• SCP-2 has multiple roles in intracellular lipid circulation and metabolism. (umbc.edu)
  • RNA-seq analysis revealed the modulation of markers associated with oxidative stress and lipid metabolism related to ferroptosis in the kidneys of mice with Cis-AKI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lipid metabolism is pivotal for the growth of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptional analysis of ACBP-deficient parasites revealed differentially expressed genes involved in a wide range of biological processes such as lipid metabolism, posttranslational modification, and membrane biogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study provides a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipids are crucial to the biology of all cells and organisms, acting not only as primary sources of energy but also as regulators of metabolism and growth, participating in various signaling networks [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolites, such as succinate and citrate, and enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and enolase, have roles outside of metabolism that promote specific events during immune cell activation. (nature.com)
  • Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. (nature.com)
  • The disturbance of the iron status and lipid metabolism can contribute to organ damage such as atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The management on the modifiable iron status and lipid metabolism has a clinical significance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apolipoproteins, the structural components of lipoproteins, play an essential role in lipid transportation and metabolism [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • containing a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a side chain attached to an alpha carbon atom, and that link together by peptide bonds to form proteins, or that function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • The steps in chemical metabolism within all the cells in the human body are mediated by specific enzymes that act as highly specialized chemical catalysts. (joessciencescorner.net)
  • Once in the circulation, the triglyceride-rich chylomicrons pass through the vasculature, where they undergo a complex process of protein exchange mediated by HDL and, based upon this protein exchange process, are either received in the liver for further metabolism and packaging or undergo delipidation at the vascular endothelial surface by lipoprotein lipase (LPL). (medscape.com)
  • The hormones and receptor complex act as transcription regulators by increasing or decreasing the synthesis of mRNA molecules of specific genes. (openstax.org)
  • These vesicles are carriers of active or non-autonomous function biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA and non-coding regulatory RNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The interest in exosomes has been driven by the new finding that exosomes are more than just a waste disposal system - they are also a means of communication between cells and have the ability to carry cargos such as proteins and mRNA, suggesting there could be potential medical applications. (dnsalias.com)
  • Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are the leading delivery system for mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines. (chi-peptalk.com)
  • They are manufactured by microfluidic mixing of a lipid-containing-ethanol-phase and an mRNA-carrying-aqueous-phase. (chi-peptalk.com)
  • To characterize the change(s) in mRNA and protein expression of SIRT1-7 and their associated proteins in the brain of "physiologically" aged Wistar rats. (frontiersin.org)
  • We tested mRNA and protein expression levels of rat SIRT1-7, and the levels of associated proteins in the brain using RT-PCR and western blotting. (frontiersin.org)
  • At the target cell, the hormones are released from the carrier protein and diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of cells. (openstax.org)
  • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
  • The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
  • Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The exact molecular mechanism of C-domain transport across the lipid bilayer is unknown but it is known that T-domain is strongly involved in this process. (org.ua)
  • The transport domains are mobile and move through the lipid bilayer (alike an elevator) when translocating the amino acid substrate and co-transported ions across the membrane 13 . (nature.com)
