• Many of these pathogens, particularly the intracellular protozoa that predominantly affect the small intestine, produce their most devastating effects in patients with HIV/AIDS and other forms of immune deficiency. (qxmd.com)
  • The most important intestinal protozoan pathogens. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Fascinated about how microbes establish safe niches in host organisms, remaining silent and undetected by host immune defenses, he has been studying the mechanisms of pathogen persistence in host cells, focused on immunology and cell biology of the interplay between myeloid cells and the intracellular pathogens Leishmania spp. (ciil.fr)
  • In addition, the role that the innate immune response plays on intracellular pathogens such as Neospora could be sizeable. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extracellular pathogens spread by direct extension of the focus of infection through the lymphatics or the bloodstream. (nih.gov)
  • It is recommended that KOH smears, cultures, or other diagnostic methods be used to confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous or mucocutaneous candidiasis and to rule out infection caused by other pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclosporiasis is caused by an obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • chronic infection, which is crucial for management of Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular op- pregnant women. (who.int)
  • It is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. (who.int)
  • Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites are widely distributed obligate intracellular protozoa. (benthamscience.com)
  • Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)
  • Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites and, recently, have also been linked to the Fungi kingdom. (aao.org)
  • Scrapings or biopsy material obtained from the ulcer can show intracellular parasites by Giemsa or immunofluorescent stains. (aao.org)
  • Infections then remain largely asymptomatic for years, or even decades (with few or no parasites detectable in the circulation). (bnitm.de)
  • Like in chronic viral infections, these parasites persist throughout the host's lifetime and have developed mechanisms to evade attack and elimination by the immune system. (bnitm.de)
  • Although strong CD8 + T cell responses, in concert with other immune effectors, control the acute phase of infection, they fail to completely clear all parasites and resolve the inflammation process, leading to parasite persistence and to chronic infection and inflammation. (bnitm.de)
  • The organisms that cause infections are very diverse and can include things like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. (chemscene.com)
  • are opportunistic protozoan parasites that are widely distributed throughout the environment ( 12 , 18 ). (asm.org)
  • Although these infections are usually either asymptomatic or associated with self-limited symptoms in adults (e.g., fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy), infections in pregnant women can cause serious health problems in the foetus if the parasites are transmitted (i.e., congenital toxoplasmosis) and cause severe sequelae in the infant including mental retardation, blindness and epilepsy [12]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • The results of the present study confirmed that Plasmodium infection-induced lncRNA expression is a novel mechanism used by Plasmodium parasites to modify host immune signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The goal of this project is to investigate the mechanism leading to the modulation of mTOR and IDO by the two GI tract parasites that display contrasting lifestyles (intracellular vs extracellularly adherent). (fu-berlin.de)
  • a Multiple intracellular parasites may be seen in acute infections. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Microsporidia are obligate intracellular spore-forming eukaryotic protozoan parasites, some of which are pathogenic in humans [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. (bvsalud.org)
  • The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites from more than 20 Leishmania species. (who.int)
  • Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. (who.int)
  • Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by different species of the obligate intracellular protozoa Leishmania. (annals.edu.sg)
  • The infection caused by Leishmania, an intracellular protozoan parasite, can show different clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic or subclinical to symptomatic dogs, in which a wide spectrum of clinical signs is evident. (unl.pt)
  • Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum is a chronic systemic disease that is endemic in certain parts of the world. (unl.pt)
  • Leishmania is a genus of flagellate protozoa. (aao.org)
  • In this study, we analyse the haplotypes of genes encoding cytokines related to immune response of Leishmania infantum infection in twenty-four Boxers and twenty-eight Ibizan Hounds apparently healthy using CanineHD DNA Analysis BeadChip including 165,480 mapped positions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Leishmania protozoan was first described in 1903 by Leishman and Donovan, working separately. (aafp.org)
  • Control of the intracellular protozoan, Leishmania major , requires major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent antigen presentation and CD4 + T cell T helper cell 1 (Th1) differentiation. (silverchair.com)
