Intracellular proteins autophagy. Medical search. Frequent questions

The homeostasis of all eukaryotic cells depends on their "greening" ability to use a lysosomal pathway known as autophagy to degrade and recycle self-components. (upenn.edu)
Using a series of genetic, biochemical, molecular and cell biological, and computational approaches in model organisms from Drosophila to Zebrafish to mice, we have defined both canonical and non-degradative functions of UVRAG and the autophagy pathway in multiple endomembrane trafficking (Nat Cell Bio. (upenn.edu)
ATG16L1 appears to be an essential protein for the function of intestinal stem cells, morphological structure of intestinal cells and granule exocytosis pathway of the Paneth cells in animal models. (wikipedia.org)
Through autophagy viral particles are delivered into the lysosome degradation pathway and interrogate with a specific type of pattern recognition receptor to initiate type I interferon (IFN-I) expression and viral clearance. (wikipedia.org)
Mutation of LRS amino acid residues important for leucine binding renders the mTORC1 pathway insensitive to intracellular levels of amino acids. (nih.gov)
The aberrant kinase activity of pathogenic LRRK2 mutations apparently induce neurodegeneration by disturbing intracellular processes such as protein translation, endolysosomal pathway, autophagy, synaptic functions, and cytoskeleton dynamics. (medscape.com)
Consequently, several therapeutic agents such as adiponectin, ezetimibe, GABA tea, geniposide, liraglutide, guava extract, and vitamin D were shown to inhibit diabetes and its complications through modulation of the autophagy pathway. (frontiersin.org)
The prominent role of autophagy signaling pathway was supported by the alteration of autophagy markers in patients and animal models of T1DM, T2DM, and gestational diabetes. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway involving the digestion of intracellular components via the lysosomal pathway. (mdpi.com)
The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process for the degradation of cytosolic components including damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular bacteria through a lysosome-dependent pathway. (go.jp)
The classical autophagy pathway proceeds through a series of well-defined steps. (invivogen.com)
The classical autophagy pathway requires the concerted action of a set of evolutionarily conserved genes . (invivogen.com)
More than 30 different proteins contribute to this complex process, and it is widely recognized that the term autophagy does not describe merely a single linear pathway by which intracellular components are routed for lysosomal degradation. (lancs.ac.uk)
Additionally, while our data point towards autophagy being an ancient innovation, utilizing conserved core machinery, it is also clear that lineage-specific moderation (e.g., probable loss of Atg17 in some unikonts) and elaboration (paralogue expansion) of the core macroautophagy pathway occurs readily. (lancs.ac.uk)
The researchers discovered that certain proteins of the autophagy pathway, the machinery responsible for the lysosomal degradation of intracellular material, regulate the degradation of axonal debris produced in abnormal circumstances, e.g., brain injury, neurodegenerative disease, or stroke. (brc.hu)
Western blot was carried out to detect the expression levels of autophagic-related proteins (Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, beclin 1, autophagy related 5, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, ubiquitin-binding protein p62), glycolysis-related proteins (hexokinase 2, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase M2) and activated protein kinase signalling pathway proteins. (ijpsonline.com)

They have shown that UVRAG function and autophagy are inactivated by oncogenes such as cellular Bcl-2 and oncogenic γ-herpesvirus-encoded Bcl-2 proteins, by the oncogenic BRAF kinase, and by genetic mutations that increase inflammation and cancer susceptibility and can also be hitchhiked by viruses for their efficient infection. (upenn.edu)
Furthermore, ATG16L1 appears to have other autophagy-independent functions, e.g., intracellular membrane trafficking regulation and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)
Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. (hindawi.com)
Dysregulated autophagy in pancreatic β cells due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation is associated with diabetes and accompanied by dysregulated autophagy in insulin target tissues and the progression of diabetic complications. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy exhibits a potent ability to resolve inflammation during fungal infection. (researchsquare.com)
Flavopiridol significantly alleviated the inflammation of fungal keratitis by activating autophagy. (researchsquare.com)
However, autophagy can also be used to spatiotemporally regulate immune signaling pathways (e.g. by recycling activated proteins to limit cytokine production) and block inflammation (e.g. by removing damaged mitochondria before they can release harmful reactive oxygen species). (invivogen.com)
Molecular 'switch' reverses chronic inflammation and aging - Science Daily, 2/6/20 - 'By studying mice and immune cells called macrophages, the team found that a protein called SIRT2 is responsible for deacetylating the NLRP3 inflammasome. (qualitycounts.com)
By examining how autophagy controls the immune response they discovered that autophagy suppresses inflammation, thereby limiting an anti-tumor T-cell response that enables tumor growth. (nasonline.org)
We found that C3 regulates process of autophagy and cell survival upon stress and now we aim to investigate what role C3 may play in β-cell physiology and islet inflammation. (lu.se)

