• The activation of the JNK signal transduction pathway by MAP4K4 has been implicated in apoptotic regulation of many different cell types, tumorigenesis and/or inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concerning pro-oxidant properties of p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), the therapeutic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger on PCS triggered inflammatory signaling transduction in osteogenesis was investigated in this translational research. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
  • As an alternative approach, growth factor receptors or components of their signal transduction machinery may be targeted directly. (springer.com)
  • CXCR1 is a class A, rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the largest class of integral membrane proteins responsible for cellular signal transduction and targeted as drug receptors. (rcsb.org)
  • Despite its importance, the molecular mechanism of CXCR1 signal transduction is poorly understood owing to the limited structural information available. (rcsb.org)
  • Features important for intracellular G-protein activation and signal transduction are revealed. (rcsb.org)
  • In fundamental cell biological processes such as signal transduction, enzymatic activity or intracellular fusion during vesicular transport, a large number of proteins are recruited to and released from the cytoplasmic surface of intracellular membranes (Casey et al. (biologists.com)
  • To put this signaling pathway into perspective, I really like this slide adapted from Sir Michael Berridge, which presents an inventory of the known intracellular signal transduction cascades. (hstalks.com)
  • Probably involved in intracellular signal transduction by being involved in the initiation of type I IFN signaling. (lu.se)
  • Most studies of signaling pathways analyze the levels of whole populations of modified/unmodified proteins in a group of cells. (uclv.cu)
  • Our approach revealed the value of quantifying subcellular localization of proteins at ultrastructural level to study intracellular dynamics of key signaling pathways in a relevant therapeutic setting. (uclv.cu)
  • This leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as enzymes or adaptor proteins. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Protein phosphorylation: One of the key events in intracellular signaling is the phosphorylation of proteins by kinases. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Among them are the Sprouty proteins which mainly act as inhibitors of growth factor-dependent neuronal and glial signaling pathways. (springer.com)
  • Can function as a specific repressor of TGF-beta, activin, and BMP signaling through its interaction with the R-SMAD proteins. (hmdb.ca)
  • Pan D, Estevez-Salmeron LD, Stroschein SL, Zhu X, He J, Zhou S, Luo K: The integral inner nuclear membrane protein MAN1 physically interacts with the R-Smad proteins to repress signaling by the transforming growth factor-{beta} superfamily of cytokines. (hmdb.ca)
  • Combining immunopurification and subsequent analytical mass spectrometry, hundreds of proteins, including synaptic vesicle proteins, components of the presynaptic fusion and retrieval machinery, proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular signaling and a large variety of adhesion molecules, were identified. (mdpi.com)
  • In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A class of intracellular signaling proteins that were originally identified as inhibitors of ANGIOSTATIN activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • They play a role in cell signaling pathways such as those involving G-PROTEINS and the HIPPO-SIGNALING PATHWAY. (bvsalud.org)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. (genome.jp)
  • Macrophages respond to intracellular bacterial pathogens and dimorphic fungi through the activation of tol -like receptors (TLR), TNF- receptors, and dectin, among others. (cdc.gov)
  • This induces the release of IL-12 that binds to its receptors on T/NK cells and stimulates the production of IFN-, predominantly through STAT4 signaling, although STAT1 and STAT3 are also engaged. (cdc.gov)
  • IFN- in turn stimulates macrophages through its receptors, using STAT1 and STAT3 to induce TNF, IL-12 and reactive oxygen species to kill intracellular pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations in receptors and intracellular signaling molecules along this pathway increase the susceptibility to mycobacteria, intracel ular bacteria, and dimorphic fungi. (cdc.gov)
  • Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway. (mcw.edu)
  • To mimic human UVC, HASMC model was used to explore whether PCS-induced ROS could trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation that drive context-specific gene/protein expression, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). (tmu.edu.tw)
  • A variety of extrinsic cues converge on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. (nature.com)
  • PKCζ-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Mediates Crotalphine-Induced Antinociception. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The opioid receptor activation regulates a variety of intracellular signaling, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • However, key signaling and cellular processes signal through different complexes and/or from various cellular compartments and differentially in individual cells. (uclv.cu)
  • To restore homeostasis under stress, cells adjust intracellular signaling and membrane contact sites (MCSs) allowing various processes such as organelle dynamics and autophagy. (uclv.cu)
  • By using this methodology we have been able to link preferential subcellular localization and intracellular trafficking of key viral and host signaling molecules with remodeling of cellular membranes and processes. (uclv.cu)
  • moreover, TNF-α can elevate MAP4K4 expression using transcription factors The JNK pathway is implicated in a number of physiological processes and involves JNKs - kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of a downstream protein called c-Jun. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • Tokumitsu and Sakagami, 2022 ), which is a possible link between Ca 2+ -dependent and phosphorylation-dependent signaling processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study we aim to review the basic research studies published in the last years in order to know the molecules and pathways involved in the processes which cause apoptosis of the different types of retinal cells. (isciii.es)
  • Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by kinases plays crucial roles in regulating a variety of intracellular processes. (nih.gov)
  • This unit will cover how key signalling pathways in cells transduce extracellular signals to regulate gene expression and cellular processes such as growth and apoptosis. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Early and objective assessment of drug response with emphasis on intracellular cell signalling processes including proliferation, MAP kinase pathway/PI3 kinase pathway activities and apoptosis. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Finally, further experimental research studies are needed to evaluate the complex mechanisms by which lead may cause cancer with particular emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress / apoptosis and the roles of cellular defense mechanisms, signaling pathways and intracellular lead binding patterns in mediating these processes. (who.int)
  • Current evidence therefore suggests that MAP4K4 has a modulating effect on p53 induced apoptosis in the JNK signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caspases are proteases that take part in the intracellular signaling pathways that cause apoptosis in different cell types. (isciii.es)
  • Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)
  • In recent years, the search for intracellular signaling integrator downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases provided valuable novel substrates. (springer.com)
  • Intracellular signalling pathways: covering the major pathways in cells (MAPK, PI3K-AKT, mTOR, JAK-STAT, SMAD, IKK-NF- k B, Wnt), their components and key roles of protein kinases and phosphatases. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Here we show that leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS) plays a critical role in amino acid-induced mTORC1 activation by sensing intracellular leucine concentration and initiating molecular events leading to mTORC1 activation. (nih.gov)
  • In a review published in Chinese Medical Journal , researchers comprehensively summarize the molecular pathways and tumor microenvironment alterations across DLBCL that contribute to drug resistance and suggest a tailored treatment approach by screening for predictors of drug resistance. (news-medical.net)
  • Their article describes in detail various aspects of tumor biology, including molecular pathways, tumor microenvironment, clonal evolution (selective growth of particular cells) and cell of origin that can help identify potential mechanisms and predictive biomarkers of drug resistance. (news-medical.net)
  • Molecular signaling pathways control the intracellular decisions of cell growth. (news-medical.net)
  • First, we define on molecular and cellular levels the signals that induce synapse formation. (yale.edu)
  • Further, this review recapitulates the recent advancement related to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms comprising protein phosphorylation and cell signaling, culminating in neuroinflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • While most molecular biologists thought signaling pathways worked by sensing signals extrinsic to the cell and relaying the information to the nucleus, Elledge was proposing an internal signaling pathway that senses cell-intrinsic events. (the-scientist.com)
  • Collectively, our data demonstrate PCS induces osteogenesis through triggering intracellular ROS, pERK/pJNK/pP38 MAPK pathways and NF-κB translocation to drive Runx2 and ALP expressions, culminating in UVC. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • However, whether PKCζ-MAPK signaling is critical for crotalphine-induced antinociception is unknown. (iasp-pain.org)
  • While the major signaling pathways that contribute to DLBCL have been uncovered, variations in the genes involved in these pathways can differentially impact treatment response, suggesting that one treatment may not benefit all patients. (news-medical.net)
  • In humans, the shorter isoform of MAP4K4 is predominantly expressed in organs including the liver, placenta, skeletal muscles while a longer isoform is expressed in the brain Evidence from mammalian and fly studies indicate that MAP4K4 is involved with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and its c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCS directly phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/P38 (pERK/pJNK/pP38) and modulated NF-κB translocation to promote expressions of Runx2 and ALP in HASMC. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Ca 2+ /CaM binds to the death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • This effect was found to depend on the Ca 2+ increase mediated by the phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, as well as by the reverse activity of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger. (molvis.org)
  • Our results unveil a novel player in the complex regulation of OPC biology, on the one hand showing that JNK1 ablation cell-autonomously determines alterations of OPC proliferation and branching architecture and, on the other hand, suggesting that JNK1 signaling in OLs participates in myelination in vivo. (nature.com)
  • The effects of these treatments were evaluated by T cell functions analysis including proliferation, cytokine production, intracellular signaling pathways activation, and adhesion to brain vessels. (disabled-world.com)
  • In X-linked SCID, loss of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) function leads to the loss of a lymphocyte proliferation signal. (medscape.com)
  • Feedback mechanisms: Intracellular signaling pathways are often regulated by feedback mechanisms, such as negative feedback loops that dampen the signaling response. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • These feedback mechanisms help to maintain the proper balance of intracellular signaling and prevent overactivation or dysregulation. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Understanding the mechanisms of intracellular signaling is an important area of research for developing new therapies for these diseases. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • The intracellular signaling mechanisms instructing synapse development remain incompletely understood. (yale.edu)
