• It often refers to reactive intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reactive intermediates are usually high-energy, are unstable and are seldom isolated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dehydropericyclic Reactions: Symmetry Controlled Routes to Strained Reactive Intermediates. (setonhill.edu)
  • Preliminary assessment suggests labile reactive intermediates are formed during PDA reaction to quinones and benzyl bromide. (cdc.gov)
  • Cations, often carbocations, serve as intermediates in various types of reactions to synthesize new compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the process of the two-electron/two-proton and four-electron/four-proton reduction of O 2 by metalloenzymes and their model compounds, metal-oxygen intermediates, such as metal-superoxido, -peroxido, -hydroperoxido, and -oxido species, are generated depending on the numbers of electrons and protons involved in the O 2 activation reactions. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Reduction reactions of ketones and other carbonyl compounds. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Electrochemistry can be used to determine concentrations of known compounds or to obtain information concerning reaction kinetics. (rsc.org)
  • Based on reactions of model compounds, we infer that iodine reacts with peat by aromatic substitution of hydrogen on phenolic constituents of the peat. (springer.com)
  • Alternatively, the intermediate, HIO or I 2 , may be reduced to iodide (I − ). The pH (and temperature) dependence of the IO − 3 reaction (reduction) has been explored with sphagnum peat, alkali lignin, and several model compounds. (springer.com)
  • Selective alcohol dehydrogenation on heterogeneous catalysts is a key industrial reaction for production of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic compounds. (jyu.fi)
  • In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mononuclear nonheme iron(IV)- and manganese(IV)-oxido complexes have shown high reactivities in HAT reactions, and their chemistry in PCET reactions is discussed intensively. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • It could not wait for a chain reaction to be achieved before studying the chemistry of plutonium. (atomicarchive.com)
  • In a general way the experimental nuclear physics group under E. Fermi was primarily concerned with getting a chain reaction going, the chemistry division organized by F. H. Spedding (later in turn under S. K. Allison, J. Franck, W. C. Johnson, and T. Hogness) with the chemistry of plutonium and with separation methods and the theoretical group under E. Wigner with designing production piles. (atomicarchive.com)
  • Describe the synthetic chemistry of carbocations, anions and radical species and describe some of the mechanisms involved in their reaction. (bath.ac.uk)
  • To apply their experience in synthetic organic chemistry to other organic reactions. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The results, which were published in Nature Chemistry , suggest that a simple change in the backbone may affect the how fast mechanically assisted reactions occur. (scitechdaily.com)
  • During graduate school, Sarah completed her research in organic chemistry, focusing on integrating experimental and computational chemistry to understand molecular reactions and rearrangements. (setonhill.edu)
  • SN1 and SN2 are two different mechanisms for nucleophilic substitution, and SN1 involves a carbocation intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
  • E1 and E2 are two different mechanisms for elimination reactions, and E1 involves a carbocation intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accordingly, as a fast-moving area, the past decade has witnessed an explosion in reports on charge carrier dynamics and reaction mechanisms on a wide range of photocatalytic materials. (rsc.org)
  • In the PCET reactions, a proton can be provided not only by the substrate itself but also by an acid that is added to a reaction solution.This Account describes the reactivities of metal-oxygen intermediates, such as metal-superoxido, -peroxido, -hydroperoxido, and -oxido complexes, in HAT reactions, focusing on the mechanisms of PCET reactions of metal-oxygen intermediates and on the mechanistic dichotomy of concerted versus stepwise pathways. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • The boundary conditions between concerted versus stepwise PCET pathways are clarified to demonstrate a switchover of the mechanisms only by changing the reaction temperature in the boundary conditions. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • To show how experimental kinetic data may be used to elucidate chemical reaction mechanisms. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Mechanistic study on the coupling reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids catalyzed by (iminophosphine)palladium(0) complexes. (rsc.org)
  • Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, we presented a clear mechanistic study on the hydrolytic reaction of AB by choosing the smallest NiCu cluster as a catalyst model. (frontiersin.org)
  • The IUPAC Gold Book defines an intermediate as a compound that has a lifetime greater than a molecular vibration, is formed (directly or indirectly) from the reactants, and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lifetime condition distinguishes true, chemically distinct intermediates, both from vibrational states and from transition states (which, by definition, have lifetimes close to that of molecular vibration). (wikipedia.org)