Verapamil induces autophagy while chloroquine inhibits degradation of autophagosomes that lead to accumulation of particles. (moleculardevices.com)
Up-regulation of autophagy induces endothelial cell regeneration/differentiation and improves the function of impaired ones. (koreamed.org)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - HCMV infection induces NOD2 mRNA and protein in HFFs and U373 cells. (novusbio.com)
We have shown here that IM induces autophagy in CML blast crisis cell lines, CML primary cells, and p210BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid precursor cells. (lu.se)

Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)
It also acts as a cellular defense mechanism against microorganisms by contributing to both the innate and adaptive immunity, and by eliminating intracellular pathogens (xenophagy). (mdpi.com)
However, several pathogens have developed different strategies to evade or exploit autophagy to ensure their survival. (go.jp)
Here, we review the role of autophagy in response to bacterial pathogens. (go.jp)
Moreover, cells use autophagy to regulate the activity of specific signaling proteins, to prevent accumulation of damaged organelles or long-lived, aggregate-prone proteins, and to remove incoming threats such as intracellular pathogens. (invivogen.com)
Selective autophagy of mitochondria is known as mitophagy, whereas that of pathogens is known as xenophagy. (invivogen.com)
The complement system contains more than 40 proteins that circulate in the blood and these proteins play an important role in the innate defense against pathogens, and in the removal of unwanted materials. (lu.se)
Further, we study how intracellular C3 contributes to recognition and clearance of intracellular bacterial pathogens. (lu.se)

These findings indicated that Solanum nigrum extract induced cell death in MDA-MB-468 cells by two distinct mechanisms, apoptosis and autophagy, and these findings further suggest a possibility that this extract could be used to treat triple negative breast cancer. (ijpsonline.com)
Our data revealed that PCA could modulate apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting the potential of PCA for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. (nih.gov)

In this chapter, we discuss the role that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in the elimination of intracellular bacteria and their induction by immunomodulators like vitamin D, focusing on the mycobacterial infection. (benthamscience.com)
Moreover, our results showed that PCA increased the intracellular levels of glutathione and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species that might be related to the inhibition effect of PCA on OVCAR-3 cells. (nih.gov)
Livers treated with NMP combined with BMMSCs showed better liver function, relieved histopathological damage, reduced oxidative stress injury and ferroptosis, and the mechanism of reduction was associated with downregulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free Fe²⁺ levels. (medscimonit.com)

Conversely, during starvation mTORC1 is inhibited and autophagy is induced by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to generation of intracellular nutrients and energy during degradation of non-functional or non-essential organelles or protein aggregates [ 4 , 6 ], in turn contributing to cell survival. (springer.com)
Lacking proteosomal function on aggregates of unfolded proteins, ER stress may induce autophagic machinery. (spandidos-publications.com)
Additionally, defective autophagy has been implicated in neurologic disorders characterized by accumulation of protein aggregates, including Parkinson's disease. (invivogen.com)
Given that protein aggregates in liver cells are closely linked to alcoholic liver disease, these findings suggest that quercetin could be a useful treatment for patients with this condition. (qualitycounts.com)
Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. (uchile.cl)

