LipidsPlasma membraneSecretoryHsp70MitochondrialVesicleVesiclesMammalianTransmembraneBiogenesisCellularComplexesExosomesGTPasesEndosomalMitochondriaStructuralIntracellularDevelopmentalRegulationGolgiEukaryoticEnzymesRegulatoryMolecularMicroRNAsOxidoreductasePathwayCellsMiceFundamentalFunctionalAntibodyMutationsComplexActivelyTransportFluxStudyInsightsPreciseReactionsPropertiesDomainIncludeLarge
Lipids7
- For example, in insects, the desaturase is critical in the formation of ceramide, and for complex signalling molecules (pheremones), while in fungi, the function of the enzyme, and concentration of unsaturated lipids is regulated in response to function of growth temperature by controlling membrane fluidity in cells. (wikipedia.org)
- These vesicles are carriers of active or non-autonomous function biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA and non-coding regulatory RNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The sorting and trafficking of lipids between organelles gives rise to a dichotomy of bulk membrane properties between organelles of the secretory and endolysosome networks, giving rise to two "membrane territories" based on differences in lipid-packing density, net membrane charge, and bilayer leaflet asymmetries. (bvsalud.org)
- Organelle homeostasis is maintained by vesicle-mediated retrieval of bulk membrane from the distal organelles of each territory to the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane and by soluble lipid transfer proteins that traffic particular lipids. (bvsalud.org)
- The trans-Golgi network must coordinate sorting and secretion of proteins and lipids to intracellular organelles and the plasma membrane. (bvsalud.org)
- During vesiculation, bioactive lipids and receptors re- main associated with vesicle membranes, and cytosolic proteins and nucleic acids are contained within the vesicles [11]. (unicyte.ch)
- ROS can damage all main categories of biomolecule including DNA, protein and lipids. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma membrane7
- Sphingomyelin plays a key role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis by binding to and sequestering cholesterol in the plasma membrane. (bvsalud.org)
- acute cholesterol depletion elicited a rapid induction of VLC-sphingolipid synthesis, increased trafficking to the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane, while cholesterol loading reduced VLC-sphingolipid synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
- Depletion of VLC-ceramides reduced plasma membrane cholesterol content, reduced plasma membrane lipid packing, and unexpectedly resulted in the accumulation of cholesterol in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the lysosome membrane. (bvsalud.org)
- This study establishes the existence of a cholesterol-sphingolipid regulatory axis that maintains plasma membrane lipid homeostasis via regulation of sphingomyelin synthesis and trafficking. (bvsalud.org)
- During polarization of epithelial cells, changes in the lipidome and the expression and distribution of proteins contribute to the formation of apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains. (bvsalud.org)
- Yet, NOX2 can also be recruited to the plasma membrane of phagocytes leading to the generation of extracellular H 2 O 2 ( Aviello and Knaus, 2018 ), and NOX2-derived ROS participate in major signaling pathways, both within the individual phagocyte and surrounding cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Classification of vesicles into exosomes, originating from the membrane of the endosomal compartment, and microvesicles, derived from plasma membrane budding, is based on their biogenesis [9]. (unicyte.ch)
Secretory4
- They are an integral part of the later phase of the cellular stress response, i.e. the stress-induced senescence-like phenotype, as well as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The concept of cellular membrane territories emphasizes the contrasting features of organelle membranes of the secretory and endolysosome networks and the essential roles of lipid-sorting pathways that maintain organelle function. (bvsalud.org)
- The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
- This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases. (biologists.com)
Hsp702
- Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)
Mitochondrial9
- Complex III possesses a Fe-S protein like complex I. Mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex performs two functions: It is a respiratory multienzyme complex and it recognizes a mitochondrial targeting presequence. (slimwithlynne.com)
- α-helix Notice that one of the peptides of each subunit invades the space of the other monomeric unit, and labels show the orientation of the complex within the inner mitochondrial membrane. (slimwithlynne.com)
- Aminoacid degradation and urea cycle The cytochrome bc1complex (ubiquinone:cytochrome coxidoreductase) is the central integral membrane protein in the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as the electron-transfer chains of many respiratory and photosynthetic prokaryotes. (slimwithlynne.com)
- Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the nuclear genomes (all other subunits). (slimwithlynne.com)
- In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. (frontiersin.org)
- These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
- These changes can promote mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics that in turn support mitochondrial respiration. (nature.com)
- Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)
- Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese. (nature.com)
Vesicle3
- Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. (sdbonline.org)
- The present study unravels a new molecular system for vesicle-based axonal transport of proteins in male and female flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (sdbonline.org)
