Intracellular concentrations of neutral amino acids intracellular amino acid amino acids neutral. Medical search. Frequent questions

The prostate intracellular/extracellular conditions present a 40:1 concentration gradient. (biomedcentral.com)
This is carried out via the regulation of both the influx from the extracellular environment and the recycling of intracellular resources. (spandidos-publications.com)
Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
I-FABP) and bovine heart fatty acid-binding pro- tissues and in intracellular as well as extracellular tein (H-FABP). (lu.se)

Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Low stability and solubility of some amino acids like L-Glutamine, L-Tyrosine and L-Cystine impose limits to media formulations, storage stability, process intensification and ultimately overall productivity. (evonik.com)
L-Tyrosine is an important amino acid for protein synthesis and cellular metabolism. (evonik.com)
The tyrosine peptides increase the solubility at neutral pH by up to 50 times compared to free L-Tyrosine. (evonik.com)
The ligand-bound TM configuration promotes asymmetric dimerization of the intracellular juxta-membrane (JM) and kinase domains, which causes autophosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues ( 6 , 7 ). (biorxiv.org)

Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

The above-described immune effect of all tested proteins was obtained at 20 g/100 g concentration with no further increments with 30- and 40 g/100 g protein in the diet. (immunehealthscience.com)
2013). This involves the crosslinking of keratinocyte proteins such as loricrin and involucrin by transglutaminases and the breakdown of the nucleus and other organelles by intracellular and secreted proteases (Eckhart et al. (uni-freiburg.de)
Thus, HERA is a novel cellular assay that can be used to predict how FcRn-binding proteins are rescued from intracellular degradation. (nature.com)
In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)

However, these challenges can be overcome with the replacement of such amino acids with our highly stable and soluble cQrex® peptides . (evonik.com)
Using the cQrex® peptides to partially or fully replace amino acids in basal, feed and perfusion media helps to increase yields and generate more stable and robust processes. (evonik.com)
5.4) Which of the following drug permeation mechanisms is used for peptides, amino acids, glucose, and other large or insoluble molecules? (pharmacologycorner.com)

This problem has been partially overcome by chemical modifications which reduce serum or intracellular degradation. (justia.com)
Albumin and IgG have remarkably long serum half-lives due to pH-dependent FcRn-mediated cellular recycling that rescues both ligands from intracellular degradation. (nature.com)
It's degradation leads to elevated levels of ammonia and glutamic acid or pyroglutamate, which have a detrimental impact on cell culture performance and product quality. (evonik.com)

Organic acidemias are disorders of intermediary metabolism that lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds that derange multiple intracellular biochemical pathways including glucose catabolism (glycolysis), glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis), amino acid and ammonia metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, and fat metabolism. (profithpm.com)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT  The process needs energy (ATP) for transportation of drug molecules  Molecule moves into the cell against its concentration gradient in the lipid bi-layer membrane  Transport small particle ions through the membrane i.e. glucose, aminoacids, organic acids and inorganic ions (SO4-, PO4-, K+ etc). (slideshare.net)
Comparative metabolome analysis of sucrose- and glucose-based fermentation identified 81 intracellular metabolites and demonstrated that pyruvate from the glycolysis pathway may be a key metabolite affecting PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

The most common chemical groups associated with organic acids are carboxylic acids which are present in the conjugate base form at neutral pH, 7.0, the pH of the inside of most living cells. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids with one carboxylic acid have one conjugate base while some organic acids may have two or three carboxylic acids and two or three conjugate bases. (profithpm.com)

According to the methods, a mixture of lipids containing a protonatable or deprotonatable lipid, for example an amino lipid and a lipid such as a PEG- or Polyamide oligomer-modified lipid is combined with a buffered aqueous solution of a charged therapeutic agent, for example polyanionic nucleic acids, to produce particles in which the therapeutic agent is encapsulated in a lipid vesicle. (justia.com)
Additionally, the invention provides methods of making the compositions, as well as methods of introducing the nucleic acids into cells using the compositions and treating disease conditions. (justia.com)
No clinical assessment currently employs the basic phosphodiester chemistry found in natural nucleic acids, because of these and other known problems. (justia.com)

Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there. (edu.vn)

Recent studies have focused on asymmetric synthesis of structurally complex amino acids, using what has proved to be a very versatile radical-based methodology and also the use of structurally unusual heterocycles for masking the reactivity of synthetically valuable functional groups. (exeter.ac.uk)
The use of radical-based methodology in the synthesis of highly substituted amines and amino acids. (exeter.ac.uk)
The inhibition of NO synthesis by N-monomethyl-L-arginine restored the intracellular growth of P. marneffei. (dadospdf.com)
In silico simulation of a genome-scale metabolic model ( i ZX637) further verified that pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ) via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle strengthened carbon flux for PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

