• As an ORISE fellow, Dr. Townes has worked on projects that examined trends of HIV diagnoses among Black/African American adolescents and adults, and racial and ethnic disparities among persons living with undiagnosed HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Our findings suggest that serosorting may have declined as a practice and indicate the importance of designing public health interventions that target infection risks associated with recreational drug use and contact made using geosocial networking applications. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Overall, participants had concerns about consistent access to PrEP medication and the risk of antiretroviral resistance in case of acute HIV infection or seroconversion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We combined data from published models regarding the number or percentage of HIV infections attributable to STIs with updated estimates of the lifetime medical cost per HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Our second calculation, based on older studies, used estimates of the expected number of STI-attributable HIV infections per new STI infection, for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. (cdc.gov)
  • In a sexual partnership of discordant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, the presence of another sexually transmitted infection (STI) in one or both partners can increase the likelihood of HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • An STI-attributable HIV infection can be defined as an HIV infection that would not have occurred without the facilitative effects of STIs on HIV acquisition and transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Condom use when having anal sex with a partner of unknown viral burden or infection status is a core component of HIV and STI prevention. (msm-trainings.org)
  • PrEP is a method to reduce the risk of HIV infection in HIV-negative adults who are at high risk of HIV exposure. (msm-trainings.org)
  • Temporal trends in multiple biological and behavioural indicators over the past decade describe a hyperendemic state of HIV infection among MSM in San Francisco, whereby prevalence has stabilised at a very high level. (bmj.com)
  • 5. HIV exposure will always result in HIV infection. (learnsfdph.org)
  • 6. When does HIV infection occur? (learnsfdph.org)
  • Men who have sex with men (MSM) who are unaware of their HIV infection are more likely to infect others, and unable to receive treatment. (emis-project.eu)
  • Behavior change following diagnosis with acute/early HIV infection-a move to serosorting with other HIV-infected individuals. (yale.edu)
  • The NIMH Multisite Acute HIV Infection Study: III. (yale.edu)
  • Lack of understanding of acute HIV infection among newly-infected persons-implications for prevention and public health: The NIMH Multisite Acute HIV Infection Study: II. (yale.edu)
  • To have sex with HIV-positive men, as he went on to explain, was to expose himself to unnecessary risk of infection. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • In this study, we investigate within-racial group patterns of HIV/STI infection between Black MSM and Black men who only have sex with women (MSW). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Logistic regression models were constructed to assess whether or not history of STIs were associated with current HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Men with a history of syphilis (OR = 6.48, 95% CI: 2.68,15.71), genital warts (OR = 4.32, 95% CI: 1.79,10.43) or genital ulcers (OR = 21.3, 95% CI: 1.89,239.51) had an increased odds of HIV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The associations between STIs and current HIV infection highlight the need for integrated of HIV/STI screening and treatment programs for Black men. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over the past several decades, effective ways to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as improved medical management for people living with HIV (PLHIV), have become widely available in high-income countries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: Disclosure of HIV serostatus is essential for the care and eradication of HIV infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: A questionnaire-based study of primary caregivers of children aged 6 years to 18 years with HIV infection who were enrolled at two government-owned tertiary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria. (bvsalud.org)
  • My re-conceptualization of MSM or gay men's safer sex practices is to accept the fact that the longstanding "use a condom every time" model of HIV prevention has resulted in a much lower HIV infection rate for gay men practicing anal sex, but it will not drive the rate of HIV infections any lower than what we've seen over the last decade. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Obviously, HIV prevention specialists can't plan for all unpredictable changes, but they can try to intentionally cause a predictable change that will hopefully lower the HIV infection rate. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • The study objectives were to assess drug uptake, adherence, condom use and number of sexual partners, HIV incidence and trends in the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Condom negotiation, HIV testing, and HIV risks among women from alcohol serving venues in Cape Town, South Africa. (yale.edu)
  • HIV prevention measures targeted toward MSM often focus on individual-level risks, emphasizing factors such as condom use and overall number of partners, and painting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) as an inherently risky behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The importance of condom-compatible lubricant use needs to be taken into account as a part of condom promotion interventions for MSM, and preferably distributed through the same programmes. (msm-trainings.org)
  • For my friend, this wasn't the goal of his strategy -- condom use was still part of his risk reduction strategy with other HIV-negative men. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • What I'm going to be talking about here is men who report consistent condom use, but who continue to latch onto serosorting discourses that discourage serodiscordant sexual practices. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • There is no data to suggest that many HIV infections occur in these contexts, absent condom failure -- rates of which are outrageously low (between 0.4% and 2.3%, depending on who you ask). (trevorhoppe.com)
