Interaction with cell structures and membranes interaction setting the membrane potential. Medical search. Frequent questions

Therefore, we herein established a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion assay and found that SARS-CoV-2 showed a superior plasma membrane fusion capacity compared to that of SARS-CoV. (nature.com)
The determination of the plasma membrane (PM) proteome, resolution of membrane protein topology, establishment of numerous receptor protein complexes, identification of ligand-receptor pairs, and elucidation of signalling networks originating at the PM have all benefited from recent developments in proteomic mass spectrometry. (alliedacademies.org)
Moreover, we identified two structural motifs in transmembrane segments 2 and 4 involved in mTRPA1-cholesterol interactions that are necessary for normal agonist sensitivity and plasma membrane localization. (elifesciences.org)
However, it is currently unknown whether TRPA1 is localized in specific domains of the plasma membrane, or whether cholesterol interacts with specific residues of TRPA1. (elifesciences.org)
HvPIP1;6, a Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plasma Membrane Water Channel Particularly Expressed in Growing Compared with Non-Growing Leaf Tissues. (lu.se)

By mediating a small depolarizing K+ current at negative membrane potentials, they help establish resting membrane potential, and in the case of the Kir3 group, they help mediate inhibitory neurotransmitter responses, but their roles in cellular physiology vary across cell types: Voltage-dependence may be regulated by external K+, by internal Mg2+, by internal ATP and/or by G-proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Functional proteomics is aimed to understand proteins' biological function and their regulation by studying protein-protein interactions within and among multiprotein complexes through affinity purification and mass spectrometric analysis. (mdanderson.org)
Because of the low abundance of most native ion channel proteins in mammalian cells, the purified native ion channel complexes are commonly contaminated by an overwhelming number and/or amount of non-specifically co-purified proteins, which makes the downstream mass-spectrometric and functional analyses very difficult. (mdanderson.org)
Proteins, glycolipids, and phospholipids make up cellular membranes, which are crucial for protecting and limiting metabolic processes within cells while also preserving cellular integrity and homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
Most membrane proteins are less abundant and more hydrophobic than typical soluble proteins, which makes study of these proteins more challenging. (alliedacademies.org)
The sample preparation, which includes the enrichment and dissolution of the membrane proteins, is crucial for the successful identification of membrane proteins. (alliedacademies.org)
The enrichment of low-abundance membrane proteins at membrane and/or protein levels and the dissolution of hydrophobic membrane proteins have both been accomplished using a variety of established and recently developed techniques. (alliedacademies.org)
Transmembrane proteins are water insoluble, which makes them difficult to study using mass spectrometry and conventional biochemical methods, but not impossible (MS). In this review, we emphasise the importance of shotgun MS for hastening the discovery and investigation of membrane proteins. (alliedacademies.org)
Undoubtedly, the under-representation of membrane proteins in large-scale proteomic datasets is due to the relatively low abundance of these proteins in un-fractionated samples. (alliedacademies.org)
A significant rise in the representation of PM proteins in large-scale data sets has been attributed to a number of recent technological developments, including enhanced sample preparation, equipment, and liquid chromatographic (LC) performance [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Even though the majority of membrane proteins cannot be accessed using conventional sample preparation methods, this is a subject that is very important to our discussion and has already been well reviewed. (alliedacademies.org)
This is necessary in order to completely characterise membrane proteins. (alliedacademies.org)
A significant advancement would be the identification of a comprehensive catalogue of membrane proteins, which might give a comprehensive overview of all the proteins at the PM [ 2 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
The hydrophobicity, intricate post-translational modifications (PTMs), and low quantity of membrane proteins make it difficult to analyse them. (alliedacademies.org)
The identification of membrane proteins is now more accurate than in earlier analyses due to improved instrument performance, making it possible to analyse complicated protein mixtures in greater detail. (alliedacademies.org)
With the commercial availability of column ovens, raising the temperature from degrees during micro LC has recently been demonstrated to increase the amount of membrane proteins detected in a typical analysis and should become standard practise. (alliedacademies.org)
These approaches promise to enable researchers to assess, on a large scale, both expression level and functional state of the proteins that carry out most functions in a cell. (lu.se)
While many studies have been focused on the membrane structure, the dynamics of such systems are crucial for the function of the membrane including membrane bound proteins. (lu.se)
Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)