Previous studies on coral disease and immunity have successfully identified genes induced by disease that contribute to biological processes such as programmed cell death, autophagy, maintenance of the extracellular matrix (the aforementioned protein and molecule network), lipid metabolism and protein trafficking. (sciencedaily.com)
Autophagy was detected using acridine orange staining and real-time PCR for Lc3 and Beclin1 genes expression. (ijpsonline.com)
The expression levels of autophagy-related genes, Lc3 and Beclin1 increased in cells treated with 1.5 mg/ml of Solanum nigrum extract. (ijpsonline.com)
2007). Autophagy: process and function, Genes & Dev. (moleculardevices.com)
In fact, autophagy regulates, and is regulated by, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as well as inflammasomes . (invivogen.com)
We further demonstrated that suppression of autophagy using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes enhanced cell death induced by IM in cell lines and primary CML cells. (lu.se)

Inhibition of autophagy leads to a NOD2 signaling through RIP2 kinase and induction of cytokine responses. (wikipedia.org)
Induction of canonical autophagy is mainly controlled by the AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and relies on the activation and assembly of two macromolecular complexes, the ATG1/ULK1 and the Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex (Figure 1 ) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Amino acids are required for activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, which regulates protein translation, cell size, and autophagy. (nih.gov)
Active mTORC1 phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) to promote protein synthesis [ 3 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
Increased LRRK2 kinase (protein regulation) activity has been linked to altered mitochondrial health (powerhouse of the cell), axon outgrowth (cell communication sites), intracellular trafficking (movement of parts in the cell) and autophagy (breakdown of parts in the cell) in PD pre-clinical models. (michaeljfox.org)
ASO) aims to induce a long-term decrease in expression of this protein kinase to reduce kinase activity as a therapeutic treatment. (michaeljfox.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
The presence of necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK‑1), but not that of Z-VAD-fmk, attenuated the cytotoxic effects of GEF under AAS culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Vesicle nucleation depends on a class III phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) complex formed by Beclin 1, Vps34 and other proteins. (invivogen.com)
The mechanism may be related to the improvement of glycolysis dysfunction and alleviation of autophagy over activation of activated protein kinase. (ijpsonline.com)
It is a PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to light signals. (bvsalud.org)

Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosomes, and it accounts for degradation of most long-lived proteins and some organelles. (wikipedia.org)
During elongation and maturation, the phagophore encapsulates damaged proteins and cell organelles. (hindawi.com)
Autophagy, the type II cell death, is a physiological mechanism involving degradation of intracellular damaged proteins and organelles into membrane vacuoles. (ijpsonline.com)
Autophagy is a regulated process of degrading and recycling damaged proteins and organelles in response to cellular stress. (moleculardevices.com)
Autophagy has a variety of complex physiological and pathophysiological roles, such as adaptation to nutrient starvation, clearance of damaged intracellular proteins and organelles, cell development, antiaging, elimination of microorganisms, cell death, tumor suppression, and antigen presentation. (moleculardevices.com)
Cellular proteins and organelles are engulfed into a double-membrane vesicle to form an autophagosome. (spandidos-publications.com)
Autophagy describes the process by which eukaryotes selectively and nonselectively target cytoplasm and entire organelles for lysosomal or (in yeast) vacuolar degradation. (lancs.ac.uk)
Autophagy is a process that relies on lysosomal pathways for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and plays an important role in the pathology of brain injury such as hypoxia ischemia[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

