• Recently, intracellular microbial sensors have also been identified, including NOD-like receptors and the helicase-domain-containing antiviral proteins RIG-I and MDA5. (nature.com)
  • Huntington's disease (HD) is one of nine diseases caused by an expanded polyQ repeat within the affected protein and is hallmarked by intracellular inclusion bodies composed of aggregated N-terminal huntingtin (Htt) fragments and other sequestered proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Ubiquitination of proteins can be a signal for degradation and intracellular localization, but also affects protein activity and protein-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • However, if they are trapped inside the cell, they can be stained as intracellular proteins using protein transport inhibitors such as BD GolgiStop™ (containing monensin) or BD GolgiPlug™ (containing brefeldin A). Cytokines are relatively accessible using the gentle fixation and permeabilization afforded by BD Cytofix/ Cytoperm™ Fixation and Permeabilization Solution. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Also, intracellular phosphatases can quickly dephosphorylate these proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This buffer system can also be used to stain some transcription factors and other intracellular proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • New assays to investigate competition of polymer-cargo complexes by intracellular proteins were introduced and revealed that competition of xii polymer-cargo is influenced by initial binding strength. (umass.edu)
  • We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
  • A model of the intracellular signaling cascade from first stimulation to production of proteins provides researchers with the optimal solution for the timing of the initiation of the immune response. (unl.edu)
  • Mechanistically, we found that the HSC stimulating effect of CPX was directly mediated by chelation of the intracellular iron pool, which in turn affected iron-dependent proteins and enzymes mediating cellular metabolism and respiration. (lu.se)
  • Rather, it was produced by a tiny intracellular bacterium known as Legionella pneumophila , the pathogen behind a serious lung infection called Legionnaire's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • Orientia tsutsugamushi, a causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium, which escapes from the endo/phagosome and replicates in the host cytoplasm. (harvard.edu)
  • An intracellular bacterium was isolated from fruit bats ( Artibeus intermedius ) in Cocoyoc, Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • It is a facultative intracellular bacterium that multiplies within macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • By contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium leprae do, and this trait makes them a challenge to culture and study in the lab. (the-scientist.com)
  • Acquisition and synthesis of folates by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. (jci.org)
  • Several investigations suggest that, besides their extracellular actions, also intracellular mechanisms of sGAG-derivatives seem possible. (degruyter.com)
  • Reduction of intracellular, but not extracellular chloride, also decreased the Na+-independent pHi recovery rate. (jci.org)
  • There are two main types of intracellular parasites: Facultative and Obligate. (wikipedia.org)
  • And she gained a new appreciation for the myriad other types of intracellular bacteria, a diverse group that includes many medically significant pathogens such as Salmonella , Listeria, and Chlamydia , as well as the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. (the-scientist.com)
  • People with T cell deficiencies are particularly susceptible to intracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Obligate intracellular pathogens will often have reduced genomes compared to the facultative variety, a genetic tendency that is reflective of their more limited lifestyle. (the-scientist.com)
  • Lipid droplet hijacking by intracellular pathogens. (bvsalud.org)
  • Various intracellular pathogens, including viruses , bacteria , and parasites , specifically target host lipid droplets during their life cycle . (bvsalud.org)
  • The possible use of lipid droplets by intracellular pathogens, as part of an anti- immunity strategy, is an intriguing question meriting further investigation in the near future . (bvsalud.org)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites of humans include: Viruses Certain bacteria, including: Chlamydia, and closely related species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracellular sensors of bacteria, viruses and danger signals. (nature.com)
  • For Mukherjee, the paper was a revelation: not only did it identify the fastest way yet to target Golgi biology, it suggested that scientists could use intracellular bacteria "as a lens to understand basic processes inside the cell. (the-scientist.com)
  • Research on how intracellular bacteria take control of their hosts is not only informing scientists about how these microbes cause disease, but revealing secrets of mammalian biology, says Mukherjee, who now heads up a lab at the University of California (UC), San Francisco. (the-scientist.com)
  • Intracellular bacteria vary considerably in how dependent they are on their hosts. (the-scientist.com)
  • So-called facultative intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and Legionella pneumophila do not need to be inside a host cell to reproduce. (the-scientist.com)
  • Although it would be useful to understand how neurons regulate intracellular cytosolic free Zn 2+ concentrations ([Zn 2+ ] i ), at present, the tools available for measuring dynamic changes in [Zn 2+ ] i are limited. (jneurosci.org)
  • Apical Na+/H+ antiporter and glycolysis-dependent H+-ATPase regulate intracellular pH in the rabbit S3 proximal tubule. (jci.org)
  • citation needed] Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • To study the mechanism that intracellular parasites use to obtain nutrients, Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular parasite, has been used as a model. (wikipedia.org)