Inward rectifiers play a role in setting cellular membrane potentials, and closing of these channels upon depolarization permits the occurrence of long duration action potentials with a plateau phase. (wikipedia.org)
With the use of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy we found a population of highly mobile vesicular structures near the cellular membrane containing both mTRPA1-mCherry and the lipid raft marker cholera toxin B ( Figure 1A and B , Video 1 ), as well as static areas where both fluorescent probes were colocalized at the membrane. (elifesciences.org)

In the normal resting state, the nerve has a negative membrane potential of -70 mV. (medscape.com)

It is even more intriguing to consider the potential plasticity of allosteric modulation given the observation of agonist-dependent functional properties of GABA A receptors. (jneurosci.org)
The detection of harmful stimuli such as noxious chemicals and changes in temperature and pressure are fundamental biological processes carried out by numerous cell types through diverse specialized receptors. (elifesciences.org)
In addition we have recently started to explore the structure and molecular function of pain receptors from animals, i.e. transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and their activation by temperature and various ligands. (lu.se)

The large-conductance, Ca 2+ and voltage-activated K + channel (BK, also termed as BK Ca , Maxi-K, K Ca1.1 or Slo1) is a unique member of the mammalian K + channel family, which has the largest single channel conductance and is dually activated by membrane voltage and intracellular Ca 2+ . (mdanderson.org)
This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)

β-Cells depend on the islet basement membrane (BM). (nature.com)

We discuss the impact of such interactions on TRPA1 gating mechanisms, regulation by the lipid environment, and role of this channel in sensory membrane microdomains, all of which helps to understand the puzzling pharmacology and pathophysiology of this channel. (elifesciences.org)
To determine TRPA1 localization in cellular membranes we stained HEK293T cells transfected with the mTRPA1-mCherry construct with the Vybrant Alexa Fluor 488 Lipid Raft Labeling Kit. (elifesciences.org)
Here, cryo-EM is used to examine the protein-lipid architecture of this membrane in tubular vesicles obtained from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray. (iucr.org)
Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
Solute transport on the sub 100 ms scale across the lipid bilayer membrane of individual proteoliposomes. (lu.se)
Structure and Stability of the Spinach Aquaporin SoPIP2;1 in Detergent Micelles and Lipid Membranes. (lu.se)
Recent years have seen strong research efforts on the lipid component of biological membranes. (lu.se)

At membrane potentials negative to potassium's reversal potential, inwardly rectifying K+ channels support the flow of positively charged K+ ions into the cell, pushing the membrane potential back to the resting potential. (wikipedia.org)
The concentration gradients are maintained by the sodium/potassium ATP pump (in an energy-dependent process) that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. (medscape.com)
Once membrane depolarization is complete, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions again, and the conductance of potassium ions into the cell increases. (medscape.com)

Despite emergent evidence that TRPA1 is regulated by the membrane environment, it remains unknown whether this channel localizes in membrane microdomains or whether it interacts with cholesterol. (elifesciences.org)

The phenomenon of inward rectification of Kir channels is the result of high-affinity block by endogenous polyamines, namely spermine, as well as magnesium ions, that plug the channel pore at positive potentials, resulting in a decrease in outward currents. (wikipedia.org)
A significant challenge confronting NF membrane application is fouling, which is caused by suspended or dissolved organic and/or inorganic matter migrating from the liquid phase and forming deposits on the membrane surface, at the pore openings or within the membrane matrix (Aguiar et al. (scielo.org.za)

The success of proteomics experiments, such as studies of protein function and cell signaling pathways, ultimately de- pends on how well the protein content in samples is identified and annotated. (lu.se)

Ion channels have long been key therapeutic targets in disease intervention and pharmaceutical drug development because of their direct involvement in diverse diseases, vulnerability to small molecular modulation, and accessibility for direct activity measurement on cell membranes by patch-clamp recording from whole cell to single molecule levels. (mdanderson.org)
A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
NF membranes which are intermediate membranes between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have higher permitted flux compared to other pressure-driven membranes and can retain dissolved molecules with molecular weight greater than 200 to 300 g ∙ mol − 1 , as well as inorganic ions through electrostatic interaction between membrane charge and the ions combined with size exclusion (Carvalho et al. (scielo.org.za)
Chemical synapses release synaptic vesicles (SVs) at specialized presynaptic membranes, so-called active zones (AZs), which are characterized by electron-dense structures, reflecting the presence of extended molecular protein scaffolds. (sdbonline.org)
Molecular Membrane Biology 2013, 30 (3):246-260. (lu.se)

