• Within the membrane-bound compartments, different intracellular pH, different enzyme systems, and other differences are isolated from other organelles and cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, different intracellular compartments present strong differences in fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime. (mdpi.com)
  • We used this difference to isolate different intracellular regions to allow us to selectively study these regions. (mdpi.com)
  • Approximately, what percentage of total body water is in the intracellular fluid compartment? (physiologyweb.com)
  • The body contains 2 major fluid compartments: the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the extracellular fluid (ECF). (medscape.com)
  • If intravascular free water excess is not corrected during volume replenishment, the shift of free water to the intracellular fluid compartment may cause cerebral edema, especially in children. (medscape.com)
  • Body fluids can be discussed in terms of their composition and the specific fluid compartment where they are located. (oncolink.org)
  • Intracellular fluid includes all fluid enclosed by the plasma membranes of cells. (oncolink.org)
  • The ear has three compartments: (1) the outer ear, including the pina and the ear canal down to the tympanic membrane, (2) the air-filled middle ear, including the three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and the connection to the pharynx (the auditory canal), and (3) the fluid-filled inner ear or cochlea, which contains the organ of Corti and the initial portion of the auditory nerve. (vin.com)
  • The organ of Corti wraps around in the cochlea in a fluid-filled compartment. (vin.com)
  • That fluid is high in potassium and low in sodium, similar to intracellular fluid. (vin.com)
  • Shift of sodium-free intracellular fluid into the extracellular compartment after mannitol infusion may lower serum sodium concentration and aggravate preexisting hyponatremia. (nih.gov)
  • The ratio between potassium concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) strongly influences cell membrane polarization, which in turn influences important cell processes, such as the conduction of nerve impulses and muscle (including myocardial) cell contraction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • She was particularly interested in the Golgi apparatus, a cluster of membrane-bound compartments that help coordinate this trafficking, and spent much of her time manipulating the organelle's activity to try to better understand how it works. (the-scientist.com)
  • And she gained a new appreciation for the myriad other types of intracellular bacteria, a diverse group that includes many medically significant pathogens such as Salmonella , Listeria, and Chlamydia , as well as the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. (the-scientist.com)
  • Obligate intracellular pathogens will often have reduced genomes compared to the facultative variety, a genetic tendency that is reflective of their more limited lifestyle. (the-scientist.com)
  • Intracellular replication of several bacterial pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila, is restricted by the retrograde trafficking pathway. (uzh.ch)
  • We show here that the biogenesis of CLEL6 and CLEL9 peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana requires a series of processing events in consecutive compartments of the secretory pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • Essentially all excess fibroblast cholesterol moves from plasma membranes to intracellular compartments. (uchicago.edu)
  • In general there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are: The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope) Organelles (the mitochondrion in all eukaryotes and the plastid in phototrophic eukaryotes) The cytosol Compartments have three main roles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell membranes are continually remodelled to achieve communication between intracellular compartments and to selectively exchange materials between them. (unifr.ch)
  • These have been suggested to be the core machinery that mediates the fusing of two membranes, as well as ensuring that vesicles deliver their cargo to the right compartment 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • As an escort protein, REP-1 attaches to molecules called Rab proteins within the cell and directs them to the membranes of various cell compartments ( organelles ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rather, it was produced by a tiny intracellular bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila , the pathogen behind a serious lung infection called Legionnaire's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • So-called facultative intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and Legionella pneumophila do not need to be inside a host cell to reproduce. (the-scientist.com)
  • In water supplies, Legionella can live either as multicellular biofilms on inorganic surfaces or as intracellular endosymbionts or parasites of amoeba and other eukaryotic microbes. (huffpost.com)
  • Inhaling micro-droplets of water containing Legionella can lead to pneumonia , where the bacteria encase themselves in intracellular compartments called vacuoles in lung cells. (huffpost.com)
