• We summarise the evidence for the adaptive importance of cytoplasmic genes before detailing coadaptation between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and amongst cytoplasmic components. (nature.com)
  • We provide a method to simultaneously screen a library of antibody fragments for binding affinity and cytoplasmic solubility by using the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation pathway, which has an inherent quality control mechanism for intracellular protein folding, to display the antibody fragments on the inner membrane. (jove.com)
  • Commonly used methods for the display and screening of recombinant antibody libraries do not incorporate intracellular protein folding quality control, and, thus, the antigen-binding capability and cytoplasmic folding and solubility of antibodies engineered using these methods often must be engineered separately. (jove.com)
  • Antigen-binding and cytoplasmic solubility can be improved with subsequent rounds of mutagenesis and screening to engineer antibodies with high affinity and high cytoplasmic solubility for intracellular applications. (jove.com)
  • CD4 also functions to amplify signals from the TCR to the cytoplasm through the interaction of its intracellular domain with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases such as Lck. (stemcell.com)
  • We further demonstrated that IglA is needed for intracellular growth of F. novicida . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intracellular zinc is distributed in zinc-storing vesicles called zincosomes, the nucleus and other organelles. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Specific steroid receptors in the cell cytoplasm bind to ligands for steroid hormone-receptor complexes that occsionally translocate to the cell nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Francisella tularensis is a gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that is the etiological agent of tularemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • F. tularensis is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium capable of survival and replication in macrophages [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rather, it was produced by a tiny intracellular bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila , the pathogen behind a serious lung infection called Legionnaire's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • In a recently published Nature Communications article, scientists proposed the epithet 'Candidatus Cyanoraptor togatus,' as a new generic and specific name for an obligatory intracellular bacterium that preys upon cyanobacteria in biocrusts and thus exerts substantial effects on the ecosystem. (asm.org)
  • Other intracellular pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes , degrade the phagosomal membrane and escape into the cytoplasm to replicate freely [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The tubules are all made of the same water-repellant fatty membrane that surrounds the cell, separating their interior from the watery cytoplasm. (alzforum.org)
  • The method harnesses the intrinsic intracellular folding quality control mechanism of the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway to display an scFv library on the E. coli inner membrane. (jove.com)
  • The Tat pathway ensures that only soluble, well-folded proteins are transported out of the cytoplasm and displayed on the inner membrane, thereby eliminating poorly folded scFvs prior to interrogation for antigen-binding. (jove.com)
  • Positively charged CTAC could actively target mitochondria by interacting with the negatively charged mitochondria membrane, and then lead to the dysfunction of mitochondria by decreasing mitochondrial potential and intracellular ATP levels, resulting in the necrosis and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. (rsc.org)
  • The high intracellular calcium activates numerous calcium-dependent enzymes that further break down the cell membrane, leading to the release of intracellular contents such as myoglobin and creatine kinase into the circulation. (medscape.com)
  • We study the role of intracellular complement factor C3 and membrane bound complement inhibitor CD59 in insulin secretion as well as physiology and metabolism of beta cells. (lu.se)
  • In amphioxus, digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several investigations suggest that, besides their extracellular actions, also intracellular mechanisms of sGAG-derivatives seem possible. (degruyter.com)
  • So-called facultative intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and Legionella pneumophila do not need to be inside a host cell to reproduce. (the-scientist.com)
  • In cytoplasm, zinc mostly binds zinc-chelating proteins called metallothioneins (MTs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • They interact with specific intracellular receptor proteins in the target tissues and alter the expression of genes to corticosteroids. (bvsalud.org)