- A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
Vesicles6
- Exosomes are one of the most researched classes of extracellular vesicles because they are carriers of targeted protein and DNA/RNA loads. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
- Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
- Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
- These vesicles can transfer signals capable of altering cell function and/or reprogramming targeted cells. (unicyte.ch)
- Cell-secreted vesicles have emerged as an integral com- ponent of intercellular exchange of information (Fig. 1). (unicyte.ch)
Mammalian2
- They are members of the rBAT family of mammalian proteins (TC #8.A.9). (tcdb.org)
- However, homologs exist in nearly all cells of plant or animal origin ( Nauseef, 2019 ), suggesting functions of NOX beyond the mammalian immune system. (frontiersin.org)
Transmembrane3
- Some animal proteins, for example, those in the LAT family (TC# 2.A.3.8) including ASUR4 (gbY12716) and SPRM1 (gbL25068) associate with a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that is essential for insertion or activity of the permease and forms a disulfide bridge with it. (tcdb.org)
- In polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, we reveal differences in the sorting of syndecan-1, whereupon the correct trafficking of the protein is not dependent on its transmembrane domain and changes in sphingomyelin content of cells during polarization. (bvsalud.org)
- The backbone dynamics of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) transmembrane helix was compared to those of other transmembrane domains. (cipsm.de)
Biogenesis1
- Furthermore, their biogenesis, composition and function have been associated with viruses, an entirely different domain of life. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cellular6
- 1, is an important enzyme involved in the conversion of energy into a proton gradient across the cellular membrane in photosynthetic bacteria, and cellular respiratory systems in higher organisms. (slimwithlynne.com)
- The cellular organelle membrane dichotomy emerges from ER-to-PM anterograde membrane trafficking and the synthesis of sphingolipids and cholesterol flux at the trans-Golgi network, which constitutes the interface between the two membrane territories. (bvsalud.org)
- Thus, although NOX orthologs have been identified in organisms as diverse as plants, fruit flies, rodents, and humans, ROS functions have developed and diversified to affect a multitude of cellular properties, i.e., far beyond direct antimicrobial activity. (frontiersin.org)
- Overall, the systematic and comparative analysis of cellular ROS functions in organisms of lower complexity provides clues for understanding the contribution of ROS and ROS deficiency to human health and disease. (frontiersin.org)
- Later, it became clear that ROS are versatile in function and integral to cellular signaling in most organisms. (frontiersin.org)
- Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) take many shapes, have many effects and are necessary for cellular homeostasis. (biologists.com)
Complexes5
- All cytochrome bc1 complexes contain three electron transfer proteins which contain four redox prosthetic groups. (slimwithlynne.com)
- However, many enzymes can bind to different combinations of proteins to form groups (or 'complexes') with a variety of three-dimensional shapes, so there may be a variety of enzyme complexes in the solution. (elifesciences.org)
- The center of telomerase has a protein called TERT that forms complexes with other proteins. (elifesciences.org)
- The experiments show that these complexes can contain either one or two TERT proteins. (elifesciences.org)
- Further experiments used a mutant form of the TERT protein that cannot interact with other TERT molecules and found that complexes that contain this mutant protein still have normal enzyme activity. (elifesciences.org)
Exosomes1
- The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
GTPases1
- We focus on the Rab GTPases that are master regulators of membrane trafficking. (stanford.edu)
Endosomal1
- The GTPase Rab11 regulates endosomal protein trafficking and previous work has shown that loss of Rab11 caused intestinal inflammation and hyperplasia in mice and flies. (sdbonline.org)
Mitochondria1
- Gilkerson, R. W., Selker, J. M. L. & Capaldi, R. A. The cristal membrane of mitochondria is the principal site of oxidative phosphorylation. (nature.com)
Structural1
- Structural studies strongly suggest that the animal form of this enzyme (Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase) is evolutionarily divergent from the forms found in plants and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular1
Developmental1
- Neurons, with their distinct neurites, require elaborate membrane trafficking pathways and regulation to uphold neurite identity and to be able to respond to neuronal or developmental stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
Regulation2
Golgi1
- These results indicated that both TRAPPII and Pcs are required for eye development, but Pcs functions as the predominant Rab11-GEF for post-Golgi transport to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres. (sdbonline.org)
Eukaryotic2
Enzymes1
- Some enzymes are made of just one component protein that works on its own, but others are made of multiple proteins that are all required for the enzyme to work properly. (elifesciences.org)
Regulatory1
- Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)
Molecular2
- The bc1 complex contains 11 subunits, 3 respiratory subunits (cytochrome B, cytochrome C1, Rieske protein), 2 core proteins and 6 low-molecular weight proteins. (slimwithlynne.com)
- The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
MicroRNAs1
