• Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, the inhibition of hsa_circ_0046060 expression in exosomes from GDM-derived UMSCs can alleviate GDM by reversing abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • Although the precise pathogenic mechanism of GDM has not been fully elucidated, it may occur as a result of abnormal glucose regulation and increased IR, inducing the disorders of glucose metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Two signaling pathways arising from glucose metabolism converge to activate NFAT-mediated insulin gene transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucose metabolism activates this pathway by means of increasing [Ca 2+ ] i via L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by affecting the electrical activity of the cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The second pathway also involves glucose metabolism but appears to be driven by glucose-derived factors that target insulin gene transcription independently of [Ca 2+ ] i . (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucose metabolism is central to the regulation of β-cell function ( 11 ), and GLP-1 is a potent hormonal incretin that has been shown to markedly enhance the stimulatory effects of glucose on β-cells ( 12 , 13 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The first step in glycolysis (ie, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate [G6P] by glucokinase) is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • This demonstrates the importance of the G6PT in glucose metabolism and glucocorticoid (GC) activation. (bham.ac.uk)
  • H6PDHKO mice have shown GC independent myopathy thought to be attributed to disrupted glucose homeostasis and calcium (Ca2+) metabolism. (bham.ac.uk)
  • In this study we used G6PT+/- mice to characterise the effects of G6PT depletion in respect to systematic glucose metabolism when challenged with diabetes inducing high fat diet, and separately the effect on muscle metabolic homeostasis. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The addition of a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, 2-deoxy- d -glucose (10mM), attenuated the protective effect of 5.5mM glucose, indicating that glucose metabolism is essential for its protective effect against apoptosis. (portlandpress.com)
  • Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
  • Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
  • Researchers from the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin, Germany, have published a study detailing the metabolic function of the intracellular sorting receptor SORLA, a known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease , in a new role regulating metabolism in human obesity . (medscape.com)
  • Fig. 5: RhoA induces glucose transporter SLC2A3 translocation which drives subcellular glycolysis in thrombin-stimulated contractile endothelial cells. (nature.com)
  • Glucokinase is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (ATP production), not glucose transport. (medscape.com)
  • The consumption of glucose and the rate of glycolysis is upregulated in metastatic cancers, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating intermediate metabolites to feed into other pathways. (jove.com)
  • Glycolysis refers to the process by which glucose is decomposed into pyruvate in the cytoplasm and produces large amounts of lactate[ 6 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Increasing intracellular pH will cause stimulation of glycolysis, in turn producing phosphate-containing intermediates, driving phosphorous intracellularly and lowering the extracellular concentration. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory alkalosis moves phosphate into cells by activating phosphofructokinase, which stimulates intracellular glycolysis. (medscape.com)
  • Glycolysis leads to phosphate consumption as phosphorylated glucose precursors are produced. (medscape.com)
  • In neurons, glucose uptake is facilitated by a family of glucose transporters (GLUTs) with the GLUT1 and 3 isoforms believed to be responsible for the majority of glucose uptake within the brain (Duelli and Kuschinsky, 2001). (jneurosci.org)
  • This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Facilitative simple sugar uptake by mammalian cells is mediated by a family of glucose transporters. (rndsystems.com)
  • RhoA activation triggers a glycolytic burst through the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A3/GLUT3 to fuel the cellular contractile machinery, as demonstrated across multiple endothelial cell types. (nature.com)
  • The rate of glucose entry into the beta cell is facilitated by a glucose transporter, and the entry rate exceeds the oxidation rate of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • The glucose-6-phospate transporter (G6PT) translocates cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into the endoplamic/sacrcoplamic reticulum (ER/SR). In the liver, glucose-6- phosphatase metabolises G6P as the terminal step in gluconeogenesis, essential for maintaining fasting blood glucose levels. (bham.ac.uk)
  • They also improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin release in animals with obesity-diabetes on a short-term basis. (gradireland.com)
  • Diamaxol may help increase insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, requiring less insulin use with diet and exercise over time. (micronutra.com)
  • β-cell-specific Piezo1-knockout mice show impaired glucose tolerance in vivo and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion, β-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ elevation in vitro. (lu.se)
  • Amiloride hydrochloride should be discontinued for at least three days before a glucose tolerance test. (janusinfo.se)
  • In 362 overweight people, they observed gene-dosage effects that link SORLA expression to obesity and glucose tolerance. (medscape.com)
  • We used an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) to examine changes in [Cl - ] i and GABA A receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal slices from adult rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • The accumulation of Na + and Ca 2+ during ischemia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model for transient global ischemia, has been investigated extensively. (jneurosci.org)
  • One of the first consequences of oxygen and glucose deprivation during cerebral ischemia is membrane depolarization, the rapid depletion of cellular ATP, and the accumulation of extracellular excitatory amino acids. (jneurosci.org)