  • 3. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease, this segment is a peptide able to bind to NS3pro and contact at least one residue comprised in the region Gly21-Lys28 of the N-terminal domain of the NS3pro protein from DV2 or structurally equivalent residues of the NS3pro protein from other Flavivirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 5. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, where the mentioned segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease contact at least one residue comprised in the region Glu32-Thr38 of the N-terminal domain of the NS3pro protein from HCV or structurally equivalent residues of the NS3pro protein from other Hepacivirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 6. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease which comprise the region Asp50-Glu62 of the NS2B protein from DV2 or the structurally equivalent segment of the protein NS2B from other Flavivirus, or an amino acid sequence showing a sequence similarity higher of equal to the 80% identity. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 8. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease which comprise the region Thr20-Leu31 of the NS4A protein from HCV or the structurally equivalent segment of the protein NS4A from other Hepacivirus, or an amino acid sequence showing a sequence similarity higher of equal to the 80% identity. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The specific characters of peptides (high bioactivity, high specificity, and low toxicity) have made them attractive therapeutic agents. (intechopen.com)
  • Chymotrypsin -- A protease that catalyses the hydrolysis (the breakdown) of proteins into peptides or amino acids in the small intestine. (nih.gov)
  • Water 2H and 17O spin relaxation is used to study water dynamics in the hydration layers of two small peptides, two globular proteins and in living cells of two microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • This distribution comprises a small fraction of protein-specific hydration sites, where water rotation is strongly retarded, and a dominant fraction of generic hydration sites, where water rotation is as fast as in the hydration shells of small peptides. (lu.se)
  • Receptors for a specific hormone may be found on many different cells or may be limited to a small number of specialized cells. (openstax.org)
  • Depending on the location of the protein receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to intracellular hormone receptors and modulating gene transcription, or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and stimulating signaling pathways. (openstax.org)
  • The steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell and adhere to intracellular receptors residing in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • Other lipid-soluble hormones that are not steroid hormones, such as vitamin D and thyroxine, have receptors located in the nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • They interact with intracellular receptors and regulate gene expression or chromosome function. (edu.vn)
  • Furthermore, specific receptors and ligands on their surface mean exosomes target particular recipient cells at distant sites in the body. (dnsalias.com)
  • However, due to the lack of specific autophagy receptors and the insufficient level of autophagy in tumor cells, targeted degradation of mutp53 by nanomaterials via the autophagy pathway has not been reported. (researchsquare.com)
  • Autophagy receptors are endowed with the ability to both recognize the ubiquitination signals of cargoes by binding the ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) and interact with the ATG8/LC3/GABARAP protein on the autophagosome membrane, relying on their LC3-binding region (LIR), which is followed by the delivery of cytoplasmic cargo to the incipient autophagosome for engulfment and ultimately lysosomal degradation 20-22 . (researchsquare.com)
  • The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)
  • The TLR family members is split into generally two groups, that have intracellular and extracellular receptors.13,21C23 Especially, TLR-1, TLR-6 and TLR-2, which are from the former TLRs, have a tendency to induce humoral immune system replies, whereas intracellular TLRs improve Th1 and cellular immune system responses. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • Exosomes have gradually become the focus of research, exosomes are rich in nucleic acids and proteins, including a large amount of microRNAs. (imrpress.com)
  • EVs are a natural carrier system that can transfer nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between donor and recipient cells in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner. (imrpress.com)
  • The thesis entitled "The Role of Liposomal Hybrids and Gold Nanoparticles in the Efficacious Transport of Nucleic Acids and Small Molecular Drugs for Cancer Nanomedicine" elucidates the preparation of various liposomal formulations of cationic monomeric and gemini lipids where hydrophobic domains were consisted of tocopherol, cholesterol and pseudoglyceryl backbone for the cellular transport of nucleic acids. (iisc.ac.in)
  • There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • If nanorobots have a higher affinity for protein binding sites than certain drugs used in concert with the nanorobots during a nanomedical treatment, then those drugs could be displaced, consequently increasing the number of biologically active drug molecules and increasing the risk of toxic drug levels [ 5489 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Lipids are the major structural elements of all biological membranes, serving as signaling molecules within and between cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At Biogen, we are developing a diverse portfolio consisting of small molecules, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and gene therapy to target many neurodegenerative diseases. (chi-peptalk.com)
  • The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. (cell-stress.com)