The knockdown of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) by siRNA also enhanced GEF-induced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
Thus, organic acids in urine are often present at 100 times their concentration in the blood serum and thus are more readily detected in urine. (profithpm.com)
This is why organic acids are rarely tested in blood or serum. (profithpm.com)

1 L/d of drinking water was associated with concurrent changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and micronutrient metabolism, a metabolomic pattern of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, instead of glycolysis to lactate, and a reduction of chronic disease risk factors in Week 6. (ppexmed.com)

The impact of sphingolipids on MDR1 gene expression in cancer appears to reflect the myriad intracellular signaling pathways of ceramide and its metabolites. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Keratin filaments are heteropolymeric, formed from equal amounts of acidic type I and basic /neutral type 2 keratins. (uni-freiburg.de)
Organic acids are organic compounds that are acidic. (profithpm.com)
With pH we mean the unit of measurement with which it is established whether a organic liquid (blood, urine, etc.) is acid or base that is, if, on the basis of a scale that will give 0 to 14 , has a lower value of 7 (acidic), higher (alkaline) or even (neutral). (agonyandivy.com)
Optimal incubation times for spectrophotometrical measurements are indicated by A (neutral medium) and B (acidic media). (dadospdf.com)

The maintenance of the intracellular level of amino acids is crucial for cellular homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Amino acids are essential for cellular homeostasis, growth and proliferation via their contribution to a diverse range of cellular processes. (spandidos-publications.com)
The nutritional acid load hypothesis of osteoporosis is reviewed from its historical origin to most recent studies with particular attention to the essential but overlooked role of the kidney in acid-base homeostasis. (cambridge.org)
In a historical perspective, the present review dissects out speculation from experimental facts and emphasises the essential role of the renal tubule in systemic acid-base and Ca homeostasis. (cambridge.org)

The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore the uptake and accumulation of cellular aspartate occurs against a 40:1 concentration gradient. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we investigated the link between cellular cholesterol and L. pneumophila intracellular replication and discovered that disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis or cholesterol trafficking lowered bacterial replication in infected cells. (microbialcell.com)

The aim of these studies has been to develop a much-needed general synthetic route to amino acids (and other amine derivatives) possessing a quaternary chiral centre alpha -to the nitrogen atom and in particular, alpha , alpha -disubstituted alpha -amino acids. (exeter.ac.uk)
The central theme of this methodology is the formation of alpha -aminoalkyl radicals from existing amino acid and alpha -amino alcohol derivatives by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer and the subsequent trapping of these radicals with appropriate radicalphiles, thus generating quaternary centres with high efficiency and excellent stereocontrol. (exeter.ac.uk)

The enhancement of immune responsiveness observed in mice fed the 28% L diet was moderately reduced by the addition of phenylalanine to the diet, indicating that the lower level of this amino acid in the L protein may be of some significance. (immunehealthscience.com)
The principal factor responsible for the observed immune effect does not appear to be the availability or concentration of single essential amino acids but rather the composite effect of the specific amino acid distribution in the protein. (immunehealthscience.com)
Notwithstanding this questionable role of bone mineral in systemic acid-base equilibrium, not only in CKD but even more in the absence of renal impairment, it is postulated that, in healthy individuals, foods, particularly those containing animal protein, would induce 'latent' acidosis and result, in the long run, in osteoporosis. (cambridge.org)
Amino acids are essential ingredients in cell culture media as they function as protein building blocks. (evonik.com)
Goethe-Universita¨t, DE-60439 tein (I-LBP) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP). (lu.se)
for example, H-FABP makes up 3% of the plasmic intracellular LBPs from three different cytoplasmic protein content in rat heart. (lu.se)

The intracellular growth of P. marneffei damaged nonstimulated J774 macrophages, as confirmed by electron microscopy. (dadospdf.com)
The increased concentration of NO and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) produced by activated macrophages is reported to inhibit the growth of several bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses (4). (dadospdf.com)

A cooperative and competitive interaction between multiple enzymes, cell lines, and cell culture conditions causes processing of the oligosaccharide structure during which some of the already attached moieties like mannose are trimmed to yield a fiveâ residue core (Man3GlcNAc2), to which N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, galactose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid or Neu5Ac) residues get added in a probabilistic fashion. (chromatographyonline.com)

