• Cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of flufenamic acid on chloride secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells. (harvard.edu)
  • Electrophysiological properties were tested using short-circuit current experiments in epithelial cells or freshly isolated mouse intestinal tissue. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chloride channels at the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells are involved in the excessive fluid secretion in diarrhea and diminished secretion in cystic fibrosis (CF). Diarrhea induced by heat-stable toxin from Escherichia coli is associated with elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in intestinal epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether chloride secretion is regulated by cGMP directly or via cGMP- dependent protein kinase (PKG). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The capacity for active chloride secretion, thereby driving the secretion of fluid, is an important property of the intestinal epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • Linaclotide increases intracellular and extracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which results in chloride and bicarbonate secretion into intestinal lumen, increasing intestinal fluid content and accelerated transit time. (kevinmd.com)
  • Amitiza (lubiprostone) is the first in a new class of treatments for chronic constipation known as chloride channel activators, and works by increasing intestinal fluid secretion which, in turn, helps ease the passage of stool. (pharmatimes.com)
  • GC-C activation leads to increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which, in turn, stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, mainly by activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel, resulting in increased intestinal fluid and accelerated transit. (medscape.com)
  • 10 8 organisms) through contaminated food/water sources, the organism reaches the small intestine where V. cholerae (O-group 1) produces an enterotoxin (CTX) that promotes fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This results in a reduction of sodium and chloride absorption by intestinal microvilli and an increase in fluid excretion (massive watery diarrhea). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In a 20-kg dog, approximately 2.5 L of fluid enter the GI tract from diet and normal gastrointestinal secretions and over 98% is reabsorbed daily. (vin.com)
  • Of the fluid entering the GI tract, approximately one quarter to one third is from external sources (food and water) and the majority from endogenous secretions (salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas). (vin.com)
  • Hyponatraemia may be quite dramatic in patients that have had some isotonic fluid loss through the GI tract, leading to hypovolaemia and stimulation of ADH secretion and thirst. (vin.com)
  • Inhibition of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs)-mediated Cl- secretion significantly reduced fluid secretion in rotaviral diarrhea. (bvsalud.org)
  • A fluid secretion isotonic to plasma and high in bicarbonate concentration is stimulated by the endocrine hormone secretin and the neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the duct cells of the exocrine pancreas. (veteriankey.com)
  • Gastric acid evokes duodenal secretin release, which then stimulates pancreatic fluid and bicarbonate secretion. (veteriankey.com)
  • Lubiprostone is a chloride channel activator that acts by increasing intestinal fluid secretion, thus increasing motility in the intestine, facilitating the passage of stool, and alleviating symptoms associated with constipation. (formularywatch.com)
  • Plecanatide stimulates intestinal fluid secretions in the gastrointestinal tract to support regular bowel function. (lgmpharma.com)
  • Plecanatide, taken orally once daily, works locally in the upper GI tract to stimulate secretion of intestinal fluid and support regular bowel function. (lgmpharma.com)
  • In animal models, plecanatide has been shown to increase fluid secretion into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, accelerate intestinal transit, and cause changes in stool consistency. (lgmpharma.com)
  • ETEC produces toxins including heat-stable enterotoxins (STa and STb) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), which potentially inhibit the absorption of sodium and chloride ions from intestinal lumen and stimulate the secretion of intestinal fluid, resulting in water and electrolyte losses [ 3 ]. (animbiosci.org)
  • Classic combination of plants rich in anthraquinone substances, in practical grains, enriched with protective substances of the intestinal mucosa such as to make a product that physiologically favors and regulates intestinal transit and reduces those annoying abdominal swellings. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • Bicarbonate is necessary to neutralize gastric acid that is emptied into the small intestine during feeding to prevent damage to the intestinal mucosa. (veteriankey.com)
  • Stool volume measurement and distal duodenal biopsy showed that the patients had diarrhea (600-1500 ml/24 hr) and morphological abnormalities of small intestinal mucosa. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Both plecanatide and the metabolite are proteolytically degraded within the intestinal lumen to smaller peptides and naturally occurring amino acids. (lgmpharma.com)
  • Bisacodyl stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing cyclic AMP, leading to active transport of chloride and bicarbonate out of cells. (drugbank.com)
  • Thanks to anthraquinones, substances that act on the colon level, including barbaloin, Aloe stimulates peristalsis and water secretion from intestinal walls by favoring a soft stool consistency. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • In the cephalic phase of exocrine pancreatic secretion, acetylcholine released by vagal postganglionic neurons stimulates H + ion secretion by parietal cells (Figure 60-7). (veteriankey.com)
  • We study the physiology of absorption/secretion, the pathophysiology of diarrhea and malabsorption, and we study patients with intractable diarrhea/malabsorption. (usda.gov)
  • or steady state intestinal perfusion which allows detailed examination of mucosal absorption or secretion rate in the jejunum, ileum and colon. (usda.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water-delivered probiotics (beneficial bacteria) or organic acids on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in weanling pigs following a Salmonella infection. (usda.gov)