  • It is not yet clear whether free-living or intracellular Legionella is the infectious agent . (huffpost.com)
  • By contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium leprae do, and this trait makes them a challenge to culture and study in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
  • In a recently published Nature Communications article, scientists proposed the epithet 'Candidatus Cyanoraptor togatus,' as a new generic and specific name for an obligatory intracellular bacterium that preys upon cyanobacteria in biocrusts and thus exerts substantial effects on the ecosystem. (asm.org)
  • Transport across these barriers is often controlled in order to maintain the optimal concentration of biomolecules within and outside of the compartment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lithium concentration in the muscle compartment of manic-depressive patients during lithium therapy. (academictree.org)
  • As serum potassium concentration increases, a decreased ratio of intracellular to exrtracellular K+concentration occurs, and results in a decreased resting cell membrane potential. (perfusion.com)
  • Transporter activities were assessed by concentration ratios between compartments and pharmacokinetic parameters that describe the accumulation and decay profiles of hepatocyte concentrations. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Once intracellular and extracellular concentrations are stable, a decrease in serum potassium concentration of about 1 mEq/L (1 mmol/L) indicates a total potassium deficit of about 200 to 400 mEq (200 to 400 mmol). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Likewise, intracellular compartmentalization allows specific sites of related eukaryotic cell functions isolated from other processes and therefore efficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • For Mukherjee, the paper was a revelation: not only did it identify the fastest way yet to target Golgi biology, it suggested that scientists could use intracellular bacteria "as a lens to understand basic processes inside the cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • Research on how intracellular bacteria take control of their hosts is not only informing scientists about how these microbes cause disease, but revealing secrets of mammalian biology, says Mukherjee, who now heads up a lab at the University of California (UC), San Francisco. (the-scientist.com)
  • Intracellular bacteria vary considerably in how dependent they are on their hosts. (the-scientist.com)
  • Brucella is a model of an intracellular parasite, a category that includes other important bacteria, such as those of tuberculosis or legionelosis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Predatory cells then enter the cyanobacterial cytoplasm to complete intracellular cell division. (asm.org)
  • We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ability to maintain a diverse set of intracellular compartments, with distinct complements of proteins, is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
  • The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
  • Rab proteins are involved in the movement of proteins and organelles within cells (intracellular trafficking). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Without the aid of Rab proteins in intracellular trafficking, cells die prematurely. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation, but only about 2% of total body potassium is extracellular. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because most intracellular potassium is contained within muscle cells, total body potassium is roughly proportional to lean body mass. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Potassium is a major determinant of intracellular osmolality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The discrepancy between Mn concentrations in tissue or intracellular components means that blood Mn is a poor biomarker of Mn exposure or toxicity under many conditions and that other biomarkers must be established. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, the three compartments contributed to the low liver concentrations obtained during BOPTA perfusion. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Taken together, these experiments revealed that Vapyrin-bodies have an endosomal identity with trans-Golgi features, and that VAPYRIN interacts with a symbiotic R-SNARE of the VAMP721 family, that localizes to the same compartment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation by subtilases including SBT3.8 in post-Golgi compartments depends on the N-terminal aspartate of the mature peptides. (elifesciences.org)
  • Proline hydroxylation is catalyzed by membrane-anchored prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) localized in ER and Golgi compartments. (elifesciences.org)
  • Transport occurs in membrane-bounded containers called vesicles, and several protein families have evolved to mediate the budding of a vesicle from the donor compartment, and its transport to and fusion with the target organelle. (nature.com)
  • Replication of many positive-sense RNA viruses occurs within intracellular membrane-associated compartments. (gla.ac.uk)