To better understand membrane protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and signalling networks that emerge from the membrane surface, we briefly discuss recent MS developments to determine the entire membrane proteome. (alliedacademies.org)

A membrane receptor reagent and assay is disclosed in which liposomes are bound to an evanescent wave emitting surface. (google.com)
The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)
c ) The 5.8 Å density map and superimposed 2.7 Å structure of the Torpedo receptor (PDB entry 6uwz ) obtained from detergent-solubilized protein complexed with α -bungarotoxin. (iucr.org)

Ion channels are membrane protein complexes that translocate ions across cell or organelle membranes, underlying a broad range of the most basic physiological processes from nerve and muscle excitability, to membrane potential setting, pH/cell volume regulation, secretion and absorption. (mdanderson.org)
The postsynaptic membrane, apposing the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, is where transmitter-gated ion channels are concentrated. (iucr.org)
The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)
this propagation is accomplished by alternating the ion gradient across the nerve cell wall, or axolemma. (medscape.com)
In addition, because the nerve membrane is permeable to potassium ions and impermeable to sodium ions, 95% of the ionic leak in excitable cells is caused by K + ions in the form of an outward flux, accounting for the negative resting potential. (medscape.com)
Initially, sodium ions gradually enter the cell through the nerve cell membrane. (medscape.com)
the nerve membrane is depolarized to a level of +35 mV or more. (medscape.com)

It is thought that this current may play an important role in regulating neuronal activity, by helping to stabilize the resting membrane potential of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
BK channels play a variety of physiologically important roles, such as neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release, frequency tuning of auditory hair cells, hormone secretion, and contractile tone of smooth muscles. (mdanderson.org)

2016). For economically feasible operation, membrane fouling must be controlled since it reduces permeability, increases energy consumption and shortens membrane lifespan. (scielo.org.za)
This resting potential is determined by the concentration gradients of 2 major ions, Na + and K + , and the relative membrane permeability to these ions (also known as leak currents). (medscape.com)

While some islet BM components are produced by endothelial cells (ECs), the source of others remains unknown. (nature.com)

These channels differ from the potassium channels that are typically responsible for repolarizing a cell following an action potential, such as the delayed rectifier and A-type potassium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Those more "typical" potassium channels preferentially carry outward (rather than inward) potassium currents at depolarized membrane potentials, and may be thought of as "outwardly rectifying. (wikipedia.org)

Plant and Cell Physiology 2007, 48 (8):1132-1147. (lu.se)

Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)

Affinity tags can reduce merohedral twinning of membrane protein crystals. (lu.se)

Here, we discuss the remarkable acceleration of the development of a full membrane proteome by discovery-based proteomic algorithms. (alliedacademies.org)

It combines very high measurement sensitivity - helping it obtain reproducible zeta potential results in the range of a few mV - with a large variety of measurement cells adapted to a broad range of sample geometries. (anton-paar.com)

We found that the potential for formation of bacterial lipopeptide syringomycin resulted in stronger growth reduction effects on saprophytic Aspergillus nidulans compared to Verticillium spp. (frontiersin.org)
A more detailed analyses on bacterial-fungal co-cultivation in narrow interaction channels of microfluidic devices revealed that the strongest inhibitory potential was found for Pseudomonas protegens CHA0, with its inhibitory potential depending on the presence of the GacS/GacA system controlling several bacterial metabolites. (frontiersin.org)

Despite the established potential of these macromolecules, their development into stable and clinically-active drugs with defined dosage regimens remains a significant challenge. (usc.edu)
Development of new or improved instruments, methods, and related software to elucidate 3D structures of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. (nih.gov)

2000. A metabolite of methoxychlor, 2,2-bis( p hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, reduces testosterone biosynthesis in rat leydig cells through suppression of steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. (cdc.gov)

Some inward rectifiers, termed "weak inward rectifiers", carry measurable outward K+ currents at voltages positive to the K+ reversal potential (corresponding to, but larger than, the small currents above the 0 nA line in figure 1). (wikipedia.org)
Other inwardly rectifying channels, termed "strong inward rectifiers," carry very little outward current at all, and are mainly active at voltages negative to the K+ reversal potential, where they carry inward current (the much larger currents below the 0 nA line in figure 1). (wikipedia.org)