  • Asanuma H, Sharp M, Maecker HT, Maino VC, Arvin AM. Frequencies of memory T cells specific for varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus determined by intracellular detection of cytokine expression. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Respecting the preferentially intracellular localization of sGAG in vesicle-like structures, also the interaction data indicate sGAG-specific modulation of vesicle-based transport processes. (degruyter.com)
  • Also, the effects of intracellular photosensitizer localization on efficiency of PDT were examined, and cellular parameters after PDT (morphology, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation) were analyzed to distinguish between PDT-induced apoptosis from necrosis. (bioone.org)
  • We used the ratioable fluorescent dye mag-fura-5 to measure intracellular free Zn 2+ ([Zn 2+ ] i ) in cultured neocortical neurons exposed to neurotoxic concentrations of Zn 2+ in concert with depolarization or glutamate receptor activation and identified four routes of Zn 2+ entry. (jneurosci.org)
  • Changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) are known to influence a variety of events in developing neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The effects of acute and chronic administration of LSD on the intracellular serotonin content of raphe neurons in rat midbrain were compared using a cytofluorimetric measure of serotonin based on fluorescence fading. (erowid.org)
  • RESULTS: In healthy Wistar rats, we find intracellular Aβ42 (iAβ42) in neurons throughout the brain at all ages, but levels vary greatly between brain regions. (lu.se)
  • This parasite will attach itself to the host cell while increasing the intracellular calcium, which in turn disrupts the actin at the site of attachment, causing the host cell to create a lysosomal-barrier around the disruption. (wikipedia.org)
  • Modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) may be part of the signaling pathway by which both local environmental factors and cell autonomous developmental programs influence corticogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, our discovery of the role of functional interaction between intracellular signaling pathways mediated by calcium ions (Ca 2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Ca 2+ /cAMP signaling interaction) in these cellular responses, opened a great avenue for the development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. (researchgate.net)
  • Monitoring Intracellular Calcium Ion Dynamics in Hair Cell Populations with Fluo-4 AM" PLOS ONE Vol. 7 Iss. (bepress.com)
  • Dojindo offers a wide selection of fluorescent intracellular ion probes for calcium, proton, zinc, and chloride ions. (dojindo.com)
  • Their fluorescent signal intensities or wavelengths change because each intracellular calcium probe has a calcium-selective chelator and a fluorescent moiety in its molecule. (dojindo.com)
  • BAPTA-AM (intracellular calcium chelator) markedly lowered fluoride-induced increase of [Ca²? (fluoridealert.org)
  • release from the site of intracellular calcium storage causes the elevation of ROS contributing to the cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Monitoring and control of the intracellular ion concentration is extremely important in understanding second messengers and intracellular signal transduction. (dojindo.com)
  • RME-2 contains a typical NPXY internalization motif in its intracellular domain that is known to direct other members of the LDL-receptor family into clathrin-coated pits. (wormbook.org)
  • The work presented herein connects a fundamental understanding of polymer-protein complexation with intracellular internalization and cargo activity. (umass.edu)
  • The role of polymer self-assembly was observed to impact not only initial binding interactions with protein cargo, but also internalization and intracellular activity. (umass.edu)
  • Detection of a drop in intracellular GSH concentration in an experimental cell population relative to a negative (healthy cell) control is often indicative of an apoptosis induction event. (immunochemistry.com)
  • The reduction in intracellular GSH concentration directly translates into an easily monitored reduction in the green fluorescence output within the dying or oxidatively stressed cell population. (immunochemistry.com)
  • While using the optimal concentration in surface staining is important, doing so when performing intracellular staining is critical. (biolegend.com)
  • The MitoXpress Intra nanoparticle probe is taken up by cells during an overnight loading period and responds in real-time to any changes in intracellular oxygen concentration in both 2D cultures as well as a wide range of 3D systems, including Matrigel, RAFT™, microtissues, Alvetex ® , Mimetix ®, and other scaffolds. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Cellular respiration can reduce the levels of intracellular oxygen concentration, creating a local oxygen gradient. (bmglabtech.com)
  • However, when the environmental O 2 concentration is reduced to ~6% using an ACU, the intracellular [O 2 ] falls to ~4.5% for metabolically less active cells and is close to anoxia for metabolically active cells. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Phosphate is the most abundant intracellular anion and is essential for membrane structure, energy storage, and transport in all cells. (medscape.com)
  • Consistent with previous reports, acute treatment with LSD preferentially increased intracellular serotonin levels in both the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. (erowid.org)
  • Here we describe an in-cell nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based method for measuring the intracellular glutathione redox potential by direct and quantitative measurement of isotopically labeled glutathione introduced exogenously into living yeast. (nist.gov)
  • Flow cytometric measurement of intracellular cytokines detects immune responses in MUCI immunotherapy. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Experts in the research fields of intracellular transportation processes, statistical tracking, and biomathematical modeling made 20-minute presentations followed by a 10-minute discussion. (nimbios.org)
  • Evidences suggest that Ca 2+ channels TRP and Orai participate in the intracellular Ca 2+ signaling involved the physiological angiogenesis processes [17]. (researchgate.net)
  • Due to the genetically conserved molecular processes by which cells die, intracellular levels of GSH can favor a cell death pathway via apoptosis (adequate intracellular GSH stores) or via necrosis or autophagy (depleted intracellular GSH stores). (immunochemistry.com)
  • The molecular engineering places the peptides in arguably a more natural location within the cell-inside the lumen of the ER and other components of the intracellular membrane system. (alzforum.org)
  • have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
  • The most common fixative used is paraformaldehyde (PFA) which stabilizes the cell membrane prior to permeabilization with a detergent or alcohol, allowing the antibodies directed against intracellular antigens to enter the cell and bind to their target. (biolegend.com)
  • While plasma membrane ion channels have been extensively studied, much less is known about the identity and physiology of intracellular channels because they are less accessible to direct electrophysiological characterization. (elifesciences.org)
  • S3 tubules also possess a plasma membrane H+-ATPase that can regulate pHi, has a requirement for intracellular chloride, and utilizes ATP derived primarily from glycolysis. (jci.org)
  • Assess changes in intracellular glutathione levels with the Intracellular GSH Assay. (immunochemistry.com)
  • Bulk Order Inquiry for Intracellular GSH Assay Kit ------- (please add any order requirements, including desired quantity, timing, etc. (immunochemistry.com)
  • Due to the strong correlation between intracellular GSH depletion and the onset of the apoptotic process, ICT's Intracellular GSH Assay provides a good screening option for assessing the potency of apoptosis inhibitor and activator reagents. (immunochemistry.com)
  • To facilitate the quantification of cellular oxygenation Agilent Technologies has developed the MitoXpress Intra - Intracellular Oxygen Assay kit, based on a proprietary O 2 -sensitive cell-penetrating nanoparticle probe. (bmglabtech.com)
  • For some cell types, such as Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), definitive identification depends on the combined use of surface and intracellular markers such as cytokines or transcription factors. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The BD FastImmune™ CD8 Intracellular Cytokine Detection Kit is designed for the detection of intracellular cytokines and the activation marker CD69 in antigen-activated CD8 + T lymphocytes in whole blood. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Find the tools and techniques, including BD fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, buffers, kits and protocols that support intracellular cytokine staining and phosphoprotein and transcription factor detection by intracellular flow cytometry. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The role of intracellular zinc ions in apoptosis has also been discussed for several decades. (dojindo.com)
  • As in the case of other intracellular ions (eg, potassium, magnesium), a decrease in the level of serum phosphate ( hypophosphatemia ) should be distinguished from a decrease in total body storage of phosphate (phosphate deficiency). (medscape.com)
  • Hypophosphatemia is caused by the intracellular shift of phosphate from serum, increased urinary excretion of phosphate, decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate, or decreased dietary intake. (medscape.com)
  • Dextrose and insulin infusion is used as an adjunct to bicarbonate therapy to promote intracellular shift of potassium. (medscape.com)
  • To ensure that the correct sets of molecules talk to each other, the intracellular space is highly structured and special signals are employed to move specific molecules from one structure to another. (alzforum.org)
  • The following flow cytometry staining protocol for intracellular molecules using detergents to permeabilize cell membranes has been developed and optimized by Bio-Techne. (novusbio.com)
  • Despite the antimicrobial activity of macrophages, Mtb has been able to establish a series of strategies to handle the host immune machinery, interfere with, and arrest the phagosome maturation, counteract mycobactericidal molecules and ultimately survive in a hostile intracellular environment ( 8 - 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Direct overexpression of intracellular Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in mice is extremely artificial,' wrote Virginia Lee of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia in an e-mail to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
  • BD Biosciences provides fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, buffers, kits and protocols to facilitate intracellular flow cytometry. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The entrance of these host cells will differ between intracellular parasites. (wikipedia.org)
  • The majority of intracellular parasites must keep host cells alive as long as possible while they are reproducing and growing. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is important to keep the cells in the presence of Permeabilization/Wash Buffer I during intracellular staining. (novusbio.com)
  • Mtb is an intracellular pathogen able to survive indefinitely under unfavorable conditions inside primary host immune cells, preferably residing in human alveolar macrophages ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Staining for intracellular targets requires one to fix and then permeabilize the cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Relationship between intracellular Ca²+ and ROS during fluoride-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. (fluoridealert.org)
  • 1.2.3 In spite of this knowledge, the majority of in vitro studies culture and study cells at ambient oxygen - ignoring the oxygen gradient between the atmosphere and the medium and between the medium and the intracellular cell environment. (bmglabtech.com)
  • In the specific example shown here (Fig. 1) for cells cultured under ambient oxygen, the intracellular [O 2 ] measured using MitoXpress Intra was found to be ~14% for metabolically inactive cells and ~7% for metabolically active cell types. (bmglabtech.com)
  • Mechanistic studies showed that MWCNTs induced fibrogenesis of NHLFs through promoting expression and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), while attenuating intracellular tension in the cells on stiff gels could increase MWCNTs uptake and thus elevate the induced fibrogenic responses. (cdc.gov)
  • To facilitate intracellular flow cytometry assays, BD has developed several kits, buffers and protocols. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Studies that facilitate understanding in CPPM-mediated intracellular protein delivery provide unprecedented insight for how non-covalently bound carriers deliver cargo. (umass.edu)
  • Quantitative analysis of these movements is necessary to gain a full understanding of intracellular dynamics and their regulation. (nimbios.org)
  • MMiMo's first goal is to address to an interdisciplinary audience for the first time the major challenges for developing robust computational algorithms to reliably track intracellular dynamics. (nimbios.org)
  • Describing the dynamics of the motion of intracellular objects. (nimbios.org)
  • Can comprehensive analysis of all movements reveal a global regulation of intracellular dynamics? (nimbios.org)
  • Future research directions include the denoising of microscopy raw data at each time instance, accurate description of the dynamics of particle motion, and tracking schemes which should be followed depending on the type of intracellular process. (nimbios.org)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites, on the other hand, need a host cell to live and reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptococcus neoformans Blastomyces dermatitidis Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] When an intracellular parasite goes to enter a host cell, it is particular about the type of host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is because most intracellular parasites are able to infect only a few different cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Not all intracellular parasites will enter a cell the same way. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other intracellular parasites have developed different ways to enter a host cell that do not require a specific component or action from within the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracellular flow cytometry is a powerful technique for the identification of cell types and the analysis of signaling and functional responses within cell lines and heterogeneous cell samples. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • While techniques for cell surface staining are relatively standard, optimal staining for intracellular markers often depends on the biology of the target protein. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • How do rapid intracellular movements contribute to cell polarity? (nimbios.org)
  • New antitumor strategies using drugs targeted to intracellular signaling involved in cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis have become promising in recent years. (researchgate.net)
  • For low cell density or poorly expressed intracellular targets, techniques like Single-Cell Westerns may be advantageous. (novusbio.com)
  • A living cell has many different receptors on its surface by the activation of which information is transferred to the intracellular spaces. (dojindo.com)
  • Polypodium is a metazoan intracellular parasite, distinct from most if not all other intracellular parasites for this reason. (wikipedia.org)
  • An example is intracellular parasites using a method called gliding motility. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the use of an actin-myosin motor that is connected to the intracellular parasites' cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracellular ion channels are essential regulators of organellar and cellular function, yet the molecular identity and physiological role of many of these channels remains elusive. (elifesciences.org)
  • Intracellular fibroblast growth factors (iFGFs) : novel regulators of neuronal excitability / Jeanne Nerbonne. (nih.gov)
  • Intracellular flow cytometry also provides rich information concerning cellular function and signaling responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The kit provides all the essential reagents and an easy to follow protocol to assess changes in intracellular GSH levels using a flow cytometry analysis method. (immunochemistry.com)
  • If your area of research leads you to explore intracellular targets, there are additional things to consider before moving forward with your experiment. (biolegend.com)
  • Although sulfated GAGs (sGAGs) appear intracellularly, the knowledge about intracellular effects and putative interaction partners is scarce. (degruyter.com)
  • The ability of all three strains to carry out de novo folate synthesis was demonstrated by following the incorporation of exogenous [3H]pABA into intracellular folates and by detecting dihydropteroate synthase activity in reticulate body crude extract. (jci.org)
  • All three patterns of activity were dependent on the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, correlations of the protein binding-delivery relationship or the role of polymer-protein complexation on intracellular activity of protein cargo are understudied. (umass.edu)
  • Primarily recognized as a key intracellular source of reducing power for combating the toxic accumulation of free radical byproducts, GSH is also involved with detoxification and removal of exo/endogenous toxins and alkylating agents. (immunochemistry.com)