It appears that ATGL16L has an important role not only in autophagy but also in xenophagy for example during a bacterial infection, in antigen presentation in human B cells, plasma membrane repair in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, hormone secretion and in alcohol-induced sedation response in Drosophila. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular transport of lysosomes is carried out in membrane-bound vesicles through the use of motor proteins. (awm-math.org)
The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)
Scientists have found that extracellular calcium mediates the activation of a membrane protein that waves the flag signaling cell death. (phys.org)
Membrane proteins play a pivotal role in various cellular functions and are key targets for pharmaceutical interventions. (phys.org)
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. (phys.org)
Membrane receptor proteins serve as connection between the cell's internal and external environments. (phys.org)
The ubiquitinated cargo is then dragged and bound to the isolation membrane via LC3 by one of various sequestosome-like proteins (SLRs) such as p62, optineurin, Parkin or PINK1. (invivogen.com)
The pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves dysregulation in the signaling pathways, membrane lipids ratio disturbance, cell-cell adhesion disturbance, unfolded protein response, lysosomal and mitochondrial stress, autophagy dysregulation, and oxidative stress. (koreamed.org)
The protein encoded by this gene may control steps in the cycling of proteins through the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - Whole cell protein from THP-1 cells was separated on a 7.5% gel by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and blocked in 5% non-fat milk in TBST. (novusbio.com)
Moreover, removing the membrane-bound CD59 did not affect insulin secretion, suggesting that intracellular CD59 is involved in this function. (lu.se)
Our research aim is to further our understanding of the role of these complement proteins in physiology and metabolism of beta cells, focusing on intracellular complement factor C3 in beta cell survival and function, and membrane-bound complement inhibitor CD59 in insulin secretion. (lu.se)

Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
RESULTS: The results showed that DOP achieve photoaging protection by inhibiting oxidative stress, alleviating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and enhancing autophagy flux in photoaged HaCaT cells. (bvsalud.org)

Similarly, primary cilia have been implicated in regulation of mTOR signaling, in which Tuberous Sclerosis Complex proteins 1 and 2 (TSC1/2) negatively regulate protein synthesis by inactivating the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) at energy limiting states. (springer.com)
p62/Sequestosome 1 (p62) is a stress-induced protein that is involved in several different intracellular pathways, including regulation of aspects of protein degradation. (molvis.org)
This is carried out via the regulation of both the influx from the extracellular environment and the recycling of intracellular resources. (spandidos-publications.com)
Autophagy is a remarkable patho (physiological) process in the cell homeostasis regulation including EC. (koreamed.org)
Regulation of autophagy rate is disease-dependent and impaired with aging. (koreamed.org)

however, purvalanol triggered autophagy, which functions as a cell survival mechanism at early time-points. (spandidos-publications.com)
ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the role and specific mechanism of the actin-interacting protein zyxin (ZYX) in HCC. (techscience.com)
However, the detailed mechanism of Fra-1 in GC is unclear, such as the identification of Fra-1-interacting proteins and their role in GC pathogenesis. (techscience.com)
This study aimed to analyze the role and mechanism of LAMC2 signaling in OSCC and the involvement of autophagy in OSCC. (techscience.com)
This study investigated the mechanism of NUPR1 in TMZ resistance in hypoxia-treated glioma cells and its mechanism in modulating autophagy. (techscience.com)
The goal of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of trehalose on the autophagy death of SHSY5Y cells induced by oxygen and sugar deprivation from the aspect of glycolysis. (ijpsonline.com)
Our group found that complement C3 is expressed in beta cells where it plays a prosurvival role, partly by inducing autophagy, a mechanism by which cells recycle cellular components. (lu.se)

Analyzing the various intracellular metabolic pathways [e.g., the glycolysis system, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport chain, etc.] is important when trying to understand cellular states. (dojindo.com)

During starvation AMPK promotes autophagy by activating ULK1 via phosphorylation at Ser317, Ser555, and Ser777, whereas in the presence of nutrients mTORC1 suppresses autophagy by hampering interaction between AMPK and ULK1 through phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser757 [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
Autophagy, often referred to as macroautophagy, serves to recycle large chunks of cytoplasm as a source of nutrients, which enables cells to maintain macromolecular synthesis and energy homeostasis during starvation and other stressful conditions. (invivogen.com)
During starvation or certain forms of stress, cells use autophagy to digest and recycle large, non-specific parts of their cytoplasm. (invivogen.com)

These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. (hindawi.com)
Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy are not fully understood, recent work indicates that dysfunctional/impaired autophagic functions are associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (hindawi.com)
Here we show that leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS) plays a critical role in amino acid-induced mTORC1 activation by sensing intracellular leucine concentration and initiating molecular events leading to mTORC1 activation. (nih.gov)
Autophagy has been extensively linked to innate immune signaling pathways-for example, during cellular responses to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (invivogen.com)
The paper scrutinizes the molecular mechanisms and triggers of EC dysregulation and current perspectives for future therapeutic strategies by autophagy targeting. (koreamed.org)
The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. (novusbio.com)

Intracellular metabolism in disease models such as cancer and diabetes has recently attracted great attention. (dojindo.com)
She is also known for establishing that tumor cells induce intracellular nutrient scavenging by autophagy, which promotes their metabolism, growth, survival, and malignancy. (nasonline.org)

Autophagy also regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis, highlighting its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The heterodimeric TSC complex negatively regulates mTORC1 activity via the GTPase activity of TSC2, towards the small G-protein RHEB (Ras homologue enriched in brain) [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
We also found that CD59, a protein present on the surface of almost all cells which protects cells from being attacked by the immune system, can also be found inside cells, where it regulates insulin secretion. (lu.se)

To evaluate effects on autophagy, cells were treated with various concentrations of chloroquine or verapamil for 48 h. (moleculardevices.com)
This study aimed to investigate the protective function of flavopiridol in fungal keratitis and explore its effects on autophagy. (researchsquare.com)

The method along with the CYTO-ID dye allows detection of autophagy particles and can be used for assay development and quantitation of the compound effects on the process of autophagy. (moleculardevices.com)

What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)

This study examines exciting new hallmarks for the strict involvement of autophagy and TGF-β signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the design of novel therapeutic strategies. (frontiersin.org)
The involvement of autophagy in the development of diabetes is corroborated by affecting the physiology and role of pancreatic β cells and the homeostasis of glucose. (frontiersin.org)

Autophagic cell death was excluded as the inhibition of autophagy did not attenuate the cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)

In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
TPD drugs are an emerging modality that selectively targets disease-causing proteins by leveraging intracellular protein degradation mechanisms, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)

Liang lab has identified and studied the mammalian essential autophagy protein, UV irradiation resistance associated gene (UVRAG), which functions in and beyond autophagy and has emerging significance in cancer research. (upenn.edu)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification of proteins and protein trafficking in eukaryotes ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Autophagy and apoptosis are two forms of programmed cell death, which are essential for cellular homeostasis. (ijpsonline.com)
The maintenance of the intracellular level of amino acids is crucial for cellular homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Intracellular levels of amino acids are maintained by the balance between their influx, utilization and recycling ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

C3 was required to maintain autophagy activity in β cells, as evidenced by the massive accumulation of LC3-II puncta, indicating that in the absence of C3 autophagosomes do not fuse with lysosomes. (lu.se)

Cellular stresses and abnormalities of protein and organelle degradation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataracts of many different etiologies. (molvis.org)
Autophagy was recognized early in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction. (koreamed.org)

abstract = "Objective: To explore the role of myeloid-related protein 8/14 in mycobacterial infection. (elsevierpure.com)

Due to the significance of impaired autophagy in these diseases, there is increased interest in studying pathways and targets involved in maintaining efficient autophagic functions as potential therapeutic targets. (hindawi.com)
Autophagy and its dysregulation has been found to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, therefore the discovery of novel therapeutic targets along this process has emerged as a promising approach for drug therapies. (moleculardevices.com)
Conclusions: The present study revealed a novel role of MRP8/14 in the autophagy-mediated elimination of intracellular BCG by promoting ROS generation, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis and other intracellular bacterial infectious diseases. (elsevierpure.com)
Together, these findings suggest that autophagy inhibitors may enhance the therapeutic effects of TKIs in the treatment of CML. (lu.se)