  • To accomplish this, they are equipped with numerous large mitochondria and abundant intracellular lipid for oxidative metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Together with another protein called MMACHC (produced from the MMACHC gene), MMADHC transports vitamin B12 to regions of the cell in which each cofactor is needed: specialized structures that serve as energy-producing centers (the mitochondria), where AdoCbl functions, or the fluid inside the cell (the cytoplasm), where MeCbl functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The MMADHC gene variants that cause this condition result in the production of a protein that cannot transport vitamin B12 to either the mitochondria or the cytoplasm, which disrupts production of both AdoCbl and MeCbl. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Heterophagic intracellular digestion has an important job which is to break down all molecules that are brought into a cell by endocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autophagic intracellular digestion is processed in the cell, which means it digests the internal molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • To ensure that the correct sets of molecules talk to each other, the intracellular space is highly structured and special signals are employed to move specific molecules from one structure to another. (alzforum.org)
  • After about four hours most F. tularensis cells escape the phagosome and grow in the cytoplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a trade-off, they have had to come up with ways to bypass a cell's internal immune system, navigate the complicated, busy environment of the cell cytoplasm, and ultimately escape that environment to infect other cells-becoming tiny maestros of manipulation in the process. (the-scientist.com)
  • By then it was known that Listeria infects cells such as macrophages-motile human immune cells that engulf pathogens and cellular debris-by being taken up into vacuoles and breaking out of those vacuoles into the cytoplasm. (the-scientist.com)
  • Spindle cells are marked by their fusiform shape and eosinophilic cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • Predatory cells then enter the cyanobacterial cytoplasm to complete intracellular cell division. (asm.org)
  • Figure 2(c) illustrates a culture of Indian Muntjac cells that were labeled with phalloidin conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 for the intracellular actin cytoskeletal network. (microscopyu.com)
  • Elevated intracellular calcium levels activate calcineurin, which in turn then dephosphorylates the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in the cytoplasm. (bmj.com)
  • The CHS protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of cells of a variety of tissues and may represent an abnormality of organellar protein trafficking. (medscape.com)
  • Histologically, ALCL is characterized by sheets of large pleomorphic cells with abundant cytoplasm, horseshoe- or wreath-shaped nuclei, and multiple prominent nucleoli. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to muscle cells interferes with both mechanisms, leading to an increase in free ionized calcium in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • By contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium leprae do, and this trait makes them a challenge to culture and study in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
  • Obligate intracellular pathogens will often have reduced genomes compared to the facultative variety, a genetic tendency that is reflective of their more limited lifestyle. (the-scientist.com)
  • A common virulence strategy of intracellular pathogens is to favorably modulate the intracellular milieu of hosts for their own benefit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And she gained a new appreciation for the myriad other types of intracellular bacteria, a diverse group that includes many medically significant pathogens such as Salmonella , Listeria, and Chlamydia , as well as the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. (the-scientist.com)
  • For Mukherjee, the paper was a revelation: not only did it identify the fastest way yet to target Golgi biology, it suggested that scientists could use intracellular bacteria "as a lens to understand basic processes inside the cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • Research on how intracellular bacteria take control of their hosts is not only informing scientists about how these microbes cause disease, but revealing secrets of mammalian biology, says Mukherjee, who now heads up a lab at the University of California (UC), San Francisco. (the-scientist.com)
  • Intracellular bacteria vary considerably in how dependent they are on their hosts. (the-scientist.com)
  • In this chapter, we discuss the role that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in the elimination of intracellular bacteria and their induction by immunomodulators like vitamin D, focusing on the mycobacterial infection. (benthamscience.com)
  • Streptolysin S was required for optimal uptake and persistence of M3 planktonic bacteria, whereas SpeB improved intracellular survival of biofilm bacteria. (lu.se)
  • Microscopy of internalized bacteria showed that planktonic bacteria were internalized in lower numbers as individual or small clumps of bacteria in the cytoplasm, whereas GAS biofilm bacteria displayed a pattern of perinuclear localization of bacterial aggregates that affected actin structure. (lu.se)
  • Intracellular Cyanoraptor have no outer compartments. (asm.org)
  • Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have shown recently that C3 regulates autophagy due to its ability to interact with ATG16L1 and now we want to delineate how C3 enters cytoplasm and what are molecular mechanisms by which it is regulating autophagy. (lu.se)