  • Leishmania major is an intracellular protozoan that infects and multiplies within macrophages, although it can also infect Langerhans cells (LCs), DCs, and neutrophils ( 1 , 2 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Toll-Like Receptors and their Role in Host Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii, Immune Response to Parasitic Infections Protozoa (2010) 1: 98. (benthamscience.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is due to infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite. (marylanddailygazette.com)
  • 1396). 'Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ewes in Khorramabad, west of Iran: A preliminary molecular study', , 11(3), pp. 209-215. (ac.ir)
  • BACKGROUND: The parasitic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii is widely prevalent in humans and warm-blooded animals. (ac.ir)
  • OBJECTIVES: This preliminary study was conducted to assess the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii infection in tissue samples of ewes slaughtered in Khorramabad, west of Iran. (ac.ir)
  • This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and factors associated with it. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan infection caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Infection due to Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide zoonosis, the organism infects herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals, including birds [2,3]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Four ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta ) in the Taipei Zoo died of acute Toxoplasma infection in June 2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, a general survey of Toxoplasma infection in animals in the Zoo seems to be needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An indirect multispecies ELISA was used for the first time to screen for Toxoplasma infection in 326 serum samples collected from 75 species of animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The infection rate of Toxoplasma was 27% (88/326). (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the serological investigation, we speculated that over one-third (36.2%) of animals in Taipei Zoo presented the infection of Toxoplasma , and the indirect multispecies ELISA we used can be applied to detect Toxoplasma infection in 31 animal species included in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes an important disease, toxoplasmosis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection of Toxoplasma is contracted mainly by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, owners of cats as companion animals may acquire Toxoplasma infections from their pets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii selectively reprograms the host cell translatome Infection and Immunity , vol. 86 , nº 9:e00244-18. (inrs.ca)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii . (glowm.com)
  • Further, tests to detect toxoplasma infection during pregnancy have improved and become more reliable. (glowm.com)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is a wide spread protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • Understanding and documenting serological epidemiology and associated risk factors about Toxoplasma gondii infection is crucial to offering appropriate interventions to prevent such fetal pathology. (who.int)
  • Based on serological surveys, the incidence of primary has a worldwide distribution, affecting about one third maternal toxoplasma infection ranges from 1 to 8 per of the human population ( 1,2 ). (who.int)
  • Stained buffy coat smears are recommended to detect bacteria, spirochetes, and Leucocytozoon , Trypanosoma , or Isospora infections. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Kinoshita-Yanaga AT, Toledo MJ, Araújo SM, Vier BP, Gomes ML. Accidental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi follow-up by the polymerase chain reaction: case report. (medscape.com)
  • This photomicrograph of a bladder tissue sample, revealed the presence of numerous, parasitic, Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa, which had entered the intracellular, amastigote phase of their lifecycle. (cdc.gov)
  • Wolf, Cowan, and Paige (1937-1939) determined that these findings represented the syndrome of severe congenital T gondii infection. (medscape.com)
  • Among immunodeficient individuals, toxoplasmosis most often occurs in those with defects of T-cell-mediated immunity, such as those with hematologic malignancies, bone marrow and solid organ transplants, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ).In most immunocompetent individuals, primary or chronic (latent) T gondii infection is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • A critical host mediator produced in response to T. gondii infection is IL-12. (benthamscience.com)
  • Thus, selective reprogramming of host mRNA translation represents an important subversion strategy during T. gondii infection. (inrs.ca)
  • To determine the seroepidemiological status and major risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among preg- nant women in Kuwait. (who.int)
  • This is believed to be the first study of T. gondii infection and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Kuwait. (who.int)
  • A weeks showing a 2-fold rise in IgG titre or positive IgM decline in seroprevalence of T. gondii infection has been indicates recent/acute infection. (who.int)
  • This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Studies have shown that bacterial materials and DNA can persist in host tissue for some years after infection, so it is possible that ongoing immunity against the bacteria may lead to bystander damage to the organ. (jontristermd.com)