It is also known that NOD2 interacts with ATG16L, ATG5 and ATG7 and provides antibacterial immune response through autophagy induction and MHC class II antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Notably, this enhanced cytotoxicity is not mediated by the induction of apoptosis, but is accompanied by the pronounced induction of autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
Induction of glucotoxicity in primary, healthy human islets led to a significant decrease in IRIS-1 protein-level expression. (lu.se)

These bacteria use the surface protein Usp2 to capture and incapacitate the major complement factor C3. (lu.se)
Our studies revealed novel functions of intracellular complement components in β cells, presenting a new link between complement and diabetes development. (lu.se)
one example is the intracellular functions of complement proteins in beta cells. (lu.se)
Unlocking the Mysteries of the Immune System: new Roles of complement proteins in Diabetes and Cancer. (lu.se)
We found very high levels of expression of the central complement protein, C3, and complement inhibitor CD59 in human pancreatic islets. (lu.se)

Furthermore, autophagy has been described as involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and several studies have shown that certain microorganisms can be eliminated by the autophagic route in a process known as xenophagy. (go.jp)

Flow cytometry and colony forming unit were used to test the phagocytosis and the survival of intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), respectively. (elsevierpure.com)
Importantly, silencing MRP8/14 decreased autophagy and BCG phagosome maturation in THP1-derived macrophages, thereby increasing the BCG survival. (elsevierpure.com)
Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)

However, the amino acid sensor that directly couples intracellular amino acid-mediated signaling to mTORC1 is unknown. (nih.gov)
We show that LRS directly binds to Rag GTPase, the mediator of amino acid signaling to mTORC1, in an amino acid-dependent manner and functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rag GTPase to activate mTORC1. (nih.gov)
Therefore, the shortage of the intracellular amino acid pool appears to determine the sensitivity to GEF. (spandidos-publications.com)
They went on to establish that autophagy in the host sustains levels of the amino acid arginine in the circulation, which is essential for tumor growth. (nasonline.org)

BMMSCs also significantly improved the expression level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II in both DCD donor livers and ROS-induced injured IAR-20 cells, including upregulating the expression of ferritin. (medscimonit.com)

We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, is characterized by massive degradation of cytosolic contents. (spandidos-publications.com)
Yet, while autophagy has been unequivocally demonstrated in evolutionarily diverse organisms and the importance of autophagy in many aspects of human health and development is becoming ever more apparent, the extent to which autophagy in different taxa draws on a conserved cohort of readily recognizable proteins is not particularly clear. (lancs.ac.uk)

Autophagy is one of the three principal mechanisms used by cells to sequester, remove and recycle waste, the others being proteasomal degradation and phagocytosis. (invivogen.com)
By examining how tumor cells survive nutrient deprivation they discovered that they do so by upregulating intracellular nutrient scavenging by autophagy to recycle macromolecules into metabolic pathways. (nasonline.org)

Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. (moleculardevices.com)

Canonical autophagy initiates with the formation of a small vesicular sac called a phagophore (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
2019) Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein initiates cancer stem cells through activation of Jagged1-Notch3 signaling. (lu.se)

Cell and animal models of PD have indicated that LRRK2 mutations affect vesicular trafficking, autophagy, protein synthesis, and cytoskeletal function. (medscape.com)

However, as both diseases progress, autophagy can become impaired leading to exacerbation of both pathological conditions and progression into HCC. (hindawi.com)
In this review, we summarize how impaired autophagy affects liver function and contributes to NAFLD, AFLD, and HCC progression. (hindawi.com)
Nuclear protein-1 (NUPR1) is a regulator of glioma progression. (techscience.com)
We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. (uchile.cl)

Collectively, these findings delineated novel tumor cell autonomous and host metabolic functions maintained by autophagy critical for tumor growth, and the means by which autophagy prevents tumor elimination by the immune system. (nasonline.org)
IM, nilotinib, or dasatinib, with inhibitors of autophagy resulted in near complete elimination of phenotypically and functionally defined CML stem cells. (lu.se)

Here, we address this issue by comprehensive mapping of known autophagy components across a taxonomically diverse range of unicellular eukaryotes. (lancs.ac.uk)