  • The images presented in Figure 2 demonstrate the performance of this filter combination with a variety of blue-absorbing fluorescence probes targeted at different intracellular locations. (microscopyu.com)
  • Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder characterized by abnormal intracellular protein transport. (medscape.com)
  • To probe the state of the cytoplasm, we track the motion of lipid granules native to the cytoplasm of fission yeast using single particle tracking. (utexas.edu)
  • These findings demonstrate that MWCNTs cause persistent pulmonary inflammation, can be translocated within the lung by alveolar macrophages, can migrate from the lung to the regional lymph node and can penetrate the cytoplasm of macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies engineered for intracellular function must not only have affinity for their target antigen, but must also be soluble and correctly folded in the cytoplasm. (jove.com)
  • Due to their desirable size and HSA receptor-mediated transcytosis, CTAC@MSNs-HSA show great cellular uptake and enhanced accumulation in the cytoplasm. (rsc.org)
  • Moreover, the high expression of capsule and SLO inhibited cellular uptake and capsule expression was required for intracellular survival. (lu.se)
  • Although antibodies have much potential for intracellular applications, engineering them for proper folding and solubility in the intracellular environment while maintaining the ability to bind to a target antigen is challenging. (jove.com)
  • Respecting the preferentially intracellular localization of sGAG in vesicle-like structures, also the interaction data indicate sGAG-specific modulation of vesicle-based transport processes. (degruyter.com)
  • The cytoplasm of a cell mediates important cellular functions such as intracellular transport, cell communication and cell motility. (utexas.edu)
  • These networks perform numerous functions that are essential for cell division and for maintaining the integrity of cytoplasm required for intracellular transport and cell shape. (cas.cz)
  • The MMADHC gene variants that cause homocystinuria result in a protein that cannot transport vitamin B12 to the cytoplasm, where MeCbl is produced. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although sulfated GAGs (sGAGs) appear intracellularly, the knowledge about intracellular effects and putative interaction partners is scarce. (degruyter.com)
  • Genomes residing in the cytoplasm, however, prove to be a peculiar exception to this rule. (nature.com)
  • In its broadest sense, intracellular digestion is the breakdown of substances within the cytoplasm of a cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasmodium parasites are always intracellular, and they demonstrate, if stained correctly, blue cytoplasm with a red chromatin dot. (cdc.gov)
  • We recently described a Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) harboring several genes necessary for intracellular growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are interested in how the organization of the cytoplasm affects or controls these functions. (utexas.edu)
  • Surprisingly, this is related to intracellular functions of complement and therefore changes the way we perceive this "blood" system and will likely inspire discovery of many other intracellular effects of complement. (lu.se)
  • T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are responsible, respectively, for conduction of electrical signals from the cell surface and the intracellular storage and release of calcium required for contraction to occur. (medscape.com)
  • Third, resistant species had higher levels of intracellular protein trafficking, and these processes have a lineage-specific adaptive basis to disease resistance. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Intracellular dye injections of protoplasmic astrocytes from the CA1 region of hippocampus of a 1 month old rat reveals highly ramified spongiform processes that span territories with minimal overlap. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • Intracellular dye injections of protoplasmic a 1-week old rat reveals highly ramified spongiform processes that span territories with minimal overlap. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • Note the prominent staining of the intracellular microtubule network that extends throughout the cytoplasm. (microscopyu.com)
  • As found in other cell types the granules show anomalous sub-diffusion due to the crowded environment of the cytoplasm. (utexas.edu)
  • Antibodies capable of folding and functioning in the intracellular environment are promising tools for both research and therapeutic applications. (jove.com)
  • During intracellular growth IglA production reaches a maximum at about 10 hours post infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intracellular digestion can also refer to the process in which animals that lack a digestive tract bring food items into the cell for the purposes of digestion for nutritional needs. (wikipedia.org)
  • SSMTCNPSmitotic centrosome positive F +SSMTCNSGmitotic centrosome signal N ,SSMISFPSmitotic spindle fibers positive V -SSMISFSGmitotic spindle fibers signal ^ .SSMTNMPSmitotic NuMa positive f /SSMTNMSGmitotic NuMa signal n 0SSMTBRPSmitotic intracellular bridge positive v 1SSMTBRSGmitotic intracellular bridge signal ~ 2SSMICHP mitotic chromosomes positive 3SSMICHS mitotic chromosomes signal HEADER RECORD*******OBS HEADER RECORD! (cdc.gov)