  • Nystatin exhibits no appreciable activity against bacteria, protozoa, or viruses. (nih.gov)
  • More than 500 species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are identified in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Intestinal Protozoan and Microsporidia Infections Protozoa is a loose term for certain nucleated, unicellular organisms (eukaryotes) that lack a cell wall and are neither animals, plants, nor fungi. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The infection produces a wide range of clinical syndromes in humans, land and sea mammals, and various bird species. (medscape.com)
  • The infection produces an extensive variety of medical syndromes in humans, land and sea mammals, and various fowl species. (marylanddailygazette.com)
  • Acanthamoeba species are protozoa (unicellular eukaryotes) that can cause an isolated infection of the human cornea as their primary disease in humans. (aao.org)
  • Although treatment has been available for several decades for giardiasis, isosporiasis and amoebiasis, until recently there have been no effective remedies for infection with intestinal coccidia--Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium and Cyclospora species. (qxmd.com)
  • The clinical manifestations depend on the infecting species and include gastroenteritis, involvement of the eyes, or disseminated infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The infection rate increased to 36.2% (118/326), and the indirect multispecies ELISA appeared to be applicable to 31 of 75 species animals included in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2 Since then, this organism has been found to be a complex grouping of species, at least 20 of which cause infections in humans. (aafp.org)
  • Type 2 cell-mediated immunity is a general feature of helminth infection regardless of the multivariate sites of colonization of the numerous helminth species [ 11 ] and is conserved from jawed fish to mammals [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Clinical symptoms and disease associated with microsporidiosis vary with the species that causes the infection and the host's immune status [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • N. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nystatin acts by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of susceptible species resulting in a change in membrane permeability and the subsequent leakage of intracellular components. (nih.gov)
  • Nystatin Cream USP is indicated in the treatment of cutaneous or mucocutaneous mycotic infections caused by Candida albicans and other susceptible Candida species. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, health education on the disease and its transmission should be given to the public routinely which will help preventing T. gondii and other zoonotic infections. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • In addition, infection with larval stages of Taeniids remains an important zoonotic problem. (hindawi.com)
  • These findings illustrate that complex biological life cycles canchange rapidly and dramatically, thus presenting a constant source of new zoonotic infections. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • The problematic opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of infection in patients with underlying or immunocompromising conditions. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, the ability of the pathogen to build biofilms and to persist e.g. in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients facilitates the establishment of chronic infections, which are largely recalcitrant to antimicrobial therapies. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, clearance of an infection is not only dependent on the ability of the host to induce an immune response following pathogen recognition, but also on the strategies of the pathogen to evade immune defense mechanisms and to express pathogenicity factors allowing them to establish a niche in the host. (elifesciences.org)
  • The innate immune response against B. abortus infection begins with the recognition of molecular structures related to this pathogen by receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The Chronicity of Viral Infections [CVI] is an Emergent Team investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving pathogen persistence in myeloid cells. (ciil.fr)
  • Education about the primary prevention of toxoplasmosis has decreased the rate of primary infection, but it is still an important pathogen. (glowm.com)
  • Chapter 2 also discusses how NK cells are activated in response to intracellular infections, and how a local inflammatory response and induced cytokines and chemokines can bring more effector cells and molecules to the site of an infection while preventing pathogen spread into the blood. (nih.gov)
  • The up-regulation of Tim-3 has been associated with a negative regulation of the immune response in chronic viral infection and cancer models. (bnitm.de)
  • They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
