• Subsequent binding of the penton protein to host integrin entry receptors mediates internalization into the host cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus and fiber shedding. (wikipedia.org)
  • To gain entry into cells, viruses interact with distinct receptors at the cell membrane for attachment and subsequent internalization. (sfb1129.de)
  • We will focus on integrins, being the cellular receptors involved in the internalization of several viruses. (sfb1129.de)
  • To determine the capacity of specific integrins to serve as virus internalization receptors we will use RGD-based peptides as well as peptidomimetics and integrin-specific ligands as antagonists. (sfb1129.de)
  • T/NK lymphocytes neither express CD21 nor HLA class II, but T/NK lymphocytes express some integrins, which increase when stimulated and can act as receptors for T/NK lymphocytes. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Our proposed pathway of CAV-2 entry is in contrast to that of human AdV type 5 (HAdV-C5) in non-neuronal cells, where internalization is mediated by auxiliary receptors such as integrins. (cnrs.fr)
  • AAV2 for example can attach to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) cell surface receptors, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, and laminin receptor, whereas ανβ5 integrin and α5β1 integrin can act as co-receptors. (progen.com)
  • The O-linked 2,3-sialic acid serves as a binding receptor for AAV4, whereas the N-linked sialic acid represents the binding receptors for AAV1, AAV5 & AAV6 with, for example, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor acting as a co-receptor for AAV5 internalization. (progen.com)
  • Binding to these alternative receptors allows the rapid transcytosis of the virus through the epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Our results suggest that beta1 integrin is a common receptor for AfaD invasins and that additional AfaD-type-specific receptors exist. (pasteur.fr)
  • The thymic selection of the human T-cell receptor repertoire releases polyspecific receptors with the ability to recognize and respond to peptides from unrelated viruses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Consistent with this, the integrin αvβ3 has been proposed lately to function as the cellular receptor for WNV. (nih.gov)
  • Upon local delivery, adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 viruses use the coxsackie and Ad receptor (CAR) for cell binding and αv integrins for internalization. (gla.ac.uk)
  • We will characterise receptor-ligand interactions at single molecule level, using purified integrin heterodimers and atomic force microscopy as well as EM ( Krijnse-Locker/Briggs ) . (sfb1129.de)
  • Furthermore, we will characterize integrin clustering in cells and determine the binding kinetics and receptor cooperativity in reinforcement of adhesion. (sfb1129.de)
  • Further studies found that RNF123 promoted the proteasomal degradation of SOCS1 and promoted Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)- and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated type I IFN production during duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection through SOCS1, ultimately inhibiting DTMUV replication. (bvsalud.org)
  • CAR receptor-fiber-knob adenovirus interaction and internalization process [46]. (genemedi.com)
  • In addition to innate immune responses in circulation, AdV virions can also be trapped by splenic macrophages (MFs) of the MARCO subset via the binding of fiber knob of the capsid to integrin b3 receptor [60]. (genemedi.com)
  • Our study highlights the mechanistic differences that a receptor can have for two viruses from the same family. (cnrs.fr)
  • After the attachment of AAV to the cell surface receptor of the target cell, the virus gets internalized by endocytosis. (progen.com)
  • The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The signaling inhibitory antibody quickly induces ligand-independent receptor clustering and internalization via each caveolin and clathrin-mediated pathways. (kashbiotech.com)
  • Since the genomic sequence of HCV was determined, progress has been made towards understanding the functions of the HCV-encoded proteins and identifying the cellular receptor(s) responsible for adsorption and penetration of the virus particle into the target cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunovisualization experiments, using a mannoside glycolipid conjugate (MGC) that also suppress LPS-mediated DC activation as control, evidenced a distinct mode of action for the sp2-IGLs: unlike MGCs, DSO2-ONJ did not elicit internalization of the LPS co-receptor CD14 or induce its co-localization with the Toll-like receptor 4. (cnrs.fr)
  • Surface protein gp120 (SU) may target the virus to gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by binding host ITGA4/ITGB7 (alpha-4/beta-7 integrins), a complex that mediates T-cell migration to the GALT. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Internalization assays using polystyrene beads coated with His6-tagged purified AfaD (rAfaD) demonstrated that this invasin mediates entry into cells derived from various tissues (intestine and urothelium) that are targets for afa-positive strains. (pasteur.fr)
  • However, we observed that endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN molecules allow efficient DV replication, indicating that DC-SIGN endocytosis is dispensable for the internalization step in DV entry. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine, siRNAs, and a dominant negative (DN) mutant blocked entry and infection of PSaV Cowden strain, confirming a role for clathrin-mediated internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The internalization process can occur via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, or a variety of other still poorly characterized mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is generally accepted to be a major route by which nonenveloped viruses infect cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For successful transgene expression, viruses administered into muscle must undergo a series of processes, including host cell interaction and internalization, intracellular sorting, long-range retrograde axonal transport, endosomal liberation, and nuclear import. (frontiersin.org)
  • The virus undergoes clathrin-dependent internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • It was further determined that cell entry of PSaV Cowden strain required actin rearrangements for vesicle internalization, endosomal trafficking from early to late endosomes through microtubules, and late endosomal acidification for uncoating. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The name Mastadenovirus is derived from the Greek word mastos 'breast' (hence mammal) and adenovirus, named for the human adenoids, which the virus was first isolated from. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current classification of macaque adenoviruses by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has 1 defined species, simian adenovirus A (SAdV-A), to which SAdV-3 has been assigned. (cdc.gov)
  • SAdV-1 and SAdV-7, while not considered human viruses, are now classified as human adenovirus G (HAdV-G) because of their similarity to a virus (HAdV-52) isolated from a human patient with gastroenteritis ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • When administered systemically, however, their role in liver tropism is limited because CARpermissive and mutated viruses show similar biodistribution, a finding recently attributed to blood coagulation factor (F) IX or complement protein C4BP binding to the adenovirus fiber and "bridging" to either low-density lipoprotein receptorrelated protein or heparan sulfate proteoglycans. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses-adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus-and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • To prevent infected cell lysis, recombinant replication deficiency virus has been developed as a gene delivery tool to replace wild-type adenovirus (recombinant AdV in "application" part). (genemedi.com)
  • We previously proposed that the preferential transduction of neurons by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) is due to CAR-mediated internalization. (cnrs.fr)
  • It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
  • Our study was designed to clarify the involvement of integrins in WNV infection of cells. (nih.gov)
  • We conclude that integrins are involved in WNV infection but not at the level of binding to target cells. (nih.gov)
  • We show here that the interactions between DV E protein, the sole mannosylated glycoprotein present on DV particles, and the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) are essential for DV infection of DCs. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Infection with dengue virus (DENV) causes diseases ranging from mild dengue fever to severe hemorrhage or shock syndrome. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • However, the endothelial cell molecules involved in DENV infection and the mechanisms governing virus-cell interactions are still uncertain. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Since protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) reducing function at the cell surface was shown to be required for entry of certain viruses and bacteria, we explored the role of PDI expressed on endothelial cell surface in DENV infection. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Furthermore, cell surface PDI colocalized with β1 and β3 integrins after DENV infection, and the activation of integrins was blocked by PDI inhibition. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Our findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby surface PDI which causes integrin activation is involved in DENV entry, and DENV infection further increases PDI surface expression at later time points. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • In previous studies, we found that DTMUV infection can upregulate suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production and promote virus replication, but the specific mechanism is unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • EBV's primary infection is considered to be caused by viruses through the oropharyngeal epithelium. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (hindawi.com)
  • The co-infection with one of the AAV helper viruses leads to the initiation of AAV gene expression, replication and the production of AAV virions. (progen.com)
  • Interaction between gp120 and ITGA4/ITGB7 would allow the virus to enter GALT early in the infection, infecting and killing most of GALT's resting CD4+ T-cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, and so must deliver their genetic material into host cells to initiate infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Is heparan sulfate a target for inhibition of RNA virus infection? (uu.se)
  • To study the adsorption, penetration and replication of the virus, a major obstacle has been the lack of an efficient and reproducible in vitro infection system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon attachment, interaction between the penton-base Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and cellular αv integrins, which can stimulate actin polymerization, leads to internalisation of the virus into the endosome. (genemedi.com)
  • Focal adhesions are integrin-mediated cell matrix junctions connecting the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. (rupress.org)
  • The ECM proteins bind to the extracellular domains of integrin heterodimers, whereas the actin stress fibers link to integrin cytoplasmic tails via large molecular complexes. (rupress.org)
  • We propose that DC-SIGN concentrates mosquito-derived DV particles at the cell surface to allow efficient interaction with an as yet unidentified entry factor that is ultimately responsible for DV internalization and pH-dependent fusion into DCs. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In Specific Aim 2, we will determine the mechanical regulation of virus-host cell interaction, focusing on the spatiotemporal patterns of force maps in cells during virus uptake. (sfb1129.de)
  • The main objective of this proposal is to define viral and cellular biophysical determinants of virus entry. (sfb1129.de)
  • This project will reveal how the physical interactions of viral and cellular proteins cooperate in a spatially defined way that enables virus entry. (sfb1129.de)
  • Bridging the past and the future of virology: Surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus/host interactions. (unibs.it)
  • The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small (25 nm), non-enveloped virus of the parvoviridae family, including 12 different AAV serotypes. (progen.com)
  • Additionally, the hexon component of AdV capsid can bind to coagulation factor X (FX) to activate TLR4 on the surface of splenic macrophages and thereby stimulate NF-κB dependent activation of IL-1β, which may help recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the marginal zone of the spleen and clear virus from the spleen rapidly [49, 50]. (genemedi.com)
  • We therefore asked if in fibroblast-like cells the intracellular domain (ICD) of CAR plays a role in the internalization of the CAV-2 fiber knob (FKCAV), CAV-2, or HAdV-C5 when the capsid cannot engage integrins. (cnrs.fr)
  • Here, we show that in fibroblast-like cells, the CAR ICD is needed for FKCAV entry and efficient CAV-2 transduction, but dispensable for HAdV-C5 and a HAdV-C5 capsid lacking the RGD sequence (an integrin-interacting motif) in the penton. (cnrs.fr)
  • IMPORTANCE: Understanding how viruses interact with the host cell surface and reach the intracellular space is of crucial importance for applied and fundamental virology. (cnrs.fr)
  • The mechanisms by which viruses gain entry into host cells are diverse and include direct penetration through the plasma membrane or endocytic uptake followed by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and delivery to endosomes and other intracellular organelles [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The GP42 in the complex is combined with the HLA II molecular molecules, and caused the virus cell fusion under the participation of GP85/GP25 and GP110 glycoprotein. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Platelets contain a number of integrins and cell adhesion molecules on their surface which bind to both leukocytes and endothelial cells (green). (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • It physically associates with a variety of other membrane proteins such as integrins, lineage-specific molecules and other tetraspanins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our previous observations showed that spatial control of integrin ligands regulates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and assembly of integrin-mediated structures. (sfb1129.de)
  • Binding, however, was not affected by the expression of the integrins in question, and integrin blocking antibodies failed to have any effect. (nih.gov)
  • Integrin CD11b negatively regulates Mincle-induced signaling via the Lyn-SIRPα-SHP1 complex. (rndsystems.com)
  • Finally, cytoplasmic proteins that are known to localize in integrins-mediated contacts will be characterized upon virus attachment. (sfb1129.de)
  • Binding of mannosylated N-glycans on DV E protein to DC-SIGN triggers a rapid and efficient internalization of the viral glycoprotein. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The afa operons from Escherichia coli associated with extra-intestinal and intestinal infections have been characterized and the AfaD protein has been shown to be involved in the low internalization of laboratory strains expressing the afa-3 operon. (pasteur.fr)
  • Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. (crie.ru)
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • The underlying mechanisms allowing West Nile virus (WNV) to replicate in a large variety of different arthropod, bird and mammal species are largely unknown but are believed to rely on highly conserved proteins relevant for viral entry and replication. (nih.gov)
  • To elucidate the role of distinct integrin subtypes in viral entry, we will use mammalian reoviruses and adenoviruses as model systems. (sfb1129.de)
  • A cell culture model, based on wild-type and specific integrin knockout cell lines lacking the integrin subunits αv, β1 or β3, was used to investigate the susceptibility to WNV, and to evaluate binding and replication efficiencies of four distinct strains (New York 1999, Uganda 1937, Sarafend and Dakar). (nih.gov)
  • In the parvoviridae family it belongs to the genus dependoparvovirus, because it needs the presence of a helper virus for replication and assembly. (progen.com)
  • On the long term, the results of this project might shed light on the design of new compounds against pathogens that use the integrin pathway to enter host cells. (sfb1129.de)
  • 2 , 3 ) identified adenoviruses as one of several classes of viruses found as outgrowths from primary cultures of monkey kidney cells that were being cultivated for propagation of poliovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we compare the role of a cell adhesion molecule (CAR), in the internalization of adenoviruses that naturally infect humans and Canidae. (cnrs.fr)
