Intracellular adenosine kinase. Medical search. Frequent questions

It has a central role in cell metabolism and signalling as such and as the backbone for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). (turkupetcentre.net)
Adenosine and deoxyadenosine are also converted to 5'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), which inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents de novo synthesis of nucleotides and deoxynucleotides. (medilib.ir)
a component of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. (adxs.org)
Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of GS-441524 requires understanding of its uptake and intracellular conversion to GS-441524 triphosphate, the active antiviral substance. (regionh.dk)
Similarly, hypoxia and inflammation may lead to reduced expression of adenosine kinase, which is believed to convert GS-441524 to GS-441524 monophosphate, the perceived rate-limiting step in the intracellular formation of GS-441524 triphosphate. (regionh.dk)
These medications inhibit the phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity of the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding domains from the EGFR through competitive binding to the site, and had been originally investigated in unselected sufferers reporting contrasting outcomes with regards to the type of people/enrolled in each research. (phytid.org)
Ribahep ( Ribavirin) is readily phosphorylated intracellularly by adenosine kinase to Ribahep ( Ribavirin) mono-, di-, and triphosphate metabolites. (heethealthcare.net)
These diverse effects result in a marked reduction of intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools and inhibition of viral RNA and protein synthesis. (heethealthcare.net)
Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, selectively bind the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of the EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor, inhibiting the receptor's intracellular domain via preventing phosphorylation. (medscape.com)
AMPK is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a catalytic a subunit and two regulatory p and y subunits, and is activated by an increased AMP : adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio in metabolic stress conditions, such as hypoxia or glucose depriva-tion5. (cyberleninka.org)
Decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content by metformin as a result of decreased mitochondrial complex activity contributes to adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. (cyberleninka.org)
The discovery process of Akt inhibitors has evolved from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‑competitive agents to alternative approaches employing allosteric sites in order to overcome the high degree of structural similarity between Akt isoforms in the catalytic domain, and considerable structural analogy to the AGC kinase family. (spandidos-publications.com)
APC improved adenosine triphosphate recovery in young rats but not in aged rats. (asahq.org)
6,7 The mechanism of volatile anesthetic preconditioning (APC), although not fully understood, is believed to share similarities with IPC by activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels, particularly in the mitochondria. (asahq.org)

Thus, our discovery of the role of functional interaction between intracellular signaling pathways mediated by calcium ions (Ca 2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Ca 2+ /cAMP signaling interaction) in these cellular responses, opened a great avenue for the development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. (researchgate.net)
Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 3 that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and activates protein kinase A, thereby inhibiting VSMC proliferation. (e-cvsi.org)
In addition, we investigated in vivo cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding activity using cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-β-galactosidase mice in an ENT1 -/- background. (elsevierpure.com)
Results: We identified that NMDA glutamate receptor-mediated downregulation of intracellular PKCγ-neurogranin- calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase type II signaling is correlated with reduced cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding activity in ENT1 -/- mice. (elsevierpure.com)
All cyclic analogues exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory effects against forskolin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation, and the maximal effects were almost abolished by pertussis toxin (PTx) treatment. (nih.gov)

Once inside the cell, adenosine is rapidly phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to adenosine monophosphate, or deaminated by adenosine deaminase to inosine. (globalrph.com)
Intracellular adenosine is rapidly metabolized either via phosphorylation to adenosine monophosphate by adenosine kinase, or via deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase in the cytosol. (nih.gov)
Adenosine monophosphate formed by phosphorylation of adenosine is incorporated into the high-energy phosphate pool. (nih.gov)
MTX increases intracellular accumulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide which activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (bmj.com)
FUNCTION: ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other CC related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives. (linuxfocus.org)
Chloride channels at the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells are involved in the excessive fluid secretion in diarrhea and diminished secretion in cystic fibrosis (CF). Diarrhea induced by heat-stable toxin from Escherichia coli is associated with elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in intestinal epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether chloride secretion is regulated by cGMP directly or via cGMP- dependent protein kinase (PKG). (johnshopkins.edu)
The catalytic subunit of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA, 200 nM, with 1 mM ATP) activates a channel with similar characteristics. (johnshopkins.edu)
however, recent investigations have shown that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-independent pathways can explain some of metformin's beneficial metabolic effects as well as undesirable side-effects. (cyberleninka.org)
7 ] reported that GPR40 agonism reduced lipogenic gene expression and triglyceride accumulation via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the liver of mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. (e-dmj.org)

In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. (hindawi.com)
Adenosine slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the A-V node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. (nih.gov)
Recently, several novel agents targeting growth factor receptors, angiogenic pathways, adhesion molecules and mediators of intracellular signal transduction have been clinically explored. (docksci.com)
Actually, EGFR mutations result in increased response from the EGFR to exogenous development factors, thus creating a even more significant and even more consistent activation of intracellular signaling pathways, leading to elevated cell proliferation and success. (phytid.org)
Currently, there are 4 known MAPK signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK ), c- Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, also known as SAPK), p38 and ERK5 pathways. (cusabio.com)
Moreover, they could modulate the intracellular signaling pathways composed of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) serine/threonine protein kinases in PTx-sensitive manner. (nih.gov)
This review summarizes the intracellular functions of Akt as a pivotal point of converging signaling pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, apoptotis and neo‑angiogenesis, and focuses on the drug design strategies to develop potent anticancer agents targeting Akt. (spandidos-publications.com)

Since adenosine kinase has a lower K m and V max than adenosine deaminase, deamination plays a significant role only when cytosolic adenosine saturates the phosphorylation pathway. (nih.gov)
While extracellular adenosine is primarily cleared by cellular uptake with a half-life of less than 10 seconds in whole blood, excessive amounts may be deaminated by an ecto-form of adenosine deaminase. (nih.gov)
Adenosine deaminase isoform 1 (ADA1) is found in most cells, including blood cells. (turkupetcentre.net)
INTRODUCTION - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (MIM #102700) was the first immunodeficiency in which the specific molecular defect was identified. (medilib.ir)
See "Adenosine deaminase deficiency: Treatment and prognosis" and "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency" . (medilib.ir)
It is catalyzed by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes, which exist throughout the body but are most prevalent in the central nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
A-to-I editing, which is catalyzed by enzymes of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family, is most prevalent in the central nervous system (CNS) but occurs in many tissues [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Adenosine has the highest affinity to the A 1 R and A 2A R, intermediate affinity to A 3 R, and lowest affinity to A 2B R. Adenosine activates A 1 and A 2A receptors already in nanomolar concentrations. (turkupetcentre.net)
The main process of this pathway: the growth factor activates the receptor by binding to the tyrosine kinase receptor, and the activated tyrosine kinase receptor activates the Ras protein, then the Ras protein phosphorylates the Raf, and the activated Raf phosphorylates the downstream MEK. (cusabio.com)

MAPK is a mitogen-activated protein kinase, a class of protein kinases with dual phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine in the cytosol. (cusabio.com)
Arencibia JM, Pastor-Flores D, Bauer AF, Schulze JO and Biondi RM: AGC protein kinases: From structural mechanism of regulation to allosteric drug development for the treatment of human diseases. (spandidos-publications.com)

Metformin suppresses the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and our previous study showed that it also inhibits the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). (ksdb.org)

Although the exact mechanism by which adenosine receptor activation relaxes vascular smooth muscle is not known, there is evidence to support both inhibition of the slow inward calcium current reducing calcium uptake, and activation of adenylate cyclase through A2 receptors in smooth muscle cells. (globalrph.com)
Inhibition of ADK increases the levels of adenosine in the intracellular compartment and causes a subsequent increase in the extracellular compartment. (elsevierpure.com)
Methotrexate ( MTX ) increases adenosine release by inhibition of purine metabolism. (turkupetcentre.net)
By preventing ADO phosphorylation, ADK inhibition increases intracellular ADO concentrations, altering the equilibrium of the bidirectional transport systems responsible for ADO reuptake with the net effect of increasing the local concentration of ADO in the extracellular compartment. (axonmedchem.com)
The most well-known effect of metformin is the inhibition of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which leads to increasing the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio. (ksdb.org)
2 receptors stimulate a protein kinase C (PKC) which causes Ih inhibition (Carr et.al. (immune-source.com)
Inhibition of the p38 MARK pathway down-regulates the activity of protein kinase C ( PKC ), which plays an important role in osteogenic differentiation of cells. (cusabio.com)
The inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity by metformin might be a mechanism of metformin-induced AMPK activation9, as intracellular ATP levels are decreased by the inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity and AMP levels are increased by the action of adenylate kinase converting two molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP and AMP (Figure 1). (cyberleninka.org)
We then examined the pharmacological effects of the inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor and protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) on alcohol drinking in wild-type mice. (elsevierpure.com)

ADK is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP. (elsevierpure.com)

The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thereby serving as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside, composed of nucleobase adenine and β-D-ribose moieties. (turkupetcentre.net)
Adenosine kinase in red blood cells converts adenosine into adenine nucleotides. (turkupetcentre.net)
Serves as CC a potential regulator of concentrations of extracellular adenosine CC and intracellular adenine nucleotides. (linuxfocus.org)
In mammals, the most prevalent form of RNA editing involves the conversion of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) by hydrolytic deamination at the C6 position of adenine (Figure 1 a) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Adenosine kinase (ADK) is a key intracellular molecule in regulating the levels of adenosine in intracellular and further extracellular compartments. (elsevierpure.com)
Moreover, increases in extracellular and intracellular levels of adenosine, which may occur during critical illnesses, has the potential to competitively decrease cellular uptake and phosphorylation of GS-441524. (regionh.dk)

Adenosine increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier . (turkupetcentre.net)
At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)
Ischemia decreases intracellular pH and increases intracellular Na and intracellular Ca in all age groups. (asahq.org)

Inosine formed by deamination of adenosine can leave the cell intact or can be degraded to hypoxanthine, xanthine, and ultimately uric acid. (nih.gov)
Adenosine is rapidly catabolized by adenosine deaminases to inosine, which can be further deribosylated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase to hypoxantine . (turkupetcentre.net)
Endothelial cells have a very active transport system for adenosine, and also high rate of metabolism, converting adenosine to inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, and other compounds. (turkupetcentre.net)
It catalyzes the deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine, which are converted to waste products and excreted. (medilib.ir)
Once an adenosine nucleotide is converted to an inosine, it acts in a manner similar to a guanosine nucleotide, with a number of potential consequences [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ADAR enzymes catalyze the A-to-I hydrolytic deamination reaction, by which an adenosine loses an amine group and is converted to inosine. (biomedcentral.com)

AMP molecules can then bind to the y subunit of AMPK and activate AMPK activity directly or by inhibiting dephosphorylation of AMPK phosphorylated by liver kinase B1 (LKB1) or calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-ß (CAMKKß)10. (cyberleninka.org)

However, paclitaxel induced the activation of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, a cell signaling pathway implicated in cell survival and proliferation. (ksdb.org)

At the moment, several clinical studies are still analyzing the efficiency of cetuximab in conjunction with additional treatment modalities in conjunction with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and various other chemotherapeutic drugs. (phytid.org)
EGFR-Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: EGFR-TKIs are little molecules implemented orally and so are subdivided in reversible, gefitinib and erlotinib, and irreversible, afatinib based on their direct binding with the precise site from the EGFR intracellular domains. (phytid.org)
There are several different types of EGFRIs, including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and multikinase inhibitors. (medscape.com)

In the absence of functional ADA, there is systemic accumulation of adenosine and deoxyadenosine. (medilib.ir)
APC decreased intracellular Na and intracellular Ca accumulation during ischemia in young adult and middle-aged hearts. (asahq.org)

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. (nih.gov)
Agonists, including endogenous agonist adenosine, lead to the activation of all AR subtypes, and subsequent regulation by desensitization and trafficking ( Mundell and Kelly, 2011 ). (turkupetcentre.net)
Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous homeostatic inhibitory neuromodulator that reduces cellular excitability at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. (axonmedchem.com)

Adenosine is thought to exert its pharmacological effects through activation of purine receptors (cell-surface A1 and A2 adenosine receptors). (globalrph.com)
Cellular signalling occurs through adenosine receptors (ARs). (turkupetcentre.net)
All four adenosine receptor subtypes (A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 ) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), either increasing or decreasing intracellular cAMP levels by affecting adenylate cyclase activity. (turkupetcentre.net)
Like other GPCRs, adenosine receptors have a single polypeptide chain, forming three extracellular and three intracellular loops. (turkupetcentre.net)
Adenosine receptors are also referred to as purine receptors , or P1 purinoceptors . (turkupetcentre.net)
Adenosine receptors are closely associated with dopamine receptors and form heteromer s with them. (adxs.org)
Part of this adenosine is discharged from the cell and binds to adenosine receptors of neighboring cells, which is supposed to compensate for the disturbed balance between energy consumption and energy supply. (adxs.org)
2 receptors is most commonly known to decrease intracellular levels of cAMP (Jansson et al. (immune-source.com)

Adenosine cannot freely pass across the cell and vesicular membranes, but it needs to be transported by nucleoside transporters, which are present in most cells, including erythrocytes . (turkupetcentre.net)
Dipyridamole elevates extracellular adenosine concentrations by inhibiting equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). (turkupetcentre.net)

It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
Arcaro A and Guerreiro AS: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in human cancer: Genetic alterations and therapeutic implications. (spandidos-publications.com)

Available protein expression data suggest that several adenosine transporters are expressed at only low levels in the epithelial cells lining the alveoli in the lungs, i.e., the alveolar cells or pneumocytes from healthy lungs. (regionh.dk)
Importantly, cellular uptake of GS-441524 may be reduced during hypoxia and inflammation due to decreased expression of adenosine transporters. (regionh.dk)
Hypoxia may be particularly critical to the ability of GS-441524 to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 from tissues with low basal expression of adenosine transporters, such as alveolar cells. (regionh.dk)

Left ventricular developed pressure, creatine kinase, and infarct size were measured. (asahq.org)
Creatine kinase and infarct sizes were significantly reduced and left ventricular developed pressure was improved with APC in the young adult and middle-aged groups but not the aged group. (asahq.org)

Adenosine has widespread effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme could play an important pharmacological role in increasing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents. (wikipedia.org)

Adenosine modulates the release and uptake of glutamate . (turkupetcentre.net)

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside that is elaborated the sites of inflammation, has a central role in regulating the inflammatory response. (elsevierpure.com)
adenosine and adenosine agonists attenuate inflammation , and induce vasodilation and angiogenesis in the cardiovascular system . (turkupetcentre.net)

The central hypothesis of this proposal is that suppressing adenosine kinase (ADK) inhibits the inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis and further curbs the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. (elsevierpure.com)

Adenosine is produced both intracellularly and extracellularly. (turkupetcentre.net)

These intracellular metabolites of adenosine are not vasoactive. (globalrph.com)

43, Last annotation update) DE Adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) (AK) (Adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase). (linuxfocus.org)

Through this mechanism, the increased level of adenosine after sleep deprivation could affect the light sensitivity of the circadian clock. (adxs.org)

Adenosine binding to both pre- and postsynaptic A 1 Rs has an inhibitory effect in the brain. (turkupetcentre.net)

This gene encodes adenosine kinase, an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues. (wikipedia.org)
1996). "Cloning and characterization of cDNA for adenosine kinase from mammalian (Chinese hamster, mouse, human and rat) species. (wikipedia.org)

In EPH-related tyrosine kinases, appears to mediate cell-cell initiated signal transduction via the binding of SH2-containing proteins to a conserved tyrosine that is phosphorylated. (embl.de)

Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. (nih.gov)

The intracellular uptake of adenosine is mediated by a specific transmembrane nucleoside transport system. (globalrph.com)

The intravenous bolus dose of 6 or 12 mg adenosine usually has no systemic hemodynamic effects. (nih.gov)
However, the short half-life and systemic side effects of adenosine or adenosine analogues limit their application. (elsevierpure.com)

New antitumor strategies using drugs targeted to intracellular signaling involved in cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis have become promising in recent years. (researchgate.net)

Adenosine kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADK gene. (wikipedia.org)
Both isoforms of the enzyme phosphorylate adenosine with identical kinetics and both require Mg2+ for activity. (wikipedia.org)
ADA2 is another enzyme that has partial structural homology with ADA1 and is able to convert adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine, albeit at a much lower affinity. (medilib.ir)
Adenosine deamination and the ADAR enzyme family. (biomedcentral.com)

When larger doses are given by infusion, adenosine decreases blood pressure by decreasing peripheral resistance. (nih.gov)

As adenosine requires no hepatic or renal function for its activation or inactivation, hepatic and renal failure would not be expected to alter its effectiveness or tolerability. (nih.gov)
Bellacosa A, Kumar CC, Di Cristofano A and Testa JR: Activation of AKT kinases in cancer: Implications for therapeutic targeting. (spandidos-publications.com)

Adenosine is a potent vasodilator in most vascular beds, except in renal afferent arterioles and hepatic veins where it produces vasoconstriction. (globalrph.com)

Adenosine is antagonized competitively by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline, and potentiated by blockers of nucleoside transport such as dipyridamole. (nih.gov)

Here, we performed smFRET experiments on functionally active human A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AR) molecules embedded in freely diffusing lipid nanodiscs to study their intramolecular conformational dynamics. (nature.com)

GPR40 couples with a G protein subunit Gα q that can increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via regulation of intracellular calcium level in the pancreas [ 4 ]. (e-dmj.org)

ABT-702 (4-amino-5-(3-bromophenyl)-7-(6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)pyrido[2, 3-d]pyrimidine), a novel orally effective adenosine kinase inhibitor with analgesic and anti-inflammatory. (axonmedchem.com)
Discovery of 4-amino-5-(3-bromophenyl)-7-(6-morpholino-pyridin-3-yl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an orally active, non-nucleoside adenosine kinase inhibitor. (axonmedchem.com)

This knowledge may also be relevant to treatments with other antiviral adenosine analogs and anticancer adenosine analogs as well. (regionh.dk)

We will also determine the contribution of the PI3K/Akt and adenosine receptor 2A (A2AR) to the effects of ADK deficiency. (elsevierpure.com)

Each I.V. bolus of adenosine should be followed with normal saline flush. (globalrph.com)
Adenosine Injection, USP is a sterile solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. (nih.gov)
A cumulative 60% of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia had converted to normal sinus rhythm within one minute after an intravenous bolus dose of 6 mg adenosine (some converted on 3 mg and failures were given 6 mg), and a cumulative 92% converted after a bolus dose of 12 mg. (nih.gov)

A-to-I RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that converts adenosines to inosines in both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)

Adenosine may also lessen vascular tone by modulating sympathetic neurotransmission. (globalrph.com)

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), is another subclass of MAPK in mammals. (cusabio.com)

MEK can phosphorylate and activate ERK, which is transferred into the nucleus and regulates gene expression by activating other kinases or transcription factors. (cusabio.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs64

Phenomena and Processes4

Triphosphate14

Cyclic adenosine mon5

Monophosphate9

Pathways7

Deaminase7

Activates2

Protein Kinases2

Extracellular signal1

Inhibition9

Phosphorylation of adenosine1

Adenine5

Levels of adenosine2

Increases3

Inosine6

AMPK1

Mitogen-activa1

Tyrosine kinase inh3

Accumulation2

Endogenous3

Receptors8

Nucleoside transporters2

Pathway2

Transporters3

Creatine kinase2

Concentrations1

Glutamate1

Inflammation2

Inhibits1

Intracellularly1

Metabolites1

1.201

Mechanism1

Inhibitory1

Mammalian2

Signal transduction1

Cellular uptake1

Uptake1

Systemic2

Cell proliferation1

Enzyme4

Infusion1

Activation2

Hepatic1

Dipyridamole1

Molecules1

Regulation1

Inhibitor2

Anticancer1

Deficiency1

Bolus3

Converts1

Vascular1

MAPK1

Gene expression1