  • The research activity focussed on experimental study of the structural and dynamic properties of short-lived intermediates of biologically important molecular systems and photoprocesses using novel techniques of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (europa.eu)
  • Reaction profiles agree with several experimental observations, offering evidence for the formation of molecular I 2 , interpreting the necessity to increase the temperature to finalize the reaction, and revealing thermodynamic aspects allowing higher yields for alkynes with para-electron-donating groups. (mdpi.com)
  • The spectroscopy of molecular reaction intermediates trapped in the solid rare gases. (nist.gov)
  • In a forced game of molecular tug-of war, some strings of atoms can act like a lever, accelerating reactions 1000 times faster than other molecules. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Craig said changes to the molecular group undergoing the reaction may have a much smaller effect than changes to nearby, unreactive molecules like those on the backbone. (scitechdaily.com)
  • It is also a good starting point to identify other molecular backbones that are easy to make and have the largest response to changes in nearby reactions, features Craig said might help in developing even better, more responsive materials. (scitechdaily.com)
  • We have used combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations to study the reaction mechanism of nitrogenase, assuming that none of the sulfide ligands dissociates. (lu.se)
  • Determining the structure and magnetic resonance parameters of radicals formed in this way, as well as the kinetics of multistep reactions of peptides and oligonucleotides. (europa.eu)
  • These smoke particles contain intermediates of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen free radicals, which may pose a potential health risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Electron spin resonance was used to measure carbon-centered as well as hydroxyl radicals produced by a Fenton-like reaction with wildfire smoke. (cdc.gov)
  • however, the ultrafine particles generated more OH radicals in the acellular Fenton-like reaction. (cdc.gov)
  • Many recent studies highlighted transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy as powerful approaches to characterise charge carrier dynamics and reaction pathways to elucidate the reasons behind low photocatalytic efficiencies, and to rationalise photocatalytic activities exhibited by closely related materials. (rsc.org)
  • The H-atom abstraction from substrate C-H bonds by the metal-oxygen intermediates can also occur via a concerted PCET or stepwise PCET pathways. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • If we can channel usually destructive forces into constructive pathways, we could trigger reactions that make the material stronger when and where it is most useful," Craig said. (scitechdaily.com)
  • CH2CH2 + H3O+ → CH2CH3+ + H2O CH2CH3+ + H2O → CH2OH2CH3+ CH2OH2CH3+ + H2O → CH2OHCH3 +H3O+ Nucleophilic substitution reactions occur when a nucleophilic molecule attacks a positive or partially positive electrophilic center by breaking and creating a new bond. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metals react with aryl halides and alkyl halides and they also go through nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions. (bartleby.com)
  • Nucleophilic substitution reaction. (bartleby.com)
  • Because the nucleophile initiates the substitution reaction, the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. (bartleby.com)
  • The metal-oxygen intermediates formed are oxidants that can abstract a hydrogen atom (H-atom) from substrate C-H bonds. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • For the E 4 , E 5 and E 7 intermediates we find that the substrate may abstract a proton from the hydroxy group of the homocitrate ligand of the FeMo cluster, thereby forming HNNH 2 , H 2 NNH 2 and NH 3 intermediates. (lu.se)
  • Br - , H + , and Br 2 are all catalysts and at the same time, intermediates in the reaction mechanism. (pearson.com)
  • The reaction occurs at a convenient rate only in the presence of certain finely divided metal catalysts , such as nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or rhodium (Rh). (britannica.com)
  • β-elimination or elimination reactions occur through the loss of a substituent leaving group and loss of a proton to form a pi bond. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some authors have concluded that muscarinic signs do not occur in patients with the intermediate syndrome (although - as noted above - sweating, anxiety, and restlessness, attributed to hypoxia, were noted). (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, approximately 2000 cases of acute liver failure occur annually and drugs account for over 50% of them (39% are due to acetaminophen, 13% are idiosyncratic reactions due to other medications). (medscape.com)
  • Costa Rica is considered the most endemic angiostrongiliasis en un country, and it has been shown in different reviews that most cases occur in children and males. (bvsalud.org)
  • An example is the creation and subsequent degradation of the substrate-enzyme complexes in an enzymatic reaction. (polito.it)
  • The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The work involved the application of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique termed Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarisation (CIDNP) that allowed for high sensitivity and spectral resolution in crowded spectra combined with optical initiation of chemical intermediates. (europa.eu)
  • The combination of nanoelectrochemistry with other techniques such as scanning probe microscopy or spectroscopy techniques has proven to be a useful tool for single cell imaging, dynamic electrochemical reaction tracking, which facilitates a better understanding of dynamic electron transfer processes and dynamic mass transfer at the nano-interface. (rsc.org)
  • PCET reactions of metal-oxygen intermediates are shown to proceed via a concerted pathway (one-step HAT) or a stepwise ET/PT pathway depending on the ET and PCET driving forces (-ΔG). (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Two attacking types of water molecules were considered for the hydrolytic reaction of AB: stepwise and simultaneous adsorption on the catalyst. (frontiersin.org)
  • Carbanions are strong nucleophiles, which can be used to extend an alkene's carbon backbone in the synthesis reaction shown below. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apart from solar fuel synthesis, sunlight can also be used to drive other reactions including organic conversion and air/water purification. (rsc.org)
  • A catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the key intermediates 4 and 15 for the capnellenols has been achieved through an asymmetric Heck reaction followed by the acetate anion capture process. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Alkene synthesis, including Wittig reaction. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Carbocations are formed in two major alkene addition reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent developments in the reactivity studies of Cr-, Fe-, and Cu-superoxido complexes in H-atom and hydride transfer reactions are discussed. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Ni atom takes reactions for the H 2 O decomposition with the formation of [OH] − group whereas Cu atom takes reactions for the hydride transfer with the formation of metal-dihydride complex. (frontiersin.org)
  • The formation of Wittig-type addition products with benzaldehyde indicates that catalytically active carbene is the product of olefin and tungsten hexacarbonyl under reaction conditions. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Acid-catalyzed HAT reactions of metal-oxygen intermediates are also discussed to demonstrate a unified driving force dependence of logarithm of the rate constants of acid-catalyzed oxidation of various substrates by an iron(IV)-oxido complex and that of PCET from one-electron donors to the iron(IV)-oxido complex. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Oxidation reactions of alkenes and alcohols. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The carbon atom of the methyl group of acetyl-CoA is very resistant to chemical oxidation, and under ordinary circumstances, the reaction would require very harsh conditions, incompatible with the cellular environment, to oxidize the carbon atoms of acetyl-CoA to CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Does the crystal structure of vanadium nitrogenase contain a reaction intermediate? (lu.se)
  • What Is the Structure of the E4 Intermediate in Nitrogenase? (lu.se)
  • Then, a nucleophile attacks and forms a new bond with the carbocation intermediate to form the final, substituted product, as shown in the reaction of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane to form 2-methyl-2-propanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • a methyl radical (·CH 3 ) and a carboxymethyl radical (·CH 2 CO 2 H), have been confirmed for the first time by direct observation of their ESR absorptions at room temperature on the photocatalytic reactions of acetic acid and metal (platinum)-loaded titanium dioxide (Pt/TiO 2 ) in aqueous solution. (elsevierpure.com)
  • a methyl radical (·CH 3) and a carboxymethyl radical (·CH2CO 2H), have been confirmed for the first time by direct observation of their ESR absorptions at room temperature on the photocatalytic reactions of acetic acid and metal (platinum)-loaded titanium dioxide (Pt/TiO2) in aqueous solution. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The reaction of 1-methylpyrrole with 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin gave 3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and 1,3-di-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin as products. (psu.edu)
  • In contrast reaction with 1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin (3) or 1,3-dichloro-5,5-diphenylhydantoin (4) gave only the monopyrroylhydantoin derivatives. (psu.edu)
  • Methyl mercaptan is produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methanol. (cdc.gov)
  • In the diphosphirane series, the substitution of one aryl group (2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-phenyl) by a chlorine atom leading to the trans P-chloro-diphosphirane via the cis isomer intermediate can be readily realized in chlorinated solvent under sonication or in the presence of gaseous hydrogen chlorid e in diethyl ether at room temperature. (iospress.com)
  • Conclusions: These findings are consistent with known ARVCF gene effects on neurodevelopment in terms of cellular arrangement, migration, and intracellular signaling involving the striatum and may involve interactions with other brain networks such as prefrontal cortex, and they underscore the importance of imaging-genetic studies to elucidate the genetic influences underlying intermediate phenotypes in complex neurobehavioral disorders. (psychiatrist.com)
  • In S N 2 reactions, the reactivity of primary alkyl halides is more when compared to secondary alkyl halides along with tertiary alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)
  • Reaction completion time of the sensitizers also correlated strongly (R2 = 0.74) with EC3 values suggesting utility of transforming this chemical reactivity method into a simple, inexpensive end-point assay. (cdc.gov)