  • The generic risk in this scenario for a receptive HIV-negative man is 1:122 -- that is, statistically speaking, there is a 1 in 122 risk of seroconversion after getting fucked once without a condom by an HIV-positive man (see here for a summary of this data). (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Higher prevalence of HIV, which has been associated with various types of AMR in some studies, could also cause elevated resistance rates in MSM groups ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Increases in new HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) are now reported from nearly every industrialised country context, 1 and the news from resource-poor settings is worse still-extremely high background prevalence, increases in new infections and only very limited access to care and prevention. (bmj.com)
  • An ecological approach assessed temporal trends in sexual risk behaviour, sexually transmitted infections (STI), HIV incidence and prevalence from multiple data sources between 1998 and 2007. (bmj.com)
  • 1 - 3 These phenomena were first noticed in cities of the industrialised world with large gay communities in North America, Europe and Australia, and later Asian cities with emerging economies, such as Bangkok and Beijing, also noticed increases in HIV prevalence. (bmj.com)
  • however, little is known regarding the prevalence of HIV/STI co-infections among Black men in Toronto. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chi-Square tests were used to compare the prevalence of (1) HIV and current STIs between MSM and MSW and (2) current STIs between people living with HIV and people not living with HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the prevalence of syphilis and high-risk HPV were also increased in men living with HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HIV/STI prevalence was high among this sample of Black men, although the study design may have led to oversampling of men living with HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Townes has co-authored MMWR assessing HIV testing behaviors using commercial and Medicaid insurance data and has collaborated across DHP to conduct systematic reviews, update national guidelines (i.e., non-occupational post exposure prophylaxis and HIV cluster, detection, and response), and contribute to efforts to address HIV-related stigma. (cdc.gov)
  • PARTICIPANTS: 204 HIV-negative men who have sex with men initiating oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. (bvsalud.org)
  • INTRODUCTION: Since many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are willing to implement HIV oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for men who have sex with men (MSM), data are needed to assess its feasibility and relevance in real life. (bvsalud.org)
  • In order to end the HIV epidemic by 2030, combination HIV prevention including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) should be widely available, especially for the most vulnerable populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both countries provide combination HIV prevention at no cost through the public health system, including condoms, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), test and treat, and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for all people newly diagnosed with HIV [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Participants were less likely to belong to the outcome group if they were out to their primary doctor (OR = 0.54), were well-educated about post-exposure prophylaxis (OR = 0.46), had sought information on HIV in the past year and kept condoms in an accessible place (OR = 0.20), or believed that insisting on condoms would lead partners to assume they were HIV-negative (OR = 0.20). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Participants in the outcome group were more likely to say they would use HIV home tests (OR = 1.58) or pre-exposure prophylaxis (OR = 2.11). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among MSM seeking HIV testing, increases were noted in insertive UAI at anonymous testing sites and at the STI clinic, in receptive UAI at anonymous test sites and in receptive UAI with a known HIV-positive partner at the STI clinic. (bmj.com)
  • Thus, to help illustrate this, let's attempt to assess the risk of transmission between a known HIV-positive partner and an HIV-negative partner when condoms are used. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Before we get into a discussion of the ethics of "serosorting" -- the practice of choosing to engage in sex with only sero-concordant men -- I think we should bracket my friend's comments as existing only at the very periphery of this term's broad meaning. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Changes in transmission risk behaviors across stages of HIV disease among people living with HIV. (yale.edu)
  • Based on our results, we reflect on HIV prevention measures that should be improved in order to better target behaviors that may lead to HIV transmission between MSM in steady relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 89] Further, researchers have found group-based interventions that rely on users sharing their limiting behaviors with others to be effective. (findzebra.com)
  • No consistent upward or downward temporal trends were found in HIV incidence, newly reported HIV cases, AIDS deaths, proportion of AIDS cases using antiretroviral therapy, rectal gonorrhoea or primary and secondary syphilis cases among MSM during the study period. (bmj.com)
  • The pivotal year of 1995 saw the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART), which greatly improved survival with AIDS and brought hope that HIV transmission would be reduced by therapeutic viral suppression. (bmj.com)