The effects of different fluorescent pseudomonads, including some known biocontrol agents of other plant pathogens, on fungal growth of the haploid Verticillium dahliae and/or the amphidiploid Verticillium longisporum were compared on pectin-rich medium, in microfluidic interaction channels, allowing visualization of single hyphae, or on Arabidopsis thaliana roots. (frontiersin.org)

In contrast, culturing on Laminin-421 induced the expression of β-cell genes, including Ins1 , MafA , and Glut2 , and significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (nature.com)
The rejection of cations and sulphate ions significantly improved for chitosan-modified membranes due to the creation of adsorptive and/or repulsive sites on the chitosan biopolymer as a result of amine group protonation. (scielo.org.za)

To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The Yan Lab is interested in understanding structure, function and regulation of mammalian ion channels related to pain, neurological diseases and cancer. (mdanderson.org)

The peri-islet membrane, which encapsulates the islets, separates the endocrine cells from the exocrine pancreas and serves as a barrier from immune cell infiltration to the islets. (nature.com)
I mean something that could also be called a membrane in a generalized sense, i.e., a layer of stuff-of-some-kind that physically or cognitively separates a living system from its environment, that 'carves reality at the joints' in a way that isn't an entirely subjective judgement of the living system itself. (lesswrong.com)

Separation performance was conducted on a dead-end filtration cell and metal ions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry was used for sulphates. (scielo.org.za)

By convention, inward current (positive charge moving into the cell) is displayed in voltage clamp as a downward deflection, while an outward current (positive charge moving out of the cell) is shown as an upward deflection. (wikipedia.org)
These channels are not perfect rectifiers, as they can pass some outward current in the voltage range up to about 30 mV above resting potential. (wikipedia.org)

Development of new or improved laboratory/experimental techniques, instruments, or supporting software that measure the location and dynamics of molecules in situ, and organelles, cells, or tissues on the nanometer and micrometer length scales. (nih.gov)
With this Dynamics workshop, our goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of membrane dynamics, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, single molecule spectroscopy and computer modeling. (lu.se)

Once the potential reaches a threshold level of approximately -55 mV, a rapid influx of sodium ions ensues. (medscape.com)

Here we generated a series of lipopeptides derived from EK1 and found that EK1C4 was the most potent fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated membrane fusion and pseudovirus infection with IC50s of 1.3 and 15.8 nM, about 241- and 149-fold more potent than the original EK1 peptide, respectively. (nature.com)
The goal is to assign acquired spectra to known peptide sequences and potential co- and post-translational modifica- tions. (lu.se)

The fabricated membranes were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle analyser, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), porosity determination and pure water flux measurements. (scielo.org.za)
In order to understand the relationship between composition, structure and mechanical properties of the fully mineralized radular teeth, we further conducted detailed structural and compositional analyses of this magnetic biomineral using various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. (usc.edu)

Determination of the isoelectric point (IEP), which represents the pH value where the surface charge is reversed and the zeta potential is 0 mV, gives you the opportunity to characterize your sample or modified surface in more detail. (anton-paar.com)
1999. Henry's law constants for a diverse set of organic chemicals Experimental determination and comparison of estimation methods. (cdc.gov)

11/11/2010: Structure and Composition Analysis of an Ultra-hard Magnetic Biomineral in Chiton Radular Teeth, by David Kisalius, University of California, Riverside. (usc.edu)

Purification and Proteomic Analysis of Plant Plasma Membranes. (lu.se)

Thus, alongside ECs, pericytes are a significant source of the islet BM, which is essential for proper β-cell function. (nature.com)

In addition to providing biomechanical support to the islets, ECM components are required for β-cell development, proliferation, survival, and proper insulin secretion. (nature.com)

Fig. 1: Establishment of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated cell-cell fusion system. (nature.com)

In April of 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a priority list of pathogens, including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Disease X, a disease with an epidemic or pandemic potential caused by an unknown pathogen 1 , 2 (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)

In my talk, I will show you some examples how such biological cues influence the dynamic properties of membranes. (lu.se)

The method can be used for automated detection of chemical/post- translational modifications, quality control of experiments and labelling approaches, and to control the modification settings of protein identification tools. (lu.se)

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have become emerging materials for many useful applications due to the tunability of their properties by variation of chemical structure. (usc.edu)
Rapid communication in the nervous system takes place at the chemical synapse, which acts as a fundamental unit transmitting electrical impulses between nerves and their target cells, forming circuits and underpinning virtually all functions of the brain. (iucr.org)