  • The activation of signaling molecules has biological significance, including the promotion or inhibition of disease mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of synergism or antagonism among intracellular signaling pathways remain elusive. (cdc.gov)
  • Identify targetable mechanisms and pathways underlying initiation and progression of SIDD. (lu.se)
  • Occupational injuries and toxicant exposures lead to the development of neuroinflammation by activating distinct mechanistic signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in the disruption of neuronal function leading to neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • This can occur in response to second messenger production or other downstream signaling events. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Notably, intracellular ROS scavenger attenuated pERK signaling cascade and downstream osteogenic differentiation. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • One example is our identification of the GTPase activator Farp1 as a novel postsynaptic protein that acts downstream of SynCAM adhesion and Semaphorin/Plexin signaling to promote synapse number and dendrite differentiation. (yale.edu)
  • Intracellular signaling pathways are activated by extracellular signal molecules through a complex series of events that allow cells to respond to their environment. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Binding of extracellular signal molecule: The extracellular signal molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to its receptor on the surface of the target cell. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Receptor activation: Binding of the extracellular signal molecule to the receptor causes a conformational change in the receptor that activates its intracellular domain. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Overall, the activation of intracellular signaling pathways by extracellular signal molecules is a complex process that allows cells to respond to their environment and coordinate their activities. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • Increased synthesis under pathological conditions makes Sprouty2 an attractive pharmacological target to enhance intracellular signaling activities, notably the ERK pathway, in affected neurons or activated astrocytes. (springer.com)
  • The accuracy and precision of brain signaling are primarily based on interactions involving neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and dendritic cells within the CNS. (cdc.gov)
  • This review highlights astrocytes' role in health and neurological/neurodegenerative diseases arising from the omnidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons at the tripartite synapse. (cdc.gov)
  • The cells of our body integrate signals from multiple stimuli in order to mount appropriate physiological responses. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Upon binding, p53 up-regulates MAP4K4 expression leading to the activation of the JNK signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • The intracellular loops of GPCRs are crucial for G-protein interactions, and activation of CXCR1 involves both amino-terminal residues and extracellular loops. (rcsb.org)
  • A case study shows that analyzing the phosphoproteome profile of time-dependent cell activation obtained from Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, the RegPhos deciphered not only the consistent scheme in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway but also novel regulatory molecules that may involve in it. (nih.gov)
  • EMT was mediated via canonical TGF-β1 signaling with concomitant up-regulation of SMAD-interacting protein 1. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling plays an important role in the regulation of many cellular functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Reactive glial cells secrete a wide variety of signaling molecules in response to neuronal perturbations and thus play a crucial role in the progression and regulation of central nervous system (CNS) injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Transcriptional regulation by signalling pathways: roles of transcription factors and chromatin modifications. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Transient transfection of intracellular Notch1 (Notch1-IC) into a pre-B cell line resulted in the down-regulation of EBF-regulated promoters and diminished the capacity of EBF to activate these promoters in an epithelial cell line. (lu.se)
  • This was associated with DIM‐enhanced phosphorylation of the signaling intermediates Akt, insulin receptor substrate‐1, and insulin receptor early in differentiation. (researchgate.net)
  • Spry1, Spry2, and Spry4 but not Spry3 are induced transcriptionally and limit the duration and intensity mainly of ERK phosphorylation in response to growth factor (GF) stimulation (with the exception of EGF signaling). (springer.com)
  • In parallel, the roles of protein phosphorylation and cell signaling in eliciting neuroinflammation are evolving. (cdc.gov)
  • These signals are transmitted to specific targets within the cell by intracellular signalling pathways that employ post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Introduction to cell signalling: signalling networks, protein-protein interactions, protein phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurological disorders. (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • RegPhos 2.0 aims to provide a more comprehensive view of intracellular signaling networks by integrating the information of metabolic pathways and protein-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
  • Most of the other pathways in this list rely on metabolic reactions for their initiation and termination, calcium differs in an important way from these other pathways in that as an inorganic cation, calcium can be neither created nor destroyed. (hstalks.com)