  • Results: In IBS-M, epithelial resistance and ENaC-dependent sodium absorption were unchanged, while short-circuit current reflecting chloride secretion was reduced. (abberior.rocks)
  • Involved pathways were detected as proinflammatory cytokine pathways, LPS, PGE2, NGF, and vitamin D. Conclusions: Decreased anion secretion explains constipation in IBS-M, while ion permeability and sodium absorption were unaltered. (abberior.rocks)
  • To get a little technical, it causes increased chloride secretion by intestinal crypt cells and decreased sodium chloride coupled absorption by villus cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions Dominant gain-of-function GUCY2C mutations lead to elevated intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels and could explain the chronic diarrhoea as a result of decreased intestinal sodium and water absorption and increased chloride secretion. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Magnesium excretion in urine usually matches net intestinal absorption (100 mg/d). (medscape.com)
  • CONCLUSION: RD and its active compound LC inhibit intestinal CaCCs activity, which might mediate the anti-rotaviral diarrheal effect of RD. (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, the sympathetic nerves inhibit and the parasympathetic nerves stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretion. (veteriankey.com)
  • This is supported by the development of IBS symptoms following gastrointestinal infections in some patients, the relationship of IBS symptomatology with diet, and effects of GI microbiota on intestinal motility and visceral sensitivity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have uncovered a number of negative signaling mechanisms intrinsic to the epithelium that uncouple increases in calcium from the downstream response of chloride secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Using western blot, immunostaining, and electrophysiology, we characterized the localization of human ANO1 and its stimulation by 5-HT on Cl secretion in lung and intestinal epithelium. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV2 infection led to enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia in the intestinal epithelium of Syrian Hamster with a possible elevation of 5-HT, which could explain the severity of symptoms in COVID-19 associated diarrheal patients. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • Elevated 5-HT activates luminal ANO1 CaCC in the intestinal and lung epithelium by a mechanism that appears to involve the rise of [Ca 2+ ] i . (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • Chloride secretion is stimulated by mechanisms involving increases in either cyclic nucleotide or cytoplasmic calcium concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • It exerts an effect on the mucus secretion and chloride processes with a consequent increase in liquid secretion and hydration of the fecal mass. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • Inhibition of intestinal chloride secretion by piperine as a cellular basis for the anti-secretory effect of black peppers. (harvard.edu)
  • The horse must take in electrolytes/minerals year round to replace those lost in urine, saliva, bile, tears, intestinal tract secretions. (equisearch.com)
  • Exerts strong action against the intestinal tract expounding a modulated laxative effect. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • New indication: Lubiprostone (Amitiza), a chloride channel activator, was approved on April 29, 2008, for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in women aged at least 18 years. (formularywatch.com)
  • Regulation of chloride secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Exocrine pancreatic secretions are regulated by hormonal, neural, and paracrine input during the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of secretion. (veteriankey.com)
  • In the dog, gastrin is equipotent with cholecystokinin (CCK) in stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion. (veteriankey.com)
  • The major electrolytes in blood are sodium and chloride, which together make salt. (equisearch.com)
  • Of all the important electrolytes/minerals, the only ones that aren't present in adequate amounts in the diet are sodium and chloride - that's plain old salt. (equisearch.com)
  • To replace losses accurately, the supplement should have the major electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride present in proportions that mimic those of sweat. (equisearch.com)
  • We conclude that diarrhea may be due to secretion of electrolytes and water efflux more distally or to other abnormalities of gastrointestinal function. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) species are a diverse group of pathogens classified into 5 major pathotypes that can cause intestinal infection and diarrhea. (lecturio.com)
  • This study investigated the effects of RD and loureirin on intestinal Cl- channels and their therapeutic effects on rotavirus-induced diarrhea, aiming to reveal RD's molecular basis, targets, and mechanisms for treating rotaviral diarrhea. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gut health improvements were monitored with respect to growth performance, diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of suckling pigs orally supplemented with live Lactobacillus salivarius ( L. salivarius ) oral suspensions and challenged with F4 + enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). (animbiosci.org)
  • Oral supplementation of live L. salivarius during the first 10 days of suckling pig promoted growth performance and gut health, reduced diarrhea incidence, increased fecal Lactobacillus populations and improved intestinal morphology. (animbiosci.org)
  • Loss of bicarbonate stores through diarrhea or renal tubular wasting leads to a metabolic acidosis state characterized by increased plasma chloride concentration and decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration. (medscape.com)
  • Prolonged exercise (e.g. endurance rides) or shorter periods of intense exercise (racing, eventing) can result in large losses of sodium, potassium and chloride in the horse's sweat. (equisearch.com)
  • Assessments of chloride and potassium balance in urine could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of thiazide-associated hyponatremia. (medscape.com)