We further found that the pericytic laminin isoforms differentially regulate mouse β-cells. (nature.com)
IMs are found in the space between the tissue stroma cells and contain, among other components, fibrillar collagens and fibronectin. (nature.com)
Importantly, at individual AZs, scaffold size is found to scale with the propensity to engage in action potential-evoked release. (sdbonline.org)
We've found that the common use of the word "boundaries" is very confusingly related to the «boundaries/membranes» concept. (lesswrong.com)

Hence, recapitulating the islet ECM in both isolated islets and stem-cell-derived β-cells is of high therapeutic value. (nature.com)
In this seminar, I will discuss our research efforts to develop "intelligent" pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing, and degradable polymeric carriers that can effectively deliver therapeutic nucleic acids past the endosomal membrane and into the cytoplasm of cancer cells to successfully suppress the expression of targeted genes. (usc.edu)

Because getting information on the surface charge improves developmental research and quality control for various application fields, including for food preservation, textile production, biomaterial development as well as polymer, membrane, and coating characterization. (anton-paar.com)
Certain processes (e.g., dyeing, along with brightness and finishing operations) are strongly related to textile surface properties and to interactions with the environment. (anton-paar.com)
You can use the surface zeta potential to monitor and characterize the functionalizing of textiles - which is done to create impregnated wipes for hygiene or bactericidal and insecticidal curtains - and as an indicator for the cleaning effectiveness of laundry detergents and softeners. (anton-paar.com)
Surface zeta potential measurements can correlate changes in the charging behavior at the solid-liquid interface with the degree of surface activation. (anton-paar.com)
The graph compares the pH-dependent zeta potential of the untreated foil with a surface-activated one. (anton-paar.com)
The IEP shifts to pH 2, and the final absolute zeta potential decreases in magnitude indicating a chemically modified surface. (anton-paar.com)
Zeta potential measurements help you characterize surface properties, evaluate coatings and cleaning efficiencies, and monitor how well bioactive substances or components are adsorbed. (anton-paar.com)

A channel that is "inwardly-rectifying" is one that passes current (positive charge) more easily in the inward direction (into the cell) than in the outward direction (out of the cell). (wikipedia.org)

The intent in writing the guidelines was to address eas of special emphasis include corrections, adoles appropriate issues such as the relevance of the health cents, managed care, STD/HIV interaction, syphilis problem, the magnitude of the problem, the nature of elimination, and other high-risk populations. (cdc.gov)

this has aided in the thorough exploration of the PM proteome and represents an active area of research with considerable potential. (alliedacademies.org)
This enables API URLs which do not expire after a few minutes so while the setting is active, anyone in possession of the link provided can access the information. (lu.se)

The factors affecting these critical properties of food components are analyzed together with their interaction and preservation during processing. (mdpi.com)

Loss of the ECM during the islet isolation process is considered to be a significant factor in the poor engraftment rate of transplanted β-cells, thus limiting cell replacement therapy to diabetes 6 . (nature.com)
One of the potential confounding factors associated with investigating subunit-specific pharmacology is that "functional" differences among isoforms, as opposed to simply the presence or absence of modulator binding sites, may play a significant role in determining pharmacological profiles. (jneurosci.org)
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. (mdpi.com)
You can see significant changes in both the IEP and the zeta potential . (anton-paar.com)

Anatomy39

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs93

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Health Care1

Plasma membrane5

Proteins19

Cellular membrane2

Negative membrane1

Receptors3

Intracellular2

Basement membrane1

Lipid8

Ions into the cell3

Microdomains1

Pore2

Proteomics1

Molecular5

Protein-protein inte1

Receptor4

Nerve7

Neuronal2

Permeability2

Endothelial cells1

Potassium2

Physiology1

Retain1

Affinity1

Algorithms1

Sensitivity1

Bacterial2

Macromolecules2

Cholesterol1

Currents2

Fluorescent1

Significantly improved2

Mammalian2

Separates2

Separation1

Voltage2

Dynamics2

Influx1

Peptide2

Microscopy2

Determination2

Composition1

Purification1

Function1

Secretion1

Establishment1

Disease1

Biological1

Experiments1

Chemical2

Found4

Therapeutic2

Surface7

Outward1

Magnitude1

Active2

Preservation1

Significant4