  • Antibody -- Any of the protein molecules produced by specialized immune system cells (B cells) that can recognize and bind to a particular foreign antigen. (nih.gov)
  • Chapter 1B: Efficacious Gene Silencing in Serum and Significant Apoptotic Activity Induction by Survivin Downregulation Mediated by Cationic Gemini Tocopheryl Lipids Non-viral gene delivery offers cationic liposomes as promising instruments for the delivery of double-stranded RNA (ds RNA) molecules for successful sequence-specific gene silencing (RNA interference). (iisc.ac.in)
  • These specific aspects are reviewed in this article, with separate attention being paid to small organic molecules and protein therapeutics. (snmjournals.org)
  • Although microdosing has been associated predominantly with small organic molecules and site-specific labeling, there is growing interest in applying the concept to protein therapeutics and in using some of the exclusive properties of proteins for nuclear imaging purposes. (snmjournals.org)
  • This article discusses the consequences of the facilitated regulations, the impact of performing studies at very low pharmacologic concentrations, and the differences in regulation and pharmacology between smaller (organic) molecules and larger (protein biologic) molecules. (snmjournals.org)
  • Bile salts aid in forming lipid micelles, which create a hydrophilic surface with a hydrophobic core of lipid molecules, including FFA. (medscape.com)
  • Adaptive immune mechanisms recognize and neutralize foreign molecules or microorganisms in a specific manner. (lu.se)
  • Zinc cannot passively diffuse across cell membranes and requires specific transporters, such as SLC39A7, to enter the cytosol from both the extracellular environment and from intracellular storage compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Absorption of lipid compounds into the enterocyte for biochemical usage occurs through diffusion across the cellular membrane and also through lipid transporters that are located on the luminal side of the enterocyte. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists have become excited by exosomes because of the recent discoveries of their biological function and the finding that they carry a variety of cargo, including proteins, lipids, metabolites, messenger RNAs, microRNAs, which regulate gene expression, and even DNA, explains David Carter from Oxford Brookes University and president of the UK Society for Extracellular Vesicles. (dnsalias.com)
  • Lipid-derived (soluble) hormones such as steroid hormones diffuse across the membranes of the endocrine cell. (openstax.org)
  • Once outside the cell, they bind to transport proteins that keep them soluble in the bloodstream. (openstax.org)
  • Amino acid derived hormones and polypeptide hormones are not lipid-derived (lipid-soluble) and therefore cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells. (openstax.org)
  • Protein and peptide hormones are water soluble hormones. (edu.vn)
  • Both methods yield antibody in solution that is free of most other soluble proteins, lipids, etc. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Water- soluble estrogen must be made oil-soluble to be able to enter cells and exert its effects through their lipid membranes. (healyourselfathome.com)
  • Exosomes are best described as extracellular vesicles - essentially membrane sacs - formed by the inward budding of the membrane of intracellular compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) or multivesicular endosomes (MVEs). (dnsalias.com)
  • They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Their N-terminal hydrophilic domains may interact with cytoskeletal proteins and therefore play a cell structural role. (tcdb.org)
  • This domain occurred 5 times on human genes ( 6 proteins). (umbc.edu)
  • The cell signaling pathways induced by the steroid hormones regulate specific genes on the cell's DNA. (openstax.org)
  • The hormone-receptor complex stimulates transcription of specific genes. (openstax.org)
  • In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF ( dltX ) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. (frontiersin.org)
  • With the advances in molecular biology, a new classification era of these organisms arises, with the development of sequencing of specific genes based initially on a small sequence of the 18 s gene, or SSU-rDNA [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • After, universal and conserved genes were used (cytoskeleton actin and tubulin protein genes) that have brought with them greater resolution in the identification and classification of supergroups [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • SIRT1 is localized in the nucleus and can deacetylate numerous proteins such as tumor suppressor protein (p53), Ku70, NF-κB, and forkhead proteins which modulate genes that control cellular stress resistance ( Smith, 2002 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene therapy is a method for the treatment or prevention of disease that uses genes to provide the patient's somatic cells with the genetic information necessary to produce specific therapeutic proteins needed to correct or to modulate a disease. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Genotype -- The specific allelic composition of a cell, either of the entire cell or more commonly for a certain gene or a set of genes. (nih.gov)
  • It has been well established that active genes within the DNA serve as molecular blueprints for the production of unique proteins. (joessciencescorner.net)
  • These variations in genetic structure produce corresponding variations in the proteins that are encoded in the genes that are the blueprints for these proteins. (joessciencescorner.net)
  • Exosomes are one of the most researched classes of extracellular vesicles because they are carriers of targeted protein and DNA/RNA loads. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The N-terminal presequence in the SCP-x isoform represents a peroxisomal 3-ketacyl-Coa thiolase specific for branched-chain acyl CoAs, which is proteolytically cleaved from the sterol carrier protein. (umbc.edu)
  • Evaluation parameters included the expression of inflammatory markers, intracellular free iron levels, ferroptosis-related proteins-solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11/XCT) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)-as well as lipid peroxidation markers and mitochondrial function proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Zinc stabilizes cell membranes by reducing free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation. (medscape.com)
  • When ribosomes are seen attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, it means a protein molecule is being synthesized. (biologyonline.com)
  • This leads to an almost complete arrest of protein synthesis in the cell and its death. (org.ua)
  • Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Is it exclusively for protein synthesis or does it do other processes more identified with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (biologyonline.com)
  • How about lipid synthesis? (biologyonline.com)
  • However, only NAA interfered in the endocytic recycling of proteins by modifying the lipid profile, and by effect the structure, of the endomembrane system. (plantae.org)
  • Changes in the overall endocytic flux or in the endocytic regulation of select proteins conceivably can help to counteract adverse environmental conditions. (cell-stress.com)
  • Serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and food-specific IgE levels to milk, soybean, wheat, and peanut have been measured to evaluate for food allergy. (medscape.com)
  • Note also that the amount of serum protein adsorbed on a nanorobot surface [ 24 ] varies inversely with nanorobot size for a constant mass, volume, or dosage of implanted medical nanomachinery. (nanomedicine.com)
  • One early strategy to try to accomplish this in implants was to coat the artificial surface with an adsorbed protein, usually bovine serum albumin (BSA) or high-density lipoproteins, to serve as cell adhesion inhibiting proteins that would resist the adsorption of other proteins. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to assess the dose-response correlations between serum ferritin and lipid parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serum ferritin concentrations are positively correlated with the levels of lipid ratios. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanistic Insights into Lipoplex Internalization and Therapeutic Induction of Apoptotic Activity In this chapter, we present cationic dimeric (gemini) lipids for significant plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery to different cell lines without any marked toxicity in the presence of serum. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Transfection efficacies were also analyzed in terms of the degree of intracellular delivery of labeled plasmid DNA (pDNA) using confocal microscopy which revealed an efficient internalization in the presence of serum. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Notably, the knockdown activity of co-liposomes of gemini lipids was not affected even in the presence of serum (10% and 50% FBS) while it dropped down for L2K significantly. (iisc.ac.in)
  • In addition, the level of cell autophagy is greatly increased due to the incorporated of cationic lipid. (researchsquare.com)
  • We discuss in this chapter about six tocopherol based cationic gemini lipids, which induce substantial gene knockdown without any obvious cytotoxicity. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Figure 37.5 An intracellular nuclear receptor (NR) is located in the cytoplasm bound to a heat shock protein (HSP). (openstax.org)
  • [ 4 ] Protein hZIP4 transports zinc ions from the cell exterior or lumen of intracellular organelles into the cytoplasm, where it is available to other newly synthesized proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), an independent protein degradation pathway, involves the phagocytosis of long cyclins and protein aggregates in the cytoplasm into autophagosomes for subsequent lysosomal degradation 17-19 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. (openstax.org)
  • In response to increased temperature (a "heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. (openstax.org)
  • Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins , channels and pumps . (wikibooks.org)
  • The impact of CX3CL1 on the glucose-regulated protein 78/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A/CCAAT enhancer binding protein-homologous protein (GRP78/eIF2α/CHOP) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha/heme oxygenase-1 (HIF1A/HO-1) pathways in Cis-AKI was assessed via Western Blot and Immunofluorescence experiments, both in vivo and in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunometabolism describes the changes that occur in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells during activation. (nature.com)
  • In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism, by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells that alter their function. (nature.com)
  • This depends, in turn, upon whether specific active peptide sequences in specific proteins are accessible to arriving cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. (nanomedicine.com)
  • This method was simple and inexpensive, but suffered from limited stability of the protein layer owing to exchange with other proteins in solution via the Vroman effect, and also from presentation of biologically active peptide sequences [ 1443 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Thus, the principle of protein or peptide haptenation could be used in in vitro assays to predict the sensitization potential of a new chemical entity. (cdc.gov)
  • Mouse FABP5, also named Keratinocyte lipid-binding protein (KLBP) and Mal-1, is a member of the intracellular FABP family. (rndsystems.com)
  • On the other hand, DT represents a very interesting molecular machine which allows using this protein in different bioengineering applications, such as ablation of certain cell types in transgenic mice, development of immunotoxins targeted for specific cell markers and also for delivery of certain proteins into the cytosol. (org.ua)
  • However, there are significant challenges due to inherent molecular complexity of proteins. (chi-peptalk.com)
  • Findings have implicated mitochondria in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the key molecular events in skin sensitization is protein haptenation, i.e. the chemical modification of self-skin protein(s) thus forming macromolecular immunogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The basis of hapten- molecular mechanisms of the sensitization pro- protein binding work is the hypothesis that upon cess will result in novel opportunities for the skin absorption, only protein-reactive chemicals development of alternative methods for assessing (or those that can be metabolically or chemically skin sensitization hazard and relative potency of converted to protein-reactive species) are able to chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence similarity to proteins bearing onco-differentiation antigens. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Self-adjuvanting vaccines, the conjugates of immunoenhancers and antigens, are anticipated to stimulate antigen-specific immune system responses without extreme inflammation.6C8 Furthermore, they possess well-defined structures and facilitate quality control of vaccine products hence. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • This protein can be used either to change the structure of the cell or to produce enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. (openstax.org)
  • In this way, the steroid hormone regulates specific cell processes as illustrated in Figure 37.5 . (openstax.org)
  • The corresponding protein product can then mediate changes in cell function. (openstax.org)
  • Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins? (openstax.org)
  • Unlike steroid hormones, lipid insoluble hormones do not directly affect the target cell because they cannot enter the cell and act directly on DNA. (openstax.org)
  • [ 3 ] This protein controls zinc uptake across the plasma membrane of various cell types, including the intestine. (medscape.com)
  • The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
  • the hormone that binds at the surface remains at the surface of the cell while the intracellular product remains inside the cell. (edu.vn)
  • The non-specific adsorption of blood proteins on nanorobot surfaces could lead to clinical difficulties such as thrombosis and unwanted protein-mediated recognition interactions such as cell-nanorobot and nanorobot-nanorobot adhesion (aggregation). (nanomedicine.com)
  • Cell adhesion, thrombogenicity, foreign body response and other reactions to implanted materials are related to the amount of adsorbed proteins, hence as an implanted object shrinks to smaller sizes (i.e., to micron-scale) the biological signal to local cell populations can increase enormously because the total amount of protein adsorbed on the implant mass is much greater. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Various hydrophilic adsorbed coatings have been attached to artificial surfaces to make them more protein-resistant, in effect "passivating" them against protein adsorption and greatly reducing or preventing cell adhesion to biomedical implants [ 754 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Meanwhile, other research in 2018 found that cancer cell-derived exosomes carrying PD-L1 proteins can shut down the immune response by deactivating T cells. (dnsalias.com)
  • Our recombinant nontoxic toxin analogues and derivatives were applied in studying of toxin interaction with cell surface, intracellular transport of DT and in determination of proHB-EGF expression level. (org.ua)
  • All AE proteins are hypothesized to share a similar topology in the cell membrane. (tcdb.org)
  • Plasmalemmal Cl - -HCO3 - exchangers regulate intracellular pH and [Cl - ] and cell volume. (tcdb.org)
  • More than half of human malignant tumors harbor TP53 gene mutations, most of which are point mutations within the DNA-binding domain of TP53, resulting in mutant p53 (mutp53) protein stabilization and accumulation in the cell and enhanced tumor progression. (researchsquare.com)
  • In contrast to the wild-type p53 protein, missense mutant p53 (mutp53) proteins are stabilized and accumulate to high levels in the cell 11 . (researchsquare.com)
  • These cell surface proteins impinge on the vast majority of all cellular functions by mediating nutrient uptake, preserving ion homeostasis and initiating complex signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. (cell-stress.com)
  • Conjugation with Th epitopes can stimulate T cell-dependent immune system responses, such as for example antigen-specific B cell IgG and activation class switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • Actually, Kiessling have uncovered that polymeric multivalent ligands induce BCR clustering to activate B cell replies.39 The need for the lipid moiety for the self-adjuvating property was also recommended predicated on the adjuvant effects in a number of TACA-based vaccines.33,40C42 Intracellular TLR ligands and various other innate immune system ligands have already been also used in self-adjuvanting vaccines. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • This leads to the production of specific proteins that express the effect of estrogen upon the target cell. (healyourselfathome.com)
  • Triglycerides are lipid compounds composed of a glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acid chains of varying length and composition. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] If pancreatitis is likely or potentially threatening and levels of triglycerides are found to be 1000 mg/dL or greater, immediate institution of lipid lowering therapy should begin. (medscape.com)
  • Once in the enterocyte, FFA chains and 2MG compounds are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are reformed into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons in the golgi apparatus to receive chylomicron specific apolipoproteins, namely apo B48, which is a marker for TG chylomicron. (medscape.com)
  • We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The NcACBP recombinant protein was able to specifically bind acyl-CoA esters in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The animal AE proteins consist of homodimeric complexes of integral membrane proteins that vary in size from about 900 amino acyl residues to about 1250 residues. (tcdb.org)
  • An assessment on the associations of iron status with apolipoproteins and lipid ratios would be informative for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and hinderance of disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bile salts are released in the duodenum in response to cholecystokinin release occurring in the presence of lipid compounds within the ingesta. (medscape.com)
  • Encodes a hydrophilic protein similar to Late Embryogenesis Activated (LEA) proteins expressed during embryogenesis, which are thought to be involved in the acquisition of dessication tolerance. (or.jp)
  • Consequently, it will usually be desirable to suppress non-specific adhesive interactions involving individual physically-unlinked nanorobots, in order to permit unfettered nanorobot mobility and freedom of action within the human body and avoid particle aggregation. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Although the C-terminal domain comprises a small percentage of the total protein, this domain in some cases (i) has PSD-95/Discs Large/ZO-1-binding motifs that may be important for protein-protein interactions (e.g. (tcdb.org)
  • Galactosylated lipid substances allowed liver specific uptake of AZT at enhanced parenchymal: non-parenchymal selectivity ratios and at the same time could deliver MCZ for treatment of fungal infections. (ijpsr.com)
  • Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7), also known as solute carrier family 39 member 7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A7 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gene SLC39A4 was found to encode a solute carrier protein called human zinc/iron-regulated transporterlike protein (hZIP4). (medscape.com)
  • As noted above, the AE or solute carrier 4 (SLC4) family includes 10 members (SLC4A1-5, SLC4A7-11), which are expressed in multiple tissues in the human body. (tcdb.org)
  • These mechanisms include the ability of lead to inhibit or mimic the action of calcium and to interact with proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • It is an integral part of numerous metallo-enzymes and transcription factors and is an important intracellular mediator, similar to calcium. (medscape.com)
  • Without the ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is most likely involved in other cellular processes, e.g., synthesizing lipids, detoxifying or metabolizing drugs and toxins, or regulating calcium ions. (biologyonline.com)
  • A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that was initially found in the NEURONS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ZDTPs, calcium alkyl phenates, and magnesium, sodium, and calcium sulphonates had significant effects on the reproductive organs of male rabbits (testicular atrophy and reduction or absence of spermatozoa) which appeared to be species specific. (cdc.gov)
  • 2007). These proteins are important for the regulation of intracellular pH (pH i ) and play crucial roles in the epithelial absorption of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the renal proximal tubule) and secretion of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the pancreatic duct). (tcdb.org)
  • Dynamic regulation of retinoic acid-binding proteins in developing, adult and neoplastic skin reveals roles for beta-catenin and Notch signalling. (rndsystems.com)
  • This, in turn, determines the amount of corresponding protein that is synthesized by altering gene expression. (openstax.org)
  • Here, we reported that mice with podocyte-specific Ucp2 deficiency developed podocytopathy with proteinuria with aging. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hypothyroidism often results from nutritional protein deficiency. (healyourselfathome.com)
  • CX3CL1 inhibition also ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulated expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins-uncoupling protein (UCP), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator l-alpha (PGC1α)-both in vivo and in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
  • The six gemini lipids possess α-tocopherol as their hydrophobic backbone and differ from each other in terms of their spacer chain lengths. (iisc.ac.in)
  • ZIP7 is a membrane transport protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
  • These assist with protein folding and, thereby, help to keep the cellular protein machinery functional in spite of adverse thermal conditions. (cell-stress.com)
  • They carry an inherent risk of mutagenesis by inserting their genome (called insertion mutagenesis) within a functional gene, which can compromise the functionality of a critical normal human protein. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Substitution of Val 113 in Sendai virus (SeV) M protein generates non-functional polypeptides, characterized by their exclusion from virus particles and by their ability to interfere with virus particle production. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In the interaction with proteins, lead binds with virtually every available functional group, including sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups, with sulfhydryl having the highest affinity. (cdc.gov)
  • Affinity chromatography refers to the use in chromatography of particular materials as adsorbents of groups which are supposed to be specific ligands of the protein being purified. (nih.gov)
  • Most of our recombinant proteins are fluorescent derivatives of various DT and proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
  • The recombinant NcACBP protein was expressed to verify the binding activities of NcACBP in vitro , and the heterologous expression of NcACBP in Δacbp yeast in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • LAMP-1 is a ~110 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is heavily glycosylated and widely expressed by cells primarily on the luminal surface of their lysosomes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Lipids can also act as pivotal pathogenetic factors that allow pathogens to escape immune responses, manipulate host processes, and develop disease [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Parasitization has an enormous impact on hosts physiology of which five major effects are discussed in this review: the impact on immune responses, induction of developmental arrest, increases in lipid levels, apoptosis and nutrient releases. (mdpi.com)
  • In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Hence, this study aims to establish the relationships of iron status with apolipoproteins and lipid ratios. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DEC-205, a 205-kDa protein abundant on mouse dendritic cells and thymic epithelium that is detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145: purification, characterization. (doximity.com)
  • Triglyceride is the most abundant dietary lipid compound found throughout the diet and is the method with which energy is stored in the body. (medscape.com)
  • AE1 and NBCe1), and (iii) may provide sites for regulation of transporter function via protein kinase A phosphorylation (e.g. (tcdb.org)
  • Upon hormone binding, the receptor dissociates from the heat shock protein and translocates to the nucleus. (openstax.org)
  • Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial anion carrier protein, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, opacity protein 1 (OPA1), a key protein in fusion of mitochondrial inner membrane, was regulated by UCP2. (bvsalud.org)
  • A variety of local and systemic cellular processes may be triggered depending upon which proteins are adsorbed to the surface (e.g., as opsonins) and their biological activity. (nanomedicine.com)