  • Neutrophil apoptosis was reduced by increasing the extracellular concentration of glucose, but was unaffected by glutamine concentration. (portlandpress.com)
  • 0.05) reduction in the intracellular ATP concentration of neutrophils incubated in the absence of extracellular glucose compared with cells incubated in the presence of 5.5mM glucose. (portlandpress.com)
  • corrects acidosis from shift of H+ from intracellular to extracellular. (perfusion.com)
  • Glucose and insulin: Directly promotes the movement of K+ from extracellular to intracellular compartments. (perfusion.com)
  • Prolonged storage at RT and delay testing/separation lead to hydrolysis of phosphate esters (eg, glucose phosphate, creatinine phosphate) and overestimation of phosphate concentration. (medscape.com)
  • The protective effect of glucose against apoptosis may be mediated by maintenance of the intracellular ATP concentration. (portlandpress.com)
  • As serum potassium concentration increases, a decreased ratio of intracellular to exrtracellular K+concentration occurs, and results in a decreased resting cell membrane potential. (perfusion.com)
  • As isotope-labeled standards for many metabolites are not available, they used uniformly 13C-labeled glucose medium to label the intracellular metabolome of E. coli (25). (harvard.edu)
  • These results implicate mechanotransduction and activation of PIEZO1, via intracellular accumulation of glucose metabolites, as an important physiological regulator of insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • They release insulin in a highly dynamic, bi-phasic and pulsatile manner in response to elevated glucose levels in the blood ( In't Veld and Marichal, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Genes amplified in B. pertussis include those involved in motility and respiration, whilst in M. tuberuclosis, functions included intracellular growth and regulation of virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • The protective effect of glucose appeared to correlate with the rate of glucose utilization. (portlandpress.com)
  • Glucose utilization and pyruvate production were reduced by 40 percent and 80 percent respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosphate is the most abundant intracellular anion and is essential for membrane structure, energy storage, and transport in all cells. (medscape.com)
  • As in the case of other intracellular ions (eg, potassium, magnesium), a decrease in the level of serum phosphate ( hypophosphatemia ) should be distinguished from a decrease in total body storage of phosphate (phosphate deficiency). (medscape.com)
  • Hypophosphatemia is caused by the intracellular shift of phosphate from serum, increased urinary excretion of phosphate, decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate, or decreased dietary intake. (medscape.com)
  • Administering carbohydrate lowers serum phosphate by stimulating the release of insulin, which moves phosphate and glucose into cells. (medscape.com)
  • The individual Gluts differ in their tissue distribution, substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and intracellular localization. (rndsystems.com)
  • Alveolar cells were incubated in the presence or absence of CCl4 at concentrations up to 10 microliters/milliliter (microl/ml) for 1 hour, and incubated with radiolabeled choline, palmitic-acid, glycerol, or glucose as substrate for 2 to 4 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, two-point base pair mutations in any of the three identified NFAT sites within the rat insulin I promoter resulted in a significant reduction in the combined effect of glucose and GLP-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
  • These data suggest that the synergistic action of glucose and GLP-1 to promote insulin gene transcription is mediated through NFAT via PKA- and calcineurin-dependent pathways in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • It is currently believed that hyperglycemia induces microvascular damage probably through a single common pathway - increased intracellular oxidative stress - linking four major mechanisms, namely the polyol pathway, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, the protein kinase C (PKC)-diacylglycerol (DAG) and the hexosamine pathways. (lu.se)
  • Glucose Induces Resistance to Polymyxins in High-Alcohol-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae via Increasing Capsular Polysaccharide and Maintaining Intracellular ATP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our work demonstrated the mechanism by which glucose induces polymyxins resistance in HiAlc Kpn, thereby laying the foundation for developing effective treatments for NAFLD caused by HiAlc Kpn. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
  • In the day 1 for how well as 2 diabetes than high-intensity interval on serum glucose that depression. (lorenzopetrantoni.com)
  • We characterized a glucose dependent hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ) in the majority of neurons after transient glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Hypophosphatemia may be transient, reflecting intracellular shift with minimal clinical consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) appears to be an important mediator of this process ( 3 , 6 - 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Conversely, the PIEZO1 antagonist GsMTx4 reduces glucose-induced Ca 2+ -signaling, electrical activity and insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • Oxygen-glucose deprivation induced an immediate rise in [Cl - ] i , which recovered within 20 min. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, oxygen-glucose deprivation caused a progressive downregulation of the K + -Cl - cotransporter (KCC2), which may have contributed to the Cl - accumulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we added diazepam early after oxygen-glucose deprivation and prevented the downregulation of KCC2 and the accumulation of [Cl - ] i . (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, after oxygen-glucose deprivation, diazepam may decrease neuronal excitability, thereby reducing the energy demands of the neuron. (jneurosci.org)
  • Expression levels of the primary neuronal glucose transporters (GLUTs) isoforms 1, 3, 4, and 8 were found to be unaltered within a 24 h period after excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
  • Depletes intracellular alanine and decreases glucose consumption by cancer cells. (tocris.com)
  • PBM-treated hypertrophic cells (1064 nm and 17.6 J/cm2 every day for 7 days following addition of PA) decreased the lipid levels in hypertrophic adipocytes, restored the GLUT4 protein expression and enhanced glucose transport. (google.com)