  • Consistent with the previous observation that an antibody blockade involving anti-alpha5beta1 integrin abolishes bacterial internalization, we show here that the entry of rAfaD-coated beads was dependent on the production and accessibility of beta1 integrins on the cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that mainly causes a decrease in egg production in infected waterfowl. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite their differences, the recombinant rAfaD-III and rAfaD-VIII proteins both bound to beta1 integrins. (pasteur.fr)
  • Integrins often bind to RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) motifs on the viral surface. (sfb1129.de)
  • Using the described nanopatterning and surface immobilization approaches, we will analyze force distribution at the apical and basolateral side of cells as a function of virus particle density and tethering compliance to the underlying support. (sfb1129.de)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Crucially, some viral vectors (i.e., viruses specifically used to deliver genetic material into cells) have the potential to circumvent the blood-brain- (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) when intravenously injected. (frontiersin.org)
  • For some, this is an impenetrable barrier for agents such as HIV, but Langerhans cells within the squamous layer have been shown to transmit the virus for target cells [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • On arrival at lymphoid tissues, intact virions recycle back to DCs' cell surface allowing virus transmission to CD4+ T-cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The gp120-gp41 heterodimer allows rapid transcytosis of the virus through CD4 negative cells such as simple epithelial monolayers of the intestinal, rectal and endocervical epithelial barriers. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • A complex of α(6) integrin and E-cadherin drives liver metastasis of colorectal cancer cells through hepatic angiopoietin-like 6. (unibs.it)
  • Cav1, via biogenesis of caveolae, is not only essential for lipid uptake and regulation, transcellular transport and signalling in endothelial cells, but also for the entry of certain viruses into mammalian cells (SV40). (diff.org)
  • Using immunocytochemistry, we found that α-SYN was taken up by both WT and FcγR −/− microglia, however, their patterns of internalization were different, with aggregation in autophagosomes in WT cells and more diffuse localization in FcγR −/− microglia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies suggest that pY14Cav1-mediated control of raft internalization plays an important role in integrin-mediated control of cell proliferation that, when de-regulated, can lead to anchorage-independent growth and transformation and thereby the acquisition of tumorigenic potential. (diff.org)
  • Two specific aims are proposed to elucidate the mechanisms that promote virus entry. (sfb1129.de)
  • Identification of hepatitis B virus carriers in blood donors is crucial with a view to keep away from transmission of the illness through blood transfusion. (kashbiotech.com)
  • To find out if blood donors with constructive outcomes for serological markers HBsAg and anti-HBc have been hepatitis B virus DNA carriers. (kashbiotech.com)
  • 27.5 % of the samples that have been reactive for anti-HBc alone and 100 % of these with constructive outcomes for HbsAg and IgM/IgG anti-HBc have been recognized to include hepatitis B virus DNA (p = 0.001). (kashbiotech.com)
  • Performing two serological and one molecular check is necessary with a view to establish hepatitis B virus carriers and stop its transmission. (kashbiotech.com)
  • Human FX substantially enhanced hepatocyte transduction by CAR-permissive and mutated viruses in an ex vivo liver perfusion model. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes and leads to permanent, severe liver damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with approximately 170 million people infected worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular the recruitment and activation of kinases in mediating the specific endocytic uptake of the virus particle will be determined using conventional and high-resolution optical and electron microscopy. (sfb1129.de)
  • In many cases and even within the same family, viruses utilize different endocytic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The force sensor will serve as a molecular linker to the nanopatterned substrate, thereby supporting the controlled presentation of the virus, while at the same time offering various degrees of compliance between the substrate and the virus particles. (sfb1129.de)
  • The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown, viroporins, and lysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Specific Aim 1, we will determine the spatial requirements for viral particle attachment to integrins and their effects on host cell signaling and uptake. (sfb1129.de)
  • Gene therapy viruses are non-replicating, but still hijack host cell machinery to express transgenes of interest in the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Similarly, direct injection of viruses into the cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., via lumbar puncture in humans) also permits targeting of the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
  • It is a medium sized (90-100nm) and non-enveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a 36kb double stranded DNA genome (Fig. 7A). (genemedi.com)
  • Virus-mediated gene therapy has the potential to deliver exogenous genetic material into specific cell types to promote survival and counteract disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rescue of the β3-integrin subunit resulted in enhanced WNV yields of up to 90 %, regardless of the virus strain used. (nih.gov)
  • This phenomenon was not dependent on proteolytic activation or cell signaling activity and for FX was mediated by direct virus-factor binding. (gla.ac.uk)
  • alphavbeta3 Integrin-dependent antiangiogenic activity of resveratrol stereoisomers. (unibs.it)