Autophagy related 16 like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG16L1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
That is why many autophagy-related proteins, including ATG16L1, their gene expression and its role in autoimmune diseases are studied in-depth nowadays. (wikipedia.org)
ATG16L1 is a component of a large protein complex essential for autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
ATG16L1 protein consists of three main domains - N-terminal region which contains an alpha-helix required for binding to ATG5 ubiquitin-folds, a middle region (coiled-coil domain, CCD), and a domain made of seven WD40 repeats, that forms a β-propeller, found in its C-terminal part. (wikipedia.org)
It has also been shown that low levels of ATG16L1 result in lower ATG16L1-NOD2 complex formation, which is crucial for bacterial autophagy in the bacterial entry site. (wikipedia.org)
ATG16L2 is a related protein, which is also highly conserved (both ATG16L1 and 2 share 94 and 83% sequence identity). (wikipedia.org)
The Atg5-Atg12 conjugate forms a large complex with the Atg16L1 protein. (invivogen.com)

Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent turnover of intracellular components. (koreamed.org)
Finally, we also consider the interplay between autophagy and organelle turnover in protists. (lancs.ac.uk)
we contend that in these species turnover of mitochondrial proteins is the product of intraorganellar protease activity. (lancs.ac.uk)

Autophagy in general plays a crucial role in pathways leading to innate and adaptive immunity activation. (wikipedia.org)

Intracellular polyamine levels are under the control of several catabolic enzymes, such as spermidine/spermine-N-acetyl transferase (SSAT). (spandidos-publications.com)
Specifically, DOP (ME) enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes and autophagy and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinases in the skin of photoaged mice as compared with DOP solution. (bvsalud.org)
More recently, the concept of lysosomal storage disease has been expanded to include deficiencies or defects in proteins necessary for the normal post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes (which themselves are often glycoproteins), activator proteins, or proteins important for proper intracellular trafficking between the lysosome and other intracellular compartments. (medscape.com)

An inhibitor of autophagy, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), was used to pretreat RAW 264.7 cells. (researchsquare.com)

Cell recognition proteins allow cells to identify each other and interact. (phys.org)
Several anti-diabetic strategies including adiponectin, ezetimibe, liraglutide, taurine, adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and even exercise as well as natural products such GABA tea, geniposide, guava extract, vitamin D have been shown to target autophagy. (frontiersin.org)
Autophagy also helps cells use materials efficiently when energy demands are high. (medlineplus.gov)
A previous study reported that the extract of the whole plant of SN activated cell death in hepatoma cells through autophagy and apoptosis [ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
After treatment, live cells were stained with the CYTO-ID® Autophagy Detection Kit for tracking autophagosomes. (moleculardevices.com)
The top panel shows representative autophagy cells image and analysis mask for PC12 cells treated with an autophagy inducer chloroquine (30 μM) and stained with Cyto-ID dye. (moleculardevices.com)
Macroautophagy (thereafter designated as autophagy) is a self-digestive system conserved in all eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
We found that hypoxia upregulated NUPR1 expression and autophagy while NUPR1 silencing suppressed hypoxia-induced TMZ resistance and autophagy in glioma cells. (techscience.com)
For autophagy flux detection, the adenovirus loaded with mRFP-GFP-LC3 was introduced into cells. (bvsalud.org)
Flavopiridol treatment notably upregulated the protein expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and Atg7 in infected corneas as well as in RAW 264.7 cells. (researchsquare.com)
To isolate and remove specific threats, cells use a selective form of autophagy in which the targeted cargo must first be tagged by ubquitination. (invivogen.com)
Fig. 2 Schematic presentation of the role of autophagy in endothelial cells. (koreamed.org)
Flow (Intracellular): NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on THP-1 cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524AF488 (blue) and a matched isotype control NBP2-27287AF488 (orange). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524APC (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524PE (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
These are glucose-and lipo-toxicity, ER stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysfunctions in autophagy, and β cells dedifferentiation. (lu.se)
We found that C3 is upregulated in pancreatic islets during T2D as a factor against β cells dysfunction caused by attenuated autophagy. (lu.se)
Autophagy protects the β cells from injuries caused by exposure to stressors, such as lipotoxicity. (lu.se)
When exposing the C3-knockout INS-1 cells to β cells autophagy inducers (palmitate and IAPP), we observed significantly increased cell death caused by autophagy insufficiency. (lu.se)