  • These differentially expressed immune-related genes were deemed to have a role in the process of Plasmodium infection in the host via dendritic/T regulatory cells and the TGF-β/Smad 2/3 signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Future studies are needed to elucidate whether these differences and haplotypes are related to different phenotypes in immune response and expression gene regulation to L. infantum infections in dogs and their possible application in new treatments and vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The immune response against Brucella infection involves many molecules and cells to trigger a Th1 immune response and activation of CD8+ T cells [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The CIIL studies bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases and the immune reaction against these infections as well as related immune dysfunctions of non-infectious diseases such as allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (pluginlabs-hautsdefrance.fr)
  • Helminth infections induce strong type 2 cell-mediated immune responses, characterized among other things by production of high levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13. (hindawi.com)
  • In summary, this study confirms the pivotal role of systemic and local immune responses at different times of gestation during N. caninum infection in sheep. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, they can prevent an infection being established, or failing that, contain it while an adaptive immune response develops. (nih.gov)
  • Despite the heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of immune defects, common cutaneous manifestations and typical infections can provide clinical clues in diagnosing this pediatric emergency. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa. (qxmd.com)
  • Pathogenic intestinal protozoa are responsible for clinically important infections in both the developed and the developing world. (qxmd.com)
  • There are also various intestinal protozoa that do not seem to have any adverse effects on humans and can, therefore, be regarded as harmless commensal organisms. (qxmd.com)
  • Many intestinal parasitic infections are spread through fecal contamination of food or water. (merckmanuals.com)
  • As an example, the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus produces a TGF- β mimic during its invasive stages causing the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice [ 9 ], a T cell subset that controls immunity in infection, allergy, and autoimmunity [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Trypanocidal drug that acts on circulating trypomastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes. (medscape.com)
  • Clearance of L. major in resistant C57Bl/6 mice requires IL-12-driven Th1 CD4 + T cells and macrophage activation for the killing of intracellular amastigotes ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
  • An important concept in the evaluation of data regarding transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) is the definition of a case. (medscape.com)
  • are intracellular spore-forming organisms that used to be classified as protozoa, but genetic analysis indicates that they are fungi or closely related to them. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The phylum Apicomplexa contains organisms that shareapical specializations related to their polarized attachment and entry into host cells All extant lineages of the Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular para-sites. (pdfmedarticles.com)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infection characterized by fever, weight loss, and hepatosplenomegaly, and it is usually fatal without treatment. (aafp.org)
  • Nystatin Cream USP should not be used for the treatment of systemic, oral, intravaginal or ophthalmic infections. (nih.gov)
  • [ 2 ] Therefore, specific infections in the oral cavity may create foci of infection that may affect systemic health. (medscape.com)
  • Flowchart showing the possible mechanisms linking oral/dental infections to systemic diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba castellanii is a serious human infection with fatal consequences, but it is not clear how the circulating amoebae interact with the blood-brain barrier and transmigrate into the central nervous system. (asm.org)
  • Given the host susceptibility and correct environmental conditions, Acanthamoeba can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a fatal central nervous system (CNS) infection that occurs in immunocompromised patients ( 7 - 10 , 11 , 19 ). (asm.org)
  • However, the host intracellular signaling pathways and the molecular mechanisms associated with Acanthamoeba -mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity have not been determined. (asm.org)
  • It consists of 2 forms: tachyzoites (the rapidly dividing form observed in the acute phase of infection) and bradyzoites (the slowly growing form observed in tissue cysts). (medscape.com)
  • T gondii oocysts, tachyzoites, and bradyzoites can cause infection in humans. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Transmission of tachyzoites to the fetus can occur via the placenta following primary maternal infection. (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, infection by tachyzoites occurs from ingestion of unpasteurized milk or by direct entry into the bloodstream through a blood transfusion or laboratory accident. (medscape.com)
  • Oocysts do not sporulate below 4°C or above 37°C. 4 The second form, referred to as tachyzoites, survive and multiply only in an intracellular location. (glowm.com)
  • We have recently demonstrated that the outcome of experimental infection of pregnant sheep with 10 6 Nc-Spain7 tachyzoites is strongly dependent on the time of gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fetal infection occurs only during the acute phase of infection, when T. gondii in maternal blood are transported to the placenta and fetus. (glowm.com)