  • The nature of the active species in photocatalytic metathesis reaction was investigated. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • To provide the student with a working knowledge of important classes of organic transformations and illustrate how the rate and mechanism of a chemical reaction can be understood in terms of the chemical structure of molecules. (bath.ac.uk)
  • 1. study of photochemical reactions involving proteins and protein related molecules. (europa.eu)
  • In this session, attention will focus on the deep understanding of dynamic single-molecule reactions, DNA and protein sequencing, the interaction of single molecules, and so on. (rsc.org)
  • Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The role of the score function is to assess the value of a searching state, such as predicting the cost of a molecule to be retro-synthesized or a reaction to be applied to decompose molecules. (nature.com)
  • A low shrinkage monomer was developed from the reaction of the oxirane and siloxane molecules, termed silorane 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Silorane network is generated by cationic ringopening polymerization mechanism instead of free radical curing of methacrylate monomers 8 , and more light-curing time to form cations is required to initiate the polymerization reaction 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In an HX addition reaction, the pi bond of an alkene acts as a nucleophile and bonds with the proton of an HX molecule, where the X is a halogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkene is obtained in the elimination reaction of alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)
  • Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)
  • It does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemical reactions often proceed through the formation and the consumption of intermediate species. (polito.it)
  • They were based on the effects of electron and nuclear spins in particular and on magnetic interaction in general, on the rates and yields of chemical and biological reactions. (europa.eu)
  • It is an intermediate for many chemical reactions and syntheses. (cdc.gov)
  • Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli . (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse ( Mus musculus ). (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Thus, the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the link between the metabolic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Iodate (IO − 3 ) reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) producing either hypoiodous acid (HIO) or I 2 as an intermediate. (springer.com)
  • This intermediate is subsequently incorporated into the organic matter. (springer.com)
  • The one-electron reduction of metal-oxygen intermediates is coupled with the binding of one proton. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • The result provides a method to perform model reduction by elimination of intermediate species. (polito.it)
  • The nanocomplex with a highly reductive ligand field can promote oxygen reduction reactions generating hydrogen peroxide. (nature.com)
  • The incorporation of iodine into NOM has been verified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Model compound studies indicate that reduction of IO − 3 to HIO may result from reaction with hydroquinone (or semiquinone) moieties of the peat. (springer.com)
  • The model includes galactoglucomannan, xylan, and cellulose acid‐base equilibria, in addition to peeling, stopping, and alkaline hydrolysis reactions of the same carbohydrates, as well as hexenuronic acid formation and degradation reactions. (jyu.fi)
  • It was found that NHCs are effective as ligands for these reactions, giving the corresponding cross-coupling products in good yields. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • In step two of the Krebs cycle, citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by means of a dehydration reaction that yields cis -aconitate, followed by a hydration reaction that replaces the H + and OH- to form isocitrate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • There was linear correlation between hyperfine coupling constants and polarisation amplitude for the geminate reaction products yielding the sign and value of hyperfine coupling constants (HFCC) while the position and coupling in NMR spectrum provided assignment of individual nuclear spins in the molecule. (europa.eu)
  • The team predicted that one molecule would react more efficiently than the other but was surprised to find that the force-induced rates differed by three orders of magnitude, an amount that suggests that the polynorbornene backbone can actually accelerate forced reactions the way a crowbar quickens pulling a nail from a wall. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Then, a solvent removes a proton, but the electrons used to form the proton bond form a pi bond, as shown in the pictured reaction on the right. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compound 5 is fumaric acid generated in the reaction that converts ASA to arginine (6), which is mediated by ASA lyase. (medscape.com)
  • the oxygen atom of H2O then bonds with the positive carbon of the intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This Account summarizes recent developments in the HAT reactions by synthetic mononuclear nonheme metal-oxygen intermediates over the past 10 years. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • and, finally, to obtain the theoretical and experimental data for effecting an explosive chain reaction with either U-235 or with plutonium. (atomicarchive.com)