- Using Argonaute CLIP-seq data, Dr. Rigoutsos and colleagues showed that similar percentages of the two sets of microRNAs were in complex with Argonaute proteins. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Oxidoreductase2
- The cytochrome bc 1 complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or complex III) is a multi-subunit dimeric integral membrane protein complex. (slimwithlynne.com)
- Citric acid cycle During the electron transfer through the cytochrome bc(1) complex (ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or complex III), protons are translocated across the membrane, and production of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(*-)) is observed. (slimwithlynne.com)
Pathway2
- This sphingolipid-cholesterol metabolic axis is distinct from the sterol responsive element binding protein pathway as it requires ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) activity, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and was unaffected by inhibition of protein translation. (bvsalud.org)
- A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. (stanford.edu)
Cells4
- Upon discovery of ROS, their radical function was primarily considered to damage exposed cells and tissue structures. (frontiersin.org)
- Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)
- Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
- Therefore, a future challenge will be to refine the method to allow experiments to use much less protein, which would more closely reflect how telomerase is produced in cells. (elifesciences.org)
Mice1
- Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
Fundamental3
- This gradient marks a fundamental transition in physical membrane properties that help specify organelle identify and function. (bvsalud.org)
- Abstract Sleep is a universal and evolutionarily conserved behavior among many animal species, yet we do not have a fundamental understanding of why animals need to sleep. (marbilab.it)
- Glycogenolysis and glucose sparing dictate the energy available to support neuronal activity, thus playing a fundamental role in brain function in health and disease. (marbilab.it)
Functional1
- Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)
Antibody1
- Renowned as the #1 antibody event in the industry, this year's agenda boasts 15 dedicated topic streams, 3 unmissable training course add-on options and will bring together more than 700 of the antibody and protein community. (cshlpress.com)
Mutations2
- In previous work, we found that gain-of-function mutations that hyperactivate GEM-1 (an SLC16A transporter protein) can bypass the requirement for GON-2 (a TRPM channel protein) during the initiation of gonadogenesis in C. elegans. (cipsm.de)
- This webinar included overviews of the clinical phenotype and genetics of dysferlinopathy, and also highlighted some of the findings of recent clinical studies, in particular the Clinical Outcome Study in Dysferlinopathy (COS), as well as large-scale sequencing studies that document the spectrum of mutations of the DYSF gene and carry implications about the role of the dysferlin protein in muscle biology. (jain-foundation.org)
Complex2
- Hemoglobin During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Phot… Stigmatellin, a Q(P) site inhibitor, inhibits electron transfer from iron-sulfur protein (ISP) to cytochrome c1 in the bc1 complex. (slimwithlynne.com)
- However, it is not known how many copies of the TERT protein are present in each complex. (elifesciences.org)
Actively1
- If confirmed, these observations will change the way in which we investigate the neural correlates of sleep, thus paving the way for comprehending and actively controlling its restorative function. (marbilab.it)
Transport2
- In contrast, loss of the specific subunits of TRAPPII, another known Rab11-GEF, does not cause any defects on the eye development nor the transport of rhabdomere proteins, however, simultaneous loss of TRAPPII and Pcs shows severe defects on eye development. (sdbonline.org)
- We also study the NPC1 protein that is essential for cholesterol transport in humans and can lead to Niemann Pick C disease when mutated. (stanford.edu)
Flux1
- Rapid GTPase activating protein (GAP)-mediated inactivation (RhoA flux) is proposed to limit RhoA zone dimensions. (cipsm.de)
Study1
- Large quantities of purified proteins were used in this study. (elifesciences.org)
Insights1
- This webinar covered a variety of recent results across several topics related to dysferlin and dysferlinopathy - from research tools to big data analysis, to the latest insights on protein structure, to therapeutic strategies. (jain-foundation.org)
Precise1
- Or to be more precise, at least some portions of non-protein-coding DNA are thought to serve important biological functions. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Reactions1
- Its reaction mechanism is initiated by the binding of a quinol molecule to an active site, followed by a series of charge transfer reactions between the quinol and protein subunits. (slimwithlynne.com)
Properties2
- Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
- In order for a cell to respond to changes in internal and external environmental factors, a broad range of protein co- and post-translational modifications have evolved to expand upon the relatively static properties encoded in protein side-chains. (biologists.com)
Domain1
- First is the disruption of enterocyte polarity based on staining of the FERM domain protein Coracle . (sdbonline.org)
Include2
- Other names in common use include stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase, and stearyl-ACP desaturase. (wikipedia.org)
- These glycoproteins include the CD98 heavy chain protein of Mus musculus (gbU25708) and the orthologous 4F2 cell surface antigen heavy chain of Homo sapiens (spP08195). (tcdb.org)
Large1
- It generates large amounts of ROS in phagosomes, which function to kill ingested microbes in a direct or indirect fashion. (frontiersin.org)