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis usually is a subclinical infection. (medscape.com)
  • Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does no longer seem to affect T gondii seropositivity, and there does now not seem like any difference inside the charge of toxoplasmosis contamination among sufferers with AIDS with and without cats. (marylanddailygazette.com)
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis of newborn resulting from infection of the mother while she was pregnant is probably the most common form in man [6]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • When acquired during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis often goes unrecognized in the mother, but it can produce a severe congenital infection with ocular and neurologic damage to the infant. (glowm.com)
  • Thus, fetal infection has not been reported in women with chronic toxoplasmosis that occurred before pregnancy. (glowm.com)
  • Flow cytometric detection of intracellular antigens has become a standard method in establishing proper leukemic cell lineage affiliation. (ijpmonline.org)
  • Regarding the detection of intracellular antigens, standardization of the procedure remains, however, a real challenge. (ijpmonline.org)
  • Detection of intracellular antigens by flow cytometry (FCM) requires effective fixation and permeabilization of the cell membrane. (ijpmonline.org)
  • MHC II + DCs prime CD4 + Th1 cells to nominal antigens ( 5 ) and could fulfill this role during L. major infection ( 1 ). (silverchair.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against the intracellular protozoan Encephalitozoon cuniculi in healthy pet rabbits. (slu.se)
  • In mice, virus-specific antibodies arise soon after infection, followed by antibodies to several cardiac proteins such as myosin, tropomyosin and actin. (jontristermd.com)
  • 4 ). important to detect infection early in pregnancy to Serological testing to detect specific anti- T. gondii IgG prevent congenital fetal infection and minimize the risk and/or IgM antibodies is the first step in the diagnosis of of serious congenital conditions ( 8,9 ). (who.int)
  • Antibody formation elicited in response to the parasite converts the parasite from the trophozoite to the tissue cyst form, and the parasite no longer circulates in blood to cause congenital infection. (glowm.com)
  • [ 4 ] Skin infections were significantly more prevalent in those with congenital defects in phagocyte number, function, or both, as well as in those with well-defined immunodeficiencies. (medscape.com)
  • The VL form causes around 20,000 to 40,000 deaths in humans, with 200,000 to 400,000 new infections per year, being one of the most relevant parasitic diseases [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microsporidial infections of the ocular surface in humans are rare diseases. (springeropen.com)
  • To determine risks for interspecies transmission, we examined data for 13 free-ranging, black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) that died of HuAHV1 infection and had been in close contact with humans in anthropized areas in Brazil during 2012-2019. (cdc.gov)
  • Future studies are needed to investigate possible differences in transmission of NAb following infection vs vaccination and its impact on TR. (bvsalud.org)
  • Probable vertical transmission of Alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7) with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the syncytiotrophoblast, a case report. (cdc.gov)
  • INTRODUCTION: Definitive vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been rarely reported. (cdc.gov)
  • DISCUSSION: These findings suggest vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, supported by clinical course timing, identical SARS-CoV-2 genotypes from maternal, placental, and infant samples, and IHC and EM evidence of placental infection. (cdc.gov)
  • We also work on opportunistic infections in the context of cystic fibrosis which is the most frequent human genetic disease. (pluginlabs-hautsdefrance.fr)
  • Our projects focus on the contribution of the co-inhibitory receptors and their pathways in the regulation of T cells during T. cruzi infection. (bnitm.de)
  • These compounds generally penetrate cell membranes, act on specific target proteins in cells, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and cause some changes in cell phenotype. (chemscene.com)
  • To make a diagnosis of infection with an intracellular blood protozoan on a thin blood film, it first should be determined that the organisms in question are neither normal structures nor artifacts. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • It is one of the most prevalent chronic infections affecting one third of the world's human population [1]. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • RESULTS: For the 173 mother-infant pairs included in our study, the median gestational age (GA) at delivery was 39.4 weeks of gestation (WG), and 29.7 WG at maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Measle TR was superior to NAb TR even in case of 1st or 2nd trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • We present a case of a third trimester pregnancy with fetal distress necessitating cesarean section that demonstrated maternal, placental, and infant infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant/B.1.1.7. (cdc.gov)