  • While plasma membrane ion channels have been extensively studied, much less is known about the identity and physiology of intracellular channels because they are less accessible to direct electrophysiological characterization. (elifesciences.org)
  • These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)
  • Native honey (1% w/v pH 7.4, 10(6) cells) showed strong quenching activity against lipophilic cumoxyl and cumoperoxyl radicals, with significant suppression/prevention of cell damage, complete inhibition of cell membrane oxidation, of intracellular ROS production and recovery of intracellular GSH. (researchgate.net)
  • Despite the antimicrobial activity of macrophages, Mtb has been able to establish a series of strategies to handle the host immune machinery, interfere with, and arrest the phagosome maturation, counteract mycobactericidal molecules and ultimately survive in a hostile intracellular environment ( 8 - 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Chapter 2 also discusses how NK cells are activated in response to intracellular infections, and how a local inflammatory response and induced cytokines and chemokines can bring more effector cells and molecules to the site of an infection while preventing pathogen spread into the blood. (nih.gov)
  • corrects acidosis from shift of H+ from intracellular to extracellular. (perfusion.com)
  • Cyanoraptor propagules (round units that transmit the pathogen) have an outer compartment, which is where scientists believe the predator stores its weapon-hydrolytic enzymes to target their prey. (asm.org)
  • Intracellular Cyanoraptor have no outer compartments. (asm.org)
  • On the outer wall of this compartment is a special vascular bed, the stria vascularis, that is responsible for maintaining the high K + and low Na + levels. (vin.com)
  • Currently, the main focus of the lab is to understand how specific lipids and membrane properties influence intracellular trafficking processes and fat storage in eukaryotic cells. (unifr.ch)
  • The establishment of AM requires fundamental reorganization of the host cells to allow intracellular accommodation of the fungal symbiont. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mtb is an intracellular pathogen able to survive indefinitely under unfavorable conditions inside primary host immune cells, preferably residing in human alveolar macrophages ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review recent evidence that the LCV interacts with the retrograde trafficking pathway, discuss the possible sites of action and function of RidL in the retrograde route, and put forth the hypothesis that the LCV is an acceptor compartment of retrograde transport vesicles. (uzh.ch)
  • The formation of cellular compartments is called compartmentalization. (wikipedia.org)
  • We propose that compartmentalized biosynthetic reactions are sensitive to the size of the compartment, likely due to scaling-dependent changes within the system, such as enzyme packing density. (biorxiv.org)
  • The marked area from the intracellular plasma membrane-connected compartment (IPMC) is shown at higher magnification in ( b ). c View of the area marked in ( b ) to show the immature phenotype of the budding-arrested virus particles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intracellular establishment of AM fungi requires the VAPYRIN protein which is induced in colonized cells, and which localizes to numerous small mobile structures of unknown identity (Vapyrin-bodies). (frontiersin.org)
  • 2013. Bem3, a Cdc42 GTPase-Activating Protein, traffics to an intracellular compartment and recruits the secretory Rab GTPase Sec4 to endomembranes. (purdue.edu)
  • Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and AM fungi that requires the intracellular accommodation of the fungal partner in the host. (frontiersin.org)
  • Reorganization of host cells during intracellular accommodation of AM fungi has been described in considerable detail. (frontiersin.org)
  • [ 13 ] Therefore, VLCK diets operate by potent mechanisms to induce weight loss, and various body compartments might be altered. (medscape.com)
  • Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. (nature.com)
  • The primary such as hs-CRP, total homocysteine, as well enzymatic defences are intracellular, but as oxidative stress, have been proposed other antioxidant defences are largely ex- as risk factors for the development and tracellular, including antioxidative sub- progression of atherosclerosis and athero- strates such as uric acid and unconjugated thrombotic cardiovascular disease [10-13]. (who.int)
  • For reciprocal nutrient exchange, AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules that are surrounded by the peri-arbuscular membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • bilirubin, the predominant bile pigment in The purpose of this study was to examine the intravascular compartment. (who.int)
  • Deeply in Plasticenta: Presence of Microplastics in the Intracellular Compartment of Human Placentas. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glucose and insulin: Directly promotes the movement of K+ from extracellular to intracellular compartments. (perfusion.com)