentrations ([Zn 2+ ] i ), at present, the tools available for measuring dynamic changes in [Zn 2+ ] i are limited. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similarly, the intracellular calcium level was higher in the tumor cells compared with the nontransformed cells. (cdc.gov)
  • This confirmed that the overexpression of the proto-oncogenes in the tumor cells required elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and calcium. (cdc.gov)
  • We used the ratioable fluorescent dye mag-fura-5 to measure intracellular free Zn 2+ ([Zn 2+ ] i ) in cultured neocortical neurons exposed to neurotoxic concentrations of Zn 2+ in concert with depolarization or glutamate receptor activation and identified four routes of Zn 2+ entry. (jneurosci.org)
  • Respecting the preferentially intracellular localization of sGAG in vesicle-like structures, also the interaction data indicate sGAG-specific modulation of vesicle-based transport processes. (degruyter.com)
  • The mechanisms that control modulation in transcription and associated phenotypic changes are poorly understood. (plos.org)
  • Exposure of the nontransformed BALB/c-3T3 cells to 20 microM cadmium chloride for 1 h caused elevated intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium, with corresponding increases in the expression levels of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on these data, we conclude that the cadmium -induced overexpression of cellular proto-oncogenes is mediated by the elevation of intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium. (cdc.gov)
  • Stable 15 N isotope incubations under dark and anoxic conditions revealed that axenic S. marinoi is able to reduce intracellular nitrate to ammonium that is immediately excreted by the cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is concluded that L-783,281 evokes [Ca 2+ ] i increases and exocytosis in β-cells via an IRS-1/PI3-K-dependent pathway and that the [Ca 2+ ] i increase involves release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • RNA carries this encoded information to the cells for transcription and translation. (sflorg.com)
  • Distinguished by its ability to profile 100,000 distinct cells from heterogeneous samples without the need for cell sorting, this method integrates cell fixation, in-cell reverse transcription, serial splitting, barcoding, and pooling of samples. (lu.se)
  • Intracellular flow cytometry is a powerful technique for the identification of cell types and the analysis of signaling and functional responses within cell lines and heterogeneous cell samples. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Evidences suggest that Ca 2+ channels TRP and Orai participate in the intracellular Ca 2+ signaling involved the physiological angiogenesis processes [17]. (researchgate.net)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that exhibits stage-specific gene transcription throughout a biphasic developmental cycle. (plos.org)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • A) Intracellular levels of viral RNA quantified by real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • The sequences obtained using the poly(A) tailing method were compared statistically and phylogenetically with those obtained using conventional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with published domain-specific primers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intracellular flow cytometry also provides rich information concerning cellular function and signaling responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and scATAC sequencing (scATACseq) study using the partial carotid ligation mouse model showed flow-regulated Klk10 expression at the epigenomic and transcription levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Functionally, KLK10 protected against d-flow-induced permeability dysfunction and inflammation in human artery ECs, as determined by NFB activation, expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte adhesion. (cdc.gov)
  • Upon ligand binding, additional proteolysis events result in the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). (novusbio.com)
  • Thirty-one percent of the diatom-derived nitrate was converted to nitrogen gas, indicating that a substantial fraction of the intracellular nitrate pool of S. marinoi becomes available to the aggregate-associated bacterial community. (frontiersin.org)