The Organic Acids Test (OAT) offers a comprehensive metabolic snapshot of a patient's overall health with 75 markers. (profithpm.com)
Many people with chronic illnesses and neurological disorders often excrete several abnormal organic acids in their urine. (profithpm.com)
Our Organic Acids Test also includes markers for vitamin and mineral levels, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels, and is the only OAT to include markers for oxalates, which are highly correlated with many chronic illnesses. (profithpm.com)
What are organic acids? (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are chemical compounds excreted in the urine of mammals that are products of metabolism. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are substances in which carbon and hydrogen are always present but which may also contain the elements of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus as well. (profithpm.com)
The names of most organic acids contain the suffix -ic, followed by the word "acid" such as lactic acid. (profithpm.com)
Every organic acid has one or more conjugate bases named with the suffix -ate. (profithpm.com)
Many times, the name of the organic acid and its conjugate base(s) are used interchangeably when discussing physiology and biochemistry, such as lactate or lactic acid. (profithpm.com)
How are organic acids measured for medical reasons? (profithpm.com)
Almost all organic acids used for human testing are measured by a combination of gas or liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are most commonly analyzed in urine because they are not extensively reabsorbed in the kidney tubules after glomerular filtration. (profithpm.com)
The number of organic acids found in urine is enormous. (profithpm.com)
Over 1,000 different organic acids have been detected in urine since this kind of testing started. (profithpm.com)
How are organic acids tests used for the treatment of diseases? (profithpm.com)
An organic acid is any compound that generates protons at the prevailing pH of human blood. (profithpm.com)
Although some organic acidemias result in lowered blood pH, other organic acidemias are associated with organic acids that are relatively weak and do not typically cause acidosis. (profithpm.com)
The accumulation of an organic acid in cells and fluids (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine) leads to a disease called organic acidemia or organic aciduria. (profithpm.com)

With a thousand times higher solubility than the free amino acid, cQrex® KC allows the formulation of concentrated basal, feed and perfusion media at neutral pH. (evonik.com)
Hasselbalch equation for the ratio of solubility for the weak acid or weak base? (pharmacologycorner.com)
I-LBP, ileal lipid-binding to the aqueous solubility of the fatty acid. (lu.se)

An acid is a substance that can donate hydrogen ions (H + ). A base is a substance that can accept H + ions. (medscape.com)
Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
The residence time of hydrogen cyanide in the atmosphere has been estimated to be approximately 2.5 years, with a range of 1.3-5.0 years, depending on the hydroxyl radical concentration (Cicerone and Zellner 1983). (cdc.gov)

Exposure of cells to either octanoic acid (C8:0), a C8-ceramide hydrolysis product, or oleic acid (C18:1) did not affect MDR1 expression. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Example:  Propanolol is a basic drug that forms a ion pair with oleic acid and absorbed through GIT. (slideshare.net)

AGT is a high molecular weight molecule (49.548), made up of 453 amino acids (aa) synthesized in the liver. (hindawi.com)

therefore, host lipids and their biosynthesis pathways have emerged as critical regulators of intracellular replication for vacuolar pathogens both as organelle membrane building blocks as well as nutrients [8] [9] . (microbialcell.com)
The main incident in neurological disorders is excitotoxicity which entails an extensive upsurge in the concentrations of intracellular Ca 2+ and the production of reactive species such as ROS and RNS by lethal pathways [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Tolperisone also inhibits release of glutamate from rat brain synaptosomes primarily by blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels, although inhibition of calcium channels may also be involved at higher concentrations. (bvsalud.org)

conversely, food or one of its components may affect bioavailability and half-life, circulating plasma concentrations of drugs resulting in an increased risk of toxicity and its adverse effects, or therapeutic failure. (mdpi.com)
This damage is the primary event in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) toxicity. (biomedcentral.com)

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT In primary active transport, hydrolysis of energy rich molecules such as ATP provide energy required for transport of molecules form lower concentration to higher concentration across membrane. (slideshare.net)
Acid hydrolysis of PMA, resulting in release of the monomer l -malic acid (MA), which is widely used in the food and chemical industry, is a competitive process for producing bio-based platform chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, its monomer MA can be easily generated from PMA via acid hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)

Accordingly, in CKD, bone mineral mobilisation would serve as a buffer system to acid accumulation. (cambridge.org)

Outside of the human body, L-Cysteine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as sunflowers, soy beans, and watermelons and in a lower concentration in common wheats, dates, and beers. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. (edu.vn)
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT  In secondary active transport, one type of molecule migrates from higher concentration to lower concentration, releasing energy. (slideshare.net)