Although homozygous Cx50D47A lenses have increased levels of p62, a specific reduction in p62 phosphorylation at T269/S272, and a specific increase in p62 phosphorylation at S349, this protein is not a critical determinant of the severity of the abnormalities of these lenses (reduced growth or differentiation and cataracts). (molvis.org)

Methods: The mRNA and protein expression levels of MRP8 or MRP14 were measured by real-time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. (elsevierpure.com)
The projects feature state-of-the-art methods for the investigation of cell biology, such as flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, protein interaction analyses using the proximity-ligation assay and Biacore, and genetic manipulation employing the Cas9/CRISPR system. (lu.se)

Structural proteins are attached to microfilaments in the cytoskeleton which ensures stability of the cell. (phys.org)

In autophagy, macromolecules in the cytosol are engulfed in a newly formed phagocytic body and subsequently digested in a special lysosome that releases the resultant metabolites back into the cytosol. (invivogen.com)

Frequently, low doses of natural chemical products activate an adaptive stress response, whereas high doses activate acute responses like autophagy and cell death. (hindawi.com)
Autophagy can be induced in response to stress conditions. (go.jp)
IM-induced autophagy did not involve c-Abl or Bcl-2 activity but was associated with ER stress and was suppressed by depletion of intracellular Ca2+, suggesting it is mechanistically. (lu.se)

Additionally, we demonstrated that MRP8/14 promoted autophagy in a ROS-dependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that eliminates dysfunctional cytosolic biomolecules through vacuole-mediated sequestration and lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)

Non-GPI anchored CD59 interacts with SNARE protein: VAMP2 and rescues insulin secretion. (lu.se)
2022) Alternative splicing encodes novel intracellular CD59 isoforms that mediate insulin secretion and are downregulated in diabetic islets. (lu.se)

Ultimately, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome, facilitated by Rab7 and LAMP proteins. (hindawi.com)

In addition to its role in autophagy, the EPG5 protein aids in the body's immune response to foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. (medlineplus.gov)

In this investigation, the role of autophagy and apoptosis in Solanum nigrum fruit extract-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-468, a triple negative breast cancer cell line was studied. (ijpsonline.com)

Unexpectedly, our analysis points to independent examples of secondary loss of macroautophagy, the best understood of the autophagy pathways, in two parasites and one extremophile. (lancs.ac.uk)

Anatomy26

Organisms7

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Pathway17

Inflammation11

Induces4

Pathogens8

Apoptosis and autophagy2

Reactive oxygen3

Aggregates5

Genes6

Kinase11

Organelles8

Membrane13

Oxidative stress2

Regulation5

Mechanism9

Various intracellular1

Starvation3

Molecular6

Metabolism2

Regulates3

Effects on autophagy2

Process of autophagy1

Role of intracellular1

Involvement of autophagy2

Inhibition1

Ubiquitin-protea2

Extracellular1

Essential autophagy1

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Cellular homeostasis2

Levels of amino acids1

Lysosomes1

Pathogenesis2

Abstract1

Therapeutic4

Induction4

Complement5

Xenophagy1

Survival3

Amino acid4

Microtubule-associa1

Roles1

Evolutionarily2

Recycle2

Tissues1

Initiates2

Vesicular1

Progression4

Elimination2

Eukaryotes1

ATG16L17

Turnover3

Innate and adaptive immunity1

Enzymes3

Inhibitor1

Cells20

Differentiation1

Flow Cytometry2

Cytoskeleton1

Cytosol1

Stress3

Additionally1

Catabolic1

CD592

Lysosome1

Bacteria1

Cytotoxicity1

Macroautophagy1