  • is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete bacterium transmitted by the Deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Parasitic helminths generally induce strong type 2 immunity that normally controls parasite infection and is characterized by production of type 2 cytokines like interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-5, and IL-13 by innate cells (group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and CD4 + T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • However, research on the role of host lncRNAs during Plasmodium infection is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal variations in infection rates relate to the activity of arthropod vectors. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • We can take advantage of a variety of helminth models available, each of which have their own feature including life cycle, site of infection, or pathological mechanisms influencing macrophage biology. (hindawi.com)
  • sex and site of infection (P0.05). (bvsalud.org)
  • Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur, and little damage will be caused unless the agent is able to spread from the original site of infection or can secrete toxins that can spread to other parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • They establish a site of infection on the epithelial surface in the lumen of the gut and cause no direct pathology themselves, but they secrete toxins that cause damage either in situ or after crossing the epithelial barrier and entering the circulation. (nih.gov)
  • The Center for Infection & Immunity of Lille (CIIL) develops research projects on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases with the aim to apply this knowledge to the development of improved diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics. (pluginlabs-hautsdefrance.fr)
  • The process of infection can be broken down into stages, each of which can be blocked by different defense mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • [ 5 , 7 ] Although the underlying mechanisms are complex, the chronic inflammatory state and microbial burden in people with periodontal disease may predispose them to cardiovascular diseases in ways proposed for other infections. (medscape.com)
  • Despite not having a standardized measurement parameter, the excess of neutrophil extracellular traps corresponds conception, manuscript to the severity of tissue damage observed in patients with respiratory tract infections, revealing the important prognostic role design, literature search, data of the neutrophil response and NETosis process in pulmonary infectious diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • This article is an attempt to describe different approaches to detect intracellular molecules by FCM. (ijpmonline.org)
  • Such evolution may be explained by different phenomena, the most evident being that many helminths undertake specific multiorgan migratory trajectories before reaching their final destination such as the lung, intestine, liver, or blood vessels where they can persist and cause chronic infections. (hindawi.com)
  • An infection occurs when another organism enters a person's body and causes disease. (chemscene.com)
  • It has been agreed that these outcomes depend greatly on the period of gestation in which infection occurs [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, once an infant develops serious infections, intervention is rarely successful. (medscape.com)
  • Oral swabs had the highest prevalence of C. albicans followed by vaginal/urethral samples (52.6 vs. 29.7) subjects had C. albicans infection at more than one collection site. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma hominis) infection and their drug sensitivity patterns in women. (bvsalud.org)
  • Parasitic infections due to protozoa and helminths are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. (merckmanuals.com)
  • An important aspect about type 2 cell-mediated responses against parasitic helminths is that they are induced for controlling parasite infection but they also mediate the tolerance of parasite persistence [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The goals of pharmacotherapy are to eradicate the infection, to prevent the development of or progression of clinical manifestations, and to reduce morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Protozoa can multiply in their human hosts, increasing in number to cause overwhelming infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Understanding the mechanistic and molecular basis of co-inhibitory receptor expression during T. cruzi infection is an important goal and is imperative for the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches against disease and for effective vaccine development. (bnitm.de)
  • Influenza infection rewires energy metabolism and induces browning features in adipose cells and tissues. (pluginlabs-hautsdefrance.fr)
  • The project is best suited for candidates that combine their interest in parasitology with a quest for deeper understanding of the link between infection and metabolism and regulation of the latter. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Here, we reviewed the recent advances from the laboratory mouse about macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions during parasitic helminth infection. (hindawi.com)
  • Studies on mouse models of helminth infections have provided essential findings towards understanding type 2 immunity induction as well as its effector functions [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • MHC II-positive macrophages are a primary target of infection and a crucial effector cell controlling parasite growth, yet their function as antigen-presenting cells remains controversial. (silverchair.com)