  • An intravenous glucose infusion rate greater than 8 mg/kg/min (normally, 4-6 mg/kg/min) strongly supports the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • This so-called refeeding syndrome occurs when starving or chronically malnourished patients are refed or given intravenous (IV) glucose, and typically produces a hypophosphatemic state by treatment day 3 or 4. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, more attention has been focused on changes in intracellular Cl - and its role in ischemia-induced neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, GLP-1 (100 nmol/l), in the presence of glucose (11 mmol/l), induced a ∼71-fold increase in insulin gene promoter activity in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, an effect that was an order of magnitude larger than with either stimulant alone. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
  • An increase in intracellular Ca 2+ is well established, but there are few studies of changes in intracellular Cl - ([Cl - ] i ) after ischemia. (jneurosci.org)
  • Notably, the inhibition of CPS formation and the decrease of intracellular ATP levels could both effectively reverse glucose -induced polymyxins resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inhibition of VEGF/KDR pathway by using SU5416, a selective inhibitor of KDR, alleviated the hyperpermeability and the cav-1 overexpression induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
  • Second, glucose maintained high ATP levels in HiAlc Kpn cells under the pressure of polymyxins , enhancing the resistance of the cells to the killing effect of antibiotics . (bvsalud.org)
  • Further research revealed the important roles of glucose and the global regulator, CRP, in bacterial resistance and found that inhibiting CPS formation and decreasing intracellular ATP levels could effectively reverse glucose -induced polymyxins resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • DIM decreased STZ-increased high blood glucose levels and food and water intake in diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
  • We found that G6PT depletion may promote weight gain and systemic insulin resistance despite normal fasted glucose levels on high fat diet. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Measurement of intracellular levels of 2PG is a tool for analyzing the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Reduced apolipoprotein b increased risk of life of blood glucose levels after surgery patient's blood pressure of volume? (lorenzopetrantoni.com)
  • The guidelines recommend insulin treatment in all patients who present with ketosis or extremely high blood glucose levels because it may not be clear initially whether these patients have type 2 or type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c ) levels should be measured every 3 months and treatment adjusted if goals for both HbA 1c and blood glucose are not met. (medscape.com)
  • After blood glucose levels are normalized, efforts to taper insulin with progressive substitution of an oral agent are undertaken. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
  • These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
  • This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
  • Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
  • Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
  • Significantly, the actions of both GLP-1 and forskolin were abolished by the selective Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) inhibitor, FK506, as well as by the chelation of intracellular Ca 2+ by BAPTA (bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N ′ ,N ′-tetraacetate). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Resveratrol treatment alleviated the hyperpermeability and the overexpression of cav-1 induced by high glucose in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
  • Intracellular ATP was decreased in a dose dependent manner, with 95 percent reduction at 5microl/ml CCl4. (cdc.gov)
  • There are high blood glucose- dependent on chronic kidney disease at 0, information non-discrimination act on hormonal factors. (lorenzopetrantoni.com)
  • However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • The first organism was a new intracellular Deltaproteobacterium provisionally named Candidatus Babela massiliensis (100% 16S rDNA sequence similarity with a reference strain [GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)
  • For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Glucose and GLP-1 also synergistically activated NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells)-mediated transcription from a minimal promoter construct containing tandem NFAT consensus sequences. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, we found elevated intracellular Ca2+ in G6PT+/- primary muscle cells. (bham.ac.uk)
  • High-alcohol-producing K. pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) causes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) by producing excess endogenous alcohol in the gut of patients with NAFLD , using glucose as the main carbon source. (bvsalud.org)
  • Islet perifusion systems can be used to monitor the highly dynamic insulin release of pancreatic islets in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays. (frontiersin.org)
  • Studying this highly dynamic process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic islets can give insights into the insulin release mechanisms of healthy and diabetic islets. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur determined that microorganisms cause the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen (fermentation). (jove.com)
  • This result on inflammatory infiltrate may have caused impacts on the significant lower blood glucose level from irradiated animals (p = 0.04), twenty-four hours after the last irradiation session. (google.com)
  • Increased permeability and caveolin-1 (cav-1) expression were observed in monolayer ECs exposed to high glucose. (springer.com)
  • β-Cyclodextrin, a structural inhibitor of caveolae, reduced the hyperpermeability caused by high glucose. (springer.com)
  • Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. (springer.com)
  • The above results demonstrate that RSV ameliorates caveolae-mediated hyperpermeability induced by high glucose via VEGF/KDR pathway. (springer.com)
  • This paradox is resolved by our finding that PIEZO1 translocates from the plasmalemma into the nucleus (where it cannot influence the membrane potential of the β-cell) under experimental conditions emulating T2D (high glucose culture). (lu.se)