  • A sample of 164 caregivers of HIV positive children aged 5 to 16 years receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least one year were enrolled. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whole genome sequencing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae reveals transmission clusters involving patients of mixed HIV serostatus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Four transmission clusters containing 3-12 individuals were composed of MSM of mixed HIV serostatus.We show that data obtained from WGS of N. gonorrhoeae and enhanced epidemiological data obtained from patient questionnaires are mutually supportive and reveal insights into sexual networks. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Among HIV-negative MSM, UAI with unknown serostatus partners decreased but increased with potentially discordant serostatus partners. (bmj.com)
  • Objective: To identify limitations to the disclosure of serostatus in HIV-infected children, outcomes of disclosure as well as compare the outcomes of disclosure by either parents/caregiver only with the involvement of health care personnel. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, Dr. Townes' work focused on PrEP use and adherence among transgender persons, HIV testing patterns and PrEP indications among Black/African American women. (cdc.gov)
  • Effects of a brief video intervention on treatment initiation and adherence among patients attending human immunodeficiency virus treatment clinics. (sentientresearch.net)
  • In Office of Health Equity, Dr. Kota's training focused on two studies on HIV prevention strategies and stigma, discrimination, and mental health outcomes among TGW, and another study that examined the social determinants of health and racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among US adults. (cdc.gov)
  • African, Caribbean, and Black (Black) men account for 16.5% of new HIV diagnoses among men in Ontario. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The annual number of new HIV diagnoses has not changed since 2010 (100,000 new infections), with 2.1 million people living with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by the end of 2020 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4. If someone is living with HIV, which of the following could indicate a Stage 3 (formerly known as AIDS) diagnosis? (learnsfdph.org)
  • Sharing syringes and equipment with an individual living with HIV and HIV is present. (learnsfdph.org)
  • People living with HIV who take antiretroviral medications daily as prescribed and who achieve and then maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. (hivtalk.net)
  • Three large multinational research studies involving couples in which one partner was living with HIV and the other was not HPTN 052 , PARTNER and Opposites Attract observed no HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner while the partner with HIV had a durably undetectable viral load. (hivtalk.net)
  • However, Ontario's Black population (3.9% of the total population) comprises approximately 22.5% of people living with HIV in the province. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These biological factors are believed to impact the two key determinants of HIV transmission risk: the HIV viral load in the PLHIV's blood and genital secretions, and the number and density of HIV-susceptible cells in the sex partner (generally within their penile, vaginal, or anal mucosa) who is a person not living with HIV (non-PLHIV) [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AIDS-related stigma, HIV testing, and transmission risk among patrons of informal drinking places in Cape Town, South Africa. (yale.edu)
  • Moreover, what I think this kind of statement actually tends to do is not actually promote any real reduction in risk, but rather to reinforce and reproduce harmful stigma against HIV-positive people. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Projects on these teams involved the adaptation of evidence-based behavioral interventions for incarcerated girls and women and a systematic review of HIV/STI prevention interventions for female commercial sex workers. (cdc.gov)
  • She conducts research and programmatic work on understanding behavioral and structural factors underlying undervaccination in lower and middle-income countries, the sexual transmission of Ebola and other viral hemorrhagic fevers, HIV/STI transmission among at-risk populations, and preventing gender-based violence. (cdc.gov)
  • However, many MSM in steady relationships have adopted a range of behavioral strategies such that UAI with a steady partner, even in the presence of anal sex with other, non-steady partners, carries little to no risk for HIV transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Information on TasP (U=U) has been taken from the National Centre for HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, STI and TB Prevention. (msm-trainings.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to estimate the number and lifetime medical cost of HIV infections attributable to incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States in 2018. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite ambiguity regarding the degree to which STIs affect HIV transmission, our combination of data from published STI/HIV transmission models and an HIV lifetime medical cost model can help to quantify the estimated burden of STI-attributable HIV infections in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The models used to estimate the number of STI-attributable HIV infections can range from simple algebraic expressions to complex agent-based models of sexual networks with cocirculating HIV and other STIs. (cdc.gov)
  • Regardless of their degree of complexity, models that estimate the number of STI-attributable HIV infections require assumptions regarding the degree to which STIs increase the probability of HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • It is suggested that individual counselling and mapping of risk behaviour should be used for individual recommendations around frequency of testing for HIV (and other STIs), but that annual testing for sexually active MSM would be a minimum suggested interval for testing. (msm-trainings.org)
  • Biological specimens were collected to screen for HIV and other STIs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Germany, as in many developed countries, men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate share of the HIV epidemic, with around 75 % of new cases in 2013 estimated to be the result of sexual transmission between men [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To evaluate trends in the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco and the implications for HIV prevention. (bmj.com)
  • 4 5 As in the beginning of the HIV epidemic, MSM continue to be disproportionately affected. (bmj.com)
  • 6 Since then, the HIV epidemic has been tracked through multiple studies, including cohorts pre-dating and overlapping the discovery of AIDS, HIV and AIDS case reporting, STI surveillance, cross-sectional behavioural and seroprevalence surveys and community-based programmatic data. (bmj.com)
  • Thus, HIV physicians' perspectives about PrEP and other prevention strategies may differ. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to compare awareness, knowledge, and attitudes related to PrEP and other prevention strategies among HIV physicians from Brazil and Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Participants answered questions on socio-demographic, medical experience, awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards PrEP and other HIV prevention strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Strengthening and increasing information on PrEP technologies and other HIV prevention strategies among HIV physicians could improve their comfort to prescribe these strategies and facilitate their scale-up in LAC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The information from the survey could be used as a corrective to the already taken initiatives and as a supplement to the new prevention strategies when planning new activities for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS in Bulgaria at national and regional level. (emis-project.eu)
  • The World Health Organization strongly recommends the incorporation of daily oral PrEP with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg and emtricitabine 200 mg (TDF/FTC) into combination HIV prevention package since 2016 [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Kota conducted a mixed-methods study examining the syndemic effects of mental health outcomes, substance use, and violence victimization on HIV risk in TGW, and men who have sex with men (MSM), in India. (cdc.gov)
  • An STI in a person without HIV can increase susceptibility to HIV through mechanisms such as increasing the number of cells susceptible to HIV, disruption of epithelial barriers in the genital tract, and suppression of the systemic immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: HIV infected children survive to adolescence because of anti retroviral therapy, however, only a small proportion know their diagnosis.Disclosure is critical to long-term disease management, yet little is known about if, how, and when disclosure takes place and the barriers associated with it, and its impact on children in resource limited settings. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective: This study set out to determine the process of and barriers to HIV disclosure in children as well as the immediate impact of this on children and their caregivers. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, if one assumes that the presence of a given STI doubles the probability of HIV transmission, and the per-act probability of HIV transmission is 0.001 in the absence of the given STI, then the per-act probability of HIV transmission is 0.002 if the STI is present. (cdc.gov)
  • We sought to determine factors associated with HIV transmission risks in steady partnerships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many countries condoms, PrEP, TasP (U=U) and PEP are considered equally effective interventions against onward transmission of the virus. (msm-trainings.org)
  • citation needed] One disease can assist the physical transmission of the microbe causing another disease, for example, genital-tract ulceration caused by syphilis allowing sexual transmission of HIV. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following tables provide the best estimates of effectiveness for various strategies to prevent HIV acquisition or transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • For HIV-positive heterosexual men and women, taking ART regularly greatly reduces the risk of HIV transmission to an HIV-negative partner. (cdc.gov)
  • A recent review of many studies, including these, reported a combined HIV transmission risk estimate, across populations, while the HIV-positive person was virally suppressed of 0.00 (95% CI: 0.00 - 0.07) per 100 couple-years (Vernazza, 2019). (cdc.gov)
  • Four key studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of ART, when used optimally , on preventing the sexual transmission of HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Data from a hepatitis B vaccine trial and back calculation of early AIDS cases show that HIV transmission began and accelerated in the late 1970s, with a peak incidence of new infections already evident in the early 1980s. (bmj.com)
  • Needle and syringe programs provide clean needles or syringes to people who inject drugs, reducing the risk of the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C . This is sometimes referred to as needle exchange. (hivtalk.net)
  • But correct me if I'm wrong here, but it seems to me that serosorting was more intended to describe men who were seeking to minimize risk of transmission while engaging in sex without condoms . (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Careful epidemiologists, including those who study HIV transmission, have always included the disclaimer that all of the "risk" odds ratios they calculate are based ONLY on past data because there is always the "uncertainty" that future epidemiological data may be different due to "unpredictable" reasons, such as bareback anal sex becoming more culturally acceptable between partners who can't be absolutely sure of the other person's HIV status. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine which of several independent variables best predicted both unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with a non-steady partner and lack of HIV testing in the past year (high-risk outcome group). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In multivariate regression analyses, not being from Amsterdam (adjusted OR, aOR 1.54, CI 1.17 to 2.03), with low education (aOR 1.28, CI 1.04 to 1.57) and low knowledge on HIV-testing (aOR 2.23, CI 1.37 to 3.64) were significantly associated with never having tested. (emis-project.eu)
  • Black men who have sex with men, sexual risk-taking, and willingness to use rapid home HIV tests. (yale.edu)
  • Research has consistently shown that, all else equal, having multiple sexual partners increases an individual's risk of acquiring HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 9. On the continuum of risk, which sexual activity is considered the highest risk for contracting HIV? (learnsfdph.org)
  • Additionally, 36.1% of MSM who never tested for HIV reported high-risk sexual behaviour that may have put them at HIV risk. (emis-project.eu)
  • 55 % considered themselves to be at low risk for HIV acquisition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, we highlight the need for multifaceted interventions focusing not only on members of the at-risk community themselves, but on communities as a whole. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are now more options than ever before to reduce the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV. (cdc.gov)
  • Using medicines to treat HIV, using medicines to prevent HIV, using condoms, having only low-risk sex, only having partners with the same HIV status, and not having sex can all effectively reduce risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Effectiveness is lower, and there is a risk of transmitting HIV, when persons do not take ART as prescribed or stop taking ART, if viral suppression is not achieved, or if viral suppression is not maintained. (cdc.gov)
  • MSM make their own risk assessments that inform their choices about HIV-testing. (emis-project.eu)
  • Nevertheless, MSM who were never tested may have been at risk for HIV, and remain important to target for HIV interventions. (emis-project.eu)
  • To explain why I think this is so, we need to evaluate whether or not there is actually any risk worth avoiding by excluding HIV-positive men from your pool of eligible partners. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • An STI in a person with HIV can increase HIV infectiousness through mechanisms such as increased concentrations of HIV in genital secretions. (cdc.gov)
  • It's more difficult to treat genital herpes if you also have HIV. (hivtalk.net)
  • If you have HIV, ask your doctor if you should be tested for genital herpes. (hivtalk.net)
  • Our second calculation method suggested that 2,349 (25th–75th percentile: 1,948–2,744) HIV infections in the general population (including MSM) could be attributed to chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis acquired in 2018, at an estimated lifetime medical cost of $0.99 billion (25th–75th percentile: $0.80–1.16 billion). (cdc.gov)
  • Available modeling evidence suggests about 1,900 to 3,000 HIV infections were attributable to chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis in 2018 in the United States, costing about $1 billion. (cdc.gov)
  • At enrolment, month-6 and month-12, participants answered to a face-to-face questionnaire, underwent a physical examination and provided blood samples for HIV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our first calculation used recent estimates of the percentage of HIV infections in men who have sex with men (MSM) attributable to gonorrhea and chlamydia. (cdc.gov)
  • From January-October 2020, 481 HIV physicians were included: 339(70.5%) from Brazil, 276(57.4%) male, and median age was 43 years (IQR = 36-53). (biomedcentral.com)
  • During her time as an ORISE fellow in the Prevention Research Branch in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the CDC, Dr. Abad received training and mentorship in providing scientific expertise and technical guidance to the Operational Research Team and the Research Synthesis and Translation Team. (cdc.gov)
  • For MSM as individuals knowing their HIV status is something quite different. (bmj.com)
  • Regular and repeated HIV testing are becoming increasingly understood as gateway behaviours that open a range of potentially effective HIV prevention options, which may not include condoms, but for which knowledge of HIV status is the essential starting point. (bmj.com)
  • It is a concern that a significant proportion (61.4%) of respondents who did not know their HIV status and are sure that they are HIV negative. (emis-project.eu)
  • Older children and children with single parents were more likely to know their HIV status. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: Overall, 204 HIV-negative men initiated PrEP. (bvsalud.org)
  • Higher doses of antiviral drugs are often needed to treat herpes in people with HIV. (hivtalk.net)
  • Also, many people with HIV have strains of the herpes virus that are resistant to treatment with the standard antiviral drugs. (hivtalk.net)
  • If you already know that you have herpes and HIV, discuss treatment options with your doctor. (hivtalk.net)
  • Both theoretical and observational research suggests that the probability of transmitting HIV to partners is further amplified when these multiple encounters happen over the same period of time [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The follow-up assessments, at frequencies typical of what experts recommend for clinical care, included regular measurement of plasma HIV RNA concentrations and HIV testing of the HIV-negative partner. (cdc.gov)
  • They outline two main conditions that must be met in order for such a strategy to be effective: First, both partners must test negative for HIV and disclose these results to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It will help you be an effective HIV test counselor. (learnsfdph.org)
  • This unpredictable change actually happened in the 1990s, especially after the unpredictable discovery of effective HIV drug therapies. (trevorhoppe.com)
  • It is no longer important just because it permits them to maximise the benefits of early HIV treatment interventions (if it ever was? (bmj.com)
  • In 2011, 208 people per 100,000 (0.2%) were infected with HIV in Canada [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each of these studies followed HIV-discordant couples while the HIV-positive partners were treated with ART with the intent of suppressing HIV replication. (cdc.gov)