  • We hypothesize that disruption of vectorial Cl transport by 5-HT may be critical in determining the alveolar flooding and abnormalities in intestinal Cl secretion through stimulation of anoctamin 1(ANO1) Cl channel. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • GC-C is an intestinal brush border membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, which functions as receptor for guanylin, uroguanylin and Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Fecal water content, intestinal peristalsis rate, and smooth muscle contraction were measured in neonatal mice infected with SA-11 rotavirus before and after LC treatment or adult mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vivo, LC significantly reduced the fecal water content, intestinal peristalsis rate, and smooth muscle contraction of mice infected with rotavirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Urine chloride was 95 mmol/L, pH 7.0, and urine protein-creatinine ratio 400 mg/g. (abdominalkey.com)
  • It should be noted that although urine chloride is usually advocated as the initial diagnostic test in the case of alkali loading, urine pH could reveal the diagnosis prior to testing urinary chloride. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Caution also should be used when interpreting urine chloride results after administration of diuretics because this would mask the presence of a chloride-dependent alkalosis. (abdominalkey.com)
  • In our patient, urine chloride levels were found to be elevated on admission. (abdominalkey.com)
  • In an animal model of visceral pain, plecanatide reduced abdominal muscle contractions, a measure of intestinal pain. (lgmpharma.com)
  • Sixteen patients (ten with one or more intestinal fistula) developed abdominal wall dehiscence were included in this study. (who.int)
  • The calcium-dependent response is transient and limited in its magnitude, implying that negative signaling events may restrict the overall extent of this mode of chloride transport. (nih.gov)
  • Because calcium-activated chloride current in human intestinal epithelia remains controversial, we examined the localization of ANO1 in the human terminal ileum and colonic tissue using confocal microscopy. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • ANO1 is a transmembrane protein that functions as a calcium-activated chloride channel. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • In the absence of sodium polystyrene, antacids containing calcium and magnesium first react with hydrogen chloride secreted in the stomach to form calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, respectively. (abdominalkey.com)
  • The active metabolite is converted in the large intestine by an intestinal bacteria. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • Numbers of total bacteria in intestinal contents of control pigs were also increased, but not Coliform and Lactobacillus populations. (animbiosci.org)
  • The exocrine pancreas is a tubuloalveolar gland with a division of function between the acinar cells, which secrete the digestive enzymes, and the duct cells, which add water, bicarbonate, chloride, intrinsic factor, and antibacterial proteins. (veteriankey.com)
  • Veterinary diet for cats with digestive and intestinal disorders. (animalmedic.lt)
  • Lubiprostone, a chloride channel agonist, is a third agent with FDA approval for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. (kevinmd.com)
  • and 4) photomicrograph of intestinal villus (photograph courtesy of Alberti Lamberti, Ph.D., Temple University). (cdc.gov)
  • Water delivery of either probiotic or organic acids was unable to beneficially affect intestinal morphology. (usda.gov)
  • The bicarbonate concentration increases with increasing flow rate, up to 150 mEq/L, while the chloride concentration correspondingly decreases, so that the sum of the anions remains constant. (veteriankey.com)
  • A normal AG acidosis is characterized by a lowered bicarbonate concentration, which is counterbalanced by an equivalent increase in plasma chloride concentration. (medscape.com)
  • and, (d) regulate the small intestinal bacterial flora through secretion of antibacterial proteins. (veteriankey.com)
  • Single-channel recordings (inside-out excised patches) from the apical membrane of T84 cells reveal a 10-pS chloride channel with a linear current-voltage relationship, which is opened when an endogenous membrane-bound PKG is activated with ATP (1 mM) and cGMP (100 μM). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In conclusion, none of the additives markedly affected intestinal absorptive and secretory functions in the face of a Salmonella challenge. (usda.gov)
  • The fruits contain alcohols and terpenes by having antispasmodic activity on the smooth muscle, reducing the intensity of intestinal spasms, perhaps due to a far too active peristalsis. (spagyrichealthsupplements.com)
  • In conclusion, SARS-CoV2 infection resulted in intestinal enterochromaffin cells hyperplasia that could elevate 5-HT. (cancertreatmentsresearch.com)
  • Salmonella infection resulted in decreased phosphorus and glucose intestinal transport, and increased glutamine uptake. (usda.gov)
  • Carbachol induced chloride ion secretion was greatest in negative control pigs prior to infection (P (usda.gov)
  • Identifying gene makers of immune dysregulation during gut microbiota ageing may contribute to mechanistic insights in preventing age-related alterations of intestinal physiology and associated disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Net water, sodium, and chloride movement in the jejunum was not significantly different from healthy controls. (uea.ac.uk)
  • It has been proposed that immunosenescence in ageing populations may, in part, be driven by alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, which confers a fundamental immunomodulatory role at promoting intestinal integrity and reducing local and systemic inflammation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • F - (0.4), and a low affinity for the chloride channel blockers, 4,4-dinitrostilbene-2,2- disulfonic acid and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This channel, which is distinctive from the outwardly rectifying chloride channel, has properties similar to the low conductance chloride channel expressed when the CF gene is transfected into nonepithelial cells. (johnshopkins.edu)