Example:  Quateranary Ammonium compound  Sulphonic acids Ion pair transport is a passive transport mechanism in which the drug forms a reversible neutral complex with endogenous ion of the GIT, passively diffused through the membrane and reaches systemic circulations. (slideshare.net)

The nutritional efficiency of these diets was similar at both 12 and 28% amino acid levels. (immunehealthscience.com)
Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
Intracellular levels of amino acids are maintained by the balance between their influx, utilization and recycling ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Natural product anticancer agents enhance intracellular levels of ceramide, a sphingolipid that promotes cell apoptosis. (sphingolipidclub.com)
The aim of this work was to determine if riboflavin (B 2 ) and pyridoxine (B 6 ) provide protection to the brain against free radicals generated by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) by measuring the levels of dopamine (DA) and selected oxidative stress markers. (biomedcentral.com)

2008). This process is strictly regulated by the Ca2+ concentration gradient in the epidermis (Esholtz et al. (uni-freiburg.de)
5.2) Which of the following drug permeation mechanisms occurs across epithelial tight junctions and is driven by a concentration gradient? (pharmacologycorner.com)

Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)

Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer with many attractive properties for food and pharmaceutical applications mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans . (biomedcentral.com)
Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer composed of l -malic acid (MA) monomers and is mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Microscopy analyses indicate that cholesterol regulates a step in L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle that occurs after bacteria begin to replicate within an established intracellular niche. (microbialcell.com)

In contrast, in citrate-producing prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that must be derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In these specialized prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that is derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
The addition of essential amino acids, but not non-essential amino acids to the cell culture medium resulted in the cancellation of this pronounced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
The alkalizing diet is mainly based on use of vegetables and fruits, some cereals and legumes, nuts and oil seeds, sprouts, essential fatty acids such as those found in 'linseed oil and in ' olive oil (omega 3 and omega 6). (agonyandivy.com)

However, it is highly reactive and readily forms the dimeric L-Cystine which is hardly soluble at neutral pH and often precipitates in the media. (evonik.com)
Neurological disorders suggest that the excitotoxicity involves a drastic increase in intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations and the formation of reactive oxygen species. (biomedcentral.com)

The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. (edu.vn)
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells. (edu.vn)

Conversely, foods generating neutral or alkaline urine would favour bone growth and Ca balance, prevent bone loss and reduce osteoporotic fracture risk. (cambridge.org)

These particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (slideshare.net)

An example for all is that of lemon whose starting acids are transformed into alkaline (basic) carbohydrates useful for the body. (agonyandivy.com)

Vitamin C is another component with important health benefits, with concentrations of 85-300 mg/kg, and even up to 1860 mg/kg FW according to some authors, which are among the highest found in known fruits [28,81]. (researchgate.net)

As can be noted from this reaction, increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration drives the reaction to the right, whereas a decrease in CO 2 concentration drives it to the left. (medscape.com)

In the cell-free system, NO that was chemically generated from NaNO2 in acid media (pH 4 and 5) markedly inhibited the growth of P. marneffei. (dadospdf.com)

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is considered a strong acid because it is present only in a completely ionized form in the body, whereas carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) is a weak acid because it is ionized incompletely, and, at equilibrium, all three reactants are present in body fluids. (medscape.com)

Consumption of tea has been linked to a sense of relaxation commonly associated with the content of the non-proteinogenic amino acid theanine, which is found within the tea leaves. (mdpi.com)

These are mainly made up of acid minerals or basic minerals and on the basis of this the action of that particular food within the organism is determined. (agonyandivy.com)

This invention relates to compositions comprising a combination of a lipid and a therapeutic agent, particularly to lipid-nucleic acid compositions, for in vivo therapeutic use. (justia.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms11

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs104

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes56

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Extracellular4

Tyrosine5

Excitatory amin1

Proteins4

Peptides3

Degradation3

Glucose3

Carboxylic acids2

Nucleic acids3

Tissues3

Synthesis4

Transporter2

Serum3

Glycolysis1

Metabolites1

Acidic4

Homeostasis4

Transporters1

Cellular2

Quaternary2

Protein6

Macrophages2

Residues1

Organic18

Solubility3

Hydrogen4

Oleic acid2

Molecular weight1

Pathways2

Glutamate1

Toxicity2

Hydrolysis3

Accumulation1

Lower concentration3

Mechanism1

Levels5

Gradient2

Fatty acid1

Water-soluble2

Occurs1

Essential4

Reactive2

Cells2

Urine1

Particles1

Alkaline1

Important1

Carbon1

Free1

Weak acid1

Found1

Basic1

Therapeutic1