  • To this end, we currently use several (conditional) knock-out mice and cell lines to study gene expression patterns, metabolic profiles, protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Our work has shown that SynCAMs have signaling roles and we are elucidating these pathways. (yale.edu)
  • Alterations in the B-cell receptor, PI3K-Akt, NF-kB, and JAK-STAT3 pathways can also cause drug resistance. (news-medical.net)
  • Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. (hmdb.ca)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • Lin F, Morrison JM, Wu W, Worman HJ: MAN1, an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane, binds Smad2 and Smad3 and antagonizes transforming growth factor-beta signaling. (hmdb.ca)
  • Calcium moves across the plasma membrane through pathways such as the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), or the sodium calcium exchanger, these are important in expelling calcium from the cell. (hstalks.com)
  • This work package utilises our large islet RNA data sets as well as a new human islet cell encyclopedia generated by single-cell RNA sequencing, and focuses on miRNA translation pathways, membrane receptor and intracellular Ca2+ signalling pathways. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
  • We review the lines of investigation that have indicated a critical role for MMPs in TB pathogenesis, consider regulatory pathways driving MMPs and propose that inhibition of MMP activity is a realistic goal as adjunctive therapy to limit immunopathology in TB. (ersjournals.com)
  • Upon Ca 2+ binding, CaM is capable of interacting with hundreds of protein targets to regulate the wealth of intracellular signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • From the perspective of translational medicine, PCS and intracellular ROS could serve as potential therapeutic targets for UVC in CKD patients. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre fosters interdisciplinary research in cancer imaging - combining strengths in probe design with synthetic chemistry, probe validation in pre-clinical models, analytical software development, signal processing/visualisation, and clinical validation to translate biomedical discoveries into health benefits in the short to medium term, particularly in the areas of cancer drug development and therapeutic management of patients. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Taken together, targeting Sprouties as intracellular inhibitors of the ERK pathway holds great promise for the treatment of various neurological disorders including gliomas. (springer.com)
  • The Notch signaling pathway is involved in several lineage commitment and differentiation events. (lu.se)
  • RTK-dependent signaling pathways provide a variety of targets for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in which neurotrophins and other growth factors are released [ 8 , 9 ] (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
  • Second messenger production: Many intracellular signaling pathways involve the production of second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or inositol triphosphate (IP3). (pharmacyinfoline.com)
  • IM-induced autophagy did not involve c-Abl or Bcl-2 activity but was associated with ER stress and was suppressed by depletion of intracellular Ca2+, suggesting it is mechanistically. (lu.se)
  • Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)
  • The ligand-activated intracellular signalling pathways result in neutrophil migration to the site of inflammation. (rcsb.org)
  • Inflammation normally occurs when the immune system sends signaling molecules and white blood cells to a site of injury or disease to fight microbial invaders and help with tissue repair. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our findings suggest that DIM may ameliorate hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of PKC-α and TGF-β1 signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • Second messengers: calcium, cAMP and phospholipid signalling. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Welcome to this lecture on extracellular calcium signaling. (hstalks.com)
  • So it's powerful signaling actions can only be controlled by moving the calcium ion about in different locations inside and outside the cell, or by temporarily buffering it. (hstalks.com)
  • Calcium can enter through pathways such as store-operated, voltage-operated, or receptor-operated calcium channels. (hstalks.com)
  • All of this transport activity is, of course, exceedingly important in shaping the intracellular calcium signal. (hstalks.com)
  • In today's talk, I'm going to discuss the emerging idea that these calcium fluctuations outside the cell may serve as signals in their own right. (hstalks.com)
  • 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • It will also provide an understanding of how disruption of these pathways can lead to diseases such as cancer and stroke. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Analyzing synaptic changes in vivo, we have applied proteomic studies of synapses in mouse models with altered synaptogenesis to dissect signaling pathways. (yale.edu)
  • Thus, shared immuno-inflammatory pathways underpin the physiology of sickness behavior and the pathophysiology of clinical depression explaining their partially overlapping phenomenology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have analysed the mechanism by which palmitoylation permits the progression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) along the ER-Golgi-TGN pathway. (biologists.com)
  • Several lines of evidence suggest that they function as a receptor-channel complex, but what they sense and signal is poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • First, it points to unexpected connection between pathways involved in autoimmunity and allergy and suggests previously unrecognized connections between these very different types of immune responses. (disabled-world.com)
  • A committee of experts, initially sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), meets every 2 years with the goal to classify the group of primary immunodeficiency diseases according to current understanding of the pathways that become defective in the immune system. (medscape.com)