Insulin signaling pathway translation initiation factor downstream insulin eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Amino acid deficiencies also up-regulate the expression of p27 using some components of this pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidative stress pathways regulate redox balance by Nrf2 and other ways. (springer.com)
dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
The mTOR signaling complex 1 (mTORC1) helps maintaining protein synthesis through phosphorylation of at least two direct targets, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) and ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6Ks) [ 3 ] that regulate the activity of EIF4F, a heterotrimeric complex required for the cap-dependent ribosome recruitment phase of translation initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Current evidence indicates that, through either of these pathways, HER2 signaling can regulate c-Myc, a multifunctional transcription factor involved in cell cycle progression (see [ 4 ] and references therein). (biomedcentral.com)
Evolutionarily conserved, these 17-22 nucleotide long molecules regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level generally by repressing translation or increasing degradation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
Different classes of RNA granules share some protein components and may use similar mechanisms to regulate mRNA translation/decay. (rupress.org)
Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
It also opens a new way of thinking for biomedical scientists, whether RNA modification will be another important factor to regulate the biological development of neoplastic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
These results suggest that chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fu may down-regulate telomerase activity at both transcriptional level and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-dependent post-transcriptional level to facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging evidence shows that key signal transduction pathways including TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) regulate downstream gene expression through m 6 A processing. (molcells.org)
Hilbert and Kim showed that the biological sex in combination with multiple other inputs - including the animal's past diet and age - regulate how the DAF-7 signal is expressed in C. elegans . (elifesciences.org)
They studied 128 proteins, called trans-acting factors , which are known to regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory regions within the genome. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene are the best known genetic deficiencies in cancer which affect mTOR signaling. (wikipedia.org)
The interaction between CRC cells and their surroundings can activate and influence complex signaling mechanisms of epigenetic changes to affect the survival of tumor cells with a malignant phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, there are non-cellular components such as growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix that surround the tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
They are responsible for the regulation of various pro- and anti-tumor factors and play a role in the progression of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
Whether or not some of these signals are also involved in tumor maintenance by counteracting constitutive death signals is much less understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
Current concepts suggest that a limited number of molecular alterations involving oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inhibition are responsible for initiation of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The 'cancer platform' concept proposes that most oncogenic molecules also have the inherent ability to activate tumor suppressor genes or pathways through oncogene-induced apoptosis or senescence, thus limiting their oncogenic effects in a homeostatic fashion. (biomedcentral.com)
The specific effects that lead to inactivation of these pro-apoptotic or senescence pathways may impinge on major known tumor suppressors such as p53, but may also be due to effects on other genes and molecules within the p53 or other tumor suppressor pathways [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose, glutamine, fatty acids, and amino acids are the primary drivers of tumor growth and act as substrates for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. (frontiersin.org)
This covers the production of several cytokines and chemokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

According to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) theory of FXS, excessive protein synthesis downstream of mGluR5 activation causes the synaptic pathophysiology that underlies multiple aspects of FXS. (jneurosci.org)
Chronic morphine induces adaptations in opioid receptor signaling in a thalamo-striatal circuit that are location-dependent, sex-specific and regulated by mu opioid receptor phosphorylation. (iasp-pain.org)
rather adaptations in MOR function may be determined by multiple factors such as subcellular receptor distribution, influence of local circuitry and sex. (iasp-pain.org)
One such entity is the so-called HER2 subtype, which is characterized by amplification and/or overexpression of this member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family. (biomedcentral.com)
We previously identified cellular IRESs in the murine insulin receptor (Insr) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (Igf1r) transcripts and demonstrated their resistance to eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) inhibition. (bvsalud.org)
This compound stimulates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK) activity in CHO cells that overexpress human insulin receptors by binding to the β-subunit of the insulin receptor ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
L-783,281-induced activation of IRTK stimulates downstream signaling proteins, including insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), Akt, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K). L-783,281 also induces glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner from rat primary adipocytes and soleus muscle tissue from lean mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. (lookformedical.com)
Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
Predicated on its series and structural features, ELR1 is one of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily [4], [5], and several receptors of the superfamily, like the development factor receptor, leptin Fas and receptor, have soluble forms also. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

In this review, we studied on the effects and molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis on NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways. (springer.com)
Evidence presented in this review implicated that Rhizoma coptidis exerted beneficial effects on various diseases by regulation of NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K-Akt/AMPK/ERS and oxidative stress pathways, which support the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and offer references for future researches. (springer.com)
In this review, we sorted out the relationship of Rhizoma coptidis among components, diseases and NF-κB/MAPK/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/ERS/oxidative stress pathways, systematically studying on how Rhizoma coptidis exerts beneficial effects to various diseases, which supported the clinical application of Rhizoma coptidis and provided references for the future researches. (springer.com)
Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The major signaling pathways activated by HER2 include the RAS-Raf1-Mek-Erk and the PI3K-Akt pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of the Ras-MAPK-Erk and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways both culminate in activation of transcriptional programs, as well as cyclin dependant kinases, that lead to progression through the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, anti-apoptotic signals associated with alterations of the downstream Ras-MAPK-Erk and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways contribute to chemo- and radioresistance. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, it can be activated by oncogenic mutations of PTEN, VHL, the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway is involved in multiple cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
PI3K activates a number of signaling molecules, among which the Akt/mTOR pathway is of particular interest because of its role in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

One source of confusion may be that proxy measures of protein synthesis, such as mGluR-LTD or phosphorylation of signaling molecules, have been used in intact hippocampal slice preparations, whereas metabolic labeling experiments have been performed in synaptoneurosome preparations of cortex that are not easily related to altered hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (jneurosci.org)
2023 ). By modulating these processes, m 6 A modifications have a profound impact on the fate and cellular functions of the modified RNA molecules, influencing RNA splicing, export, translation, and stability. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, LPLI induces the synthesis or release of many molecules, like growth factors, interleukins, inflammatory cytokines and others, which are related to promotive effects of LPLI. (biomedcentral.com)
This activates a large repertoire of transforming signaling molecules and pathways that are, to a great extent, shared by HER members. (biomedcentral.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

mTORC1 activity is upregulated by mTOR and MPAK8 by insulin-stimulated phosphorylation at Ser-863. (wikipedia.org)
In knockin mice expressing phosphorylation-deficient MORs, chronic morphine treatment resulted in tolerance to, rather than facilitation of, subsequent morphine signaling at MThal-DMS terminals, suggesting phosphorylation-deficiency unmasks adaptations that counter the facilitation observed at presynaptic terminals in wild-type mice. (iasp-pain.org)
A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. (lookformedical.com)

RPTOR is an evolutionarily conserved protein with multiple roles in the mTOR pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The association of mTOR and RPTOR is stabilized by nutrient deprivation and other conditions which suppress the mTOR pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative stress increases the formation of the complex formed with RPTOR, G3BP1, and SPAG5 RPTOR has also been shown to interact with: FKBP1A, P70-S6 Kinase 1 RHEB, RICTOR, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), The clinical significance of RPTOR is primarily due to its involvement in the mTOR pathway, which plays roles in mRNA translation, autophagy, and cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
In turn, active PDK1, along with mTORC1, phosphorylates S6K in the part of the mTOR pathway which promotes protein synthesis and cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
The mTOR pathway has also been found to be involved in aging. (wikipedia.org)
The mTOR pathway is important in many cancers. (wikipedia.org)
RAD001 (everolimus), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitor in phase II clinical trials in oncology, exerts potent antiproliferative/antitumor activities. (aacrjournals.org)
The role of the mTOR pathway in estrogen-driven proliferation and effects of combining RAD001 and letrