Chemicals and DrugsPhenomena and Processes
NADPHexosesNADPH OxidaseHexosephosphatesNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsGlucosePentosesMethylglucosides3-O-MethylglucosePentose Phosphate PathwaySuperoxidesDeoxy SugarsDeoxyglucoseMethylglycosidesFructoseGlucose Transporter Type 5Reactive Oxygen SpeciesKineticsGlucose Transport Proteins, FacilitativeAcetophenonesGalactose
NADHMonophosphate shuntCofactorExtra phosphate groupGlucose-6-phosphaPentosesMitochondriaGeneratesSynthesisDehydrogenaseHomeostasisOxidative stressEthanolPathwayOrganellesRatioNicotinamideThermocellumSubstantialHighPowerCellsSupportMonophosphate PathwayMembrane translocationOxidasePhoxStimulatesEnergyFormLevelsProduction
NADH4
  • A previous study reported an ethanol-tolerant C. thermocellum strain with AdhE mutations (P704L and H735R) that shifted the cofactor specificity from NADH to NADPH, which was proposed to confer ethanol resistance by altering the internal redox balance (9). (researchgate.net)
  • To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)
  • Like NADH, NADPH participates in oxidation-reduction reactions. (histocutup.co.uk)
  • The NADH and NADPH derived from various metabolic reactions in the mitochondrial matrix interact with the proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and result in hydrogen ions (protons) being pumped out of the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. (histocutup.co.uk)
Monophosphate shunt2
  • NADPH activates a different set of reductases and is produced by action of the hexose monophosphate shunt. (mysite.com)
  • The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt and the HMP Shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Cofactor2
  • This process generates the cofactor NADPH which allows 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) to reduce cortisone to its active counterpart cortisol. (bham.ac.uk)
  • 11βHSD1 requires NADPH as a cofactor generated by the hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH)-mediated conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to 6-phosphogluconactone (6PGL) [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Extra phosphate group1
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide disphosphate (NADPH or NADP+) is a very closely related molecule that differs only be the presence of an extra phosphate group. (histocutup.co.uk)
Glucose-6-phospha4
  • In this phase, two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH, utilizing the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The entire set of reactions can be summarized as follows: The overall reaction for this process is: Glucose 6-phosphate + 2 NADP+ + H2O → ribulose 5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2 Net reaction: 3 ribulose-5-phosphate → 1 ribose-5-phosphate + 2 xylulose-5-phosphate → 2 fructose-6-phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-controlling enzyme of this pathway[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • An NADPH-utilizing pathway forms NADP+, which stimulates Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce more NADPH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
Pentoses3
  • It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
  • In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
Mitochondria1
  • Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that specialise in energy production. (histocutup.co.uk)
Generates1
  • the enzyme which in a multistep process generates nitric oxide (*NO) from NADPH, oxygen, and arginine. (mysite.com)
Synthesis8
  • The reducing power of NADPH is mostly used for synthesis and for maintenance of intracellular thiols in the reduced state. (mysite.com)
  • The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary results of the pathway are: The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). (wikipedia.org)
  • They also serve as a store of intracellular calcium, have a role in apoptosis and assist in the synthesis of steroids. (histocutup.co.uk)
  • in NADPH for biosynthesis, or potential H2 or ethanol synthesis [55]. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Overall, at alkaline to neutral pH the rate of biomass synthesis was maximized, whereas at acidic pH the lower growth rate and the less efficient biomass formation are accompanied with more efficient energy recovery from the substrate indicating high cell maintenance possibly to sustain intracellular pH homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Dehydrogenase1
  • Conversely, in both muscle and liver G6P can be converted by hexose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) to 6-phosphogluconate (6-PG). (bham.ac.uk)
Homeostasis1
  • Our results show that the NADPH oxidase RBOHD is essential for microbiota homeostasis and emphasizes the importance of the plant immune system in controlling the leaf microbiota. (nature.com)
Oxidative stress2
  • citation needed] One of the uses of NADPH in the cell is to prevent oxidative stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, cells like erythrocytes, which are persistently exposed to oxidative stress, exploit the PPP to generate NADPH, maintaining a cellular environment that is conducive to combating oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)
Ethanol2
  • The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
  • AdhE loss of function could mitigate ethanol stress by reducing intracellular levels of ethanol and its highly toxic precursor, acetaldehyde. (researchgate.net)
Pathway1
Organelles1
  • Then, students will learn the cell as the basis unit of biology, major intracellular organelles and their functions, subcellular fractionation, the experimental approach to isolation of molecules, determination of the structure of biomolecules, analysis and preparations that leads to study biochemical processes. (dagonuniversity.edu.mm)
Ratio3
  • The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is the primary mode of regulation for the enzyme and is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • High hexose-to-sucrose ratio correlated to bulblet formation across all the species examined, indicating its role in the VP process in Lycoris bulb. (bvsalud.org)
  • Collectively, the findings indicate a sugar-mediated model of the regulation of VP in which high CWIN expression or activity may promote bulblet initiation via enhancing apoplasmic unloading of sucrose or sugar signals, whereas the subsequent high ratio of hexose-to-sucrose likely supports cell division characterized in the next phase of bulblet formation. (bvsalud.org)
Nicotinamide1
  • The resultant chemical energy adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (ATP and NADPH) are used to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide CO 2 . (scar.ac.cn)
Thermocellum1
  • While enzyme assays have not been carried out to determine the substrate specificity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and PPi-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase in C. thermocellum, it is tempting to propose a similar hexose-to-pentose conversion mechanism. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
Substantial2
  • While higher-order mutants in receptors that recognize microbial features and in defence hormone signalling showed substantial microbial community alterations, the absence of the plant NADPH oxidase RBOHD caused the most pronounced change in the composition of the leaf microbiota. (nature.com)
  • A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)
High1
  • Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Power1
  • citation needed] The PPP is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with reducing power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Cells1
  • Furthermore, we found elevated intracellular Ca2+ in G6PT+/- primary muscle cells. (bham.ac.uk)
Support1
  • SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and activation of G6PD stimulates oxidative branch of PPP to supply cytosolic NADPH to counteract oxidative damage or support de novo lipogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Monophosphate Pathway1
  • Neutrophils and macrophages undergo a respiratory burst and an increase in the activity of the hexose monophosphate pathway in response to particulate or soluble agents. (nih.gov)
Membrane translocation2
  • Concomitantly, As 2 O 3 induced phosphorylation and membrane translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p47 phox and it also increased translocation of Rac1 and p67 phox . (aai.org)
  • Furthermore, the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and membrane translocation of p47(phox) are down-regulated, and G6pc3(-/-) macrophages exhibit repressed trafficking in vivo both during an inflammatory response and in pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Oxidase2
  • To specify the effects of arsenic on macrophage phenotype, we investigated in the present study whether As 2 O 3 could regulate the activity of NADPH oxidase, a major superoxide-generating enzymatic system in human phagocytes. (aai.org)
  • NADPH oxidase activation was preceded by phosphorylation of p38-kinase in As 2 O 3 -treated macrophages. (aai.org)
Phox1
  • Apocynin, a selective inhibitor of NADPH oxidases, prevented both p47 phox translocation and superoxide production. (aai.org)
Stimulates1
  • SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and activation of G6PD stimulates oxidative branch of PPP to supply cytosolic NADPH to counteract oxidative damage or support de novo lipogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Energy2
  • In this phase, two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH, utilizing the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This intracellular T3 is the active form of thyroid hormone which increases intracellular energy and serves as a "major endocrine controllers of metabolic rate" as we will discuss below. (jeffreydachmd.com)
Form1
  • Statement 1 : 6 molecules of CO2, 12 molecules of NADPH+ + H+ and 18 ATP are used to form one hexose molecule. (studiestoday.com)
Levels1
  • The results showed that cirsiliol and quercetin inhibited ATP synthase and decreased the intracellular ATP levels in both strains, although the effect was higher in MRSE. (bvsalud.org)
Production1
  • citation needed] The PPP is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with reducing power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans. (wikipedia.org)