  • The model is very successful in predicting the experimental data of carbohydrate reactions during kraft pulping. (jyu.fi)
  • This reaction pathway led to the formation of triplet spin-correlated radical pair of anion radical of CBP and N-centered aminium cation radical which deprotonated within tens of nanoseconds. (europa.eu)
  • This study investigated the relationships between haplotypes of the ARVCF gene and specific intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia. (psychiatrist.com)
  • We study the problem in a multiscale setting, where the species abundances as well as the reaction rates scale to different orders of magnitudes. (polito.it)
  • The application of matrix isolation sampling for the stabilization and spectroscopic study of reaction intermediates has recently been reviewed (see below). (nist.gov)
  • RSR: study conception, Costa Rica es el país que se considera más endémico, se ha evidenciado en distintas revisiones que la mayoría de los manuscript design, literature casos se presentan en niños y personas del sexo masculino. (bvsalud.org)
  • One source of industrial ethanol, for example, is the reaction of ethylene with water in the presence of phosphoric acid . (britannica.com)
  • The term regioselective describes the preference for a reaction that occurs in one direction rather than another, as in the addition of sulfuric acid to propylene. (britannica.com)
  • Hyderabad: The Telangana Board of Intermediate Education has declared the timetable for the upcoming Intermediate first and second-year examinations.Intermediate first-year exams 2023 will be held from March 15 to April 4. (siasat.com)
  • Hyderabad: The Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education (TS BIE) revised the deadline for submitting the examination fee for the Intermediate Public Examinations on Tuesday, which will take place in March 2023. (siasat.com)
  • The alkyl halide containing a partial +ve charge on the C atom linked to the halogen interacts with a nucleophile, a substitution reaction occurs and a halide ion is produced as the atom of halogen departs as the leaving group. (bartleby.com)
  • In the S N 2 reaction, the carbon-halide bond is fragmented as the entering nucleophile interacts with an alkyl halide, and a new carbon-nucleophile bond is made. (bartleby.com)
  • As the reaction goes by, the generation of a carbon-nucleophile bond happens and the carbon-leaving group bond gets weakened. (bartleby.com)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase: structural studies of intermediates along the reaction pathway. (hal.science)
  • This forms a carbocation intermediate, and the X then bonds to the positive carbon that is available, as in the following two-step reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In E1, a leaving group detaches from a carbon to form a carbocation reaction intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is less suitable for elucidating unknown reaction intermediates or products. (rsc.org)
  • We show that the reaction follows an alternating mechanism with HNNH (possibly protonated to HNNH 2 ) and H 2 NNH 2 as intermediates and the two NH 3 products dissociate at the E 7 and E 8 levels. (lu.se)
  • In turn, PGH2 is converted to biologically active products (ie, prostaglandin E 2 [PGE2]) by individual synthase and reductase reactions. (medscape.com)
  • Asymmetric heck reaction-anion capture process. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Asymmetric heck reaction-anion capture process. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A series of snapshots along the reaction pathway is obtained, revealing the closure of the active site in going from an empty to a fully occupied state, suggestive of an induced-fit mechanism typical of NMPKs. (hal.science)
  • The reaction occurs in a single phase and no formation of intermediates happens. (bartleby.com)
  • The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Palladium- or nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2-substituted cyclohexenes, which are generally less reactive than those having no substituent at the C2 position, with organotin reagents (Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling) or with Grigard reagents (Kumada-Tamao-Corriu coupling) using a NHC as a ligand was investigated. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Upon completion, the reaction was quenched by 2 mL saturated aqueous solution of NH 4 Cl and extracted with diethyl ether (3*10 mL). (organic-chemistry.org)
  • A mutant enzyme protein impairs the reaction that leads to condensation of carbamyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline. (medscape.com)
  • In this paper we provide a setting, based on ordinary differential equations, in which the presence of intermediate species has little effect on the overall dynamics of a biological system. (polito.it)
  • Overall, 27.5% of C:2b:P1.2,5 strains showed intermediate resistance to penicillin. (cdc.gov)
  • People with clopidogrel resistance can be divided into two categories: intermediate metabolizers and poor metabolizers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bimolecular substitution reaction (S N 2). (bartleby.com)
  • Unimolecular substitution reaction (S N 1). (bartleby.com)
  • This type of substitution reaction generally happens in two stages. (bartleby.com)
  • The retrosynthetic task is challenging since the search space of available reactions in each step is prohibitively large. (nature.com)
  • There have been approaches proposed to tackle this challenge by building score functions, which are either human-defined or machine-trained, to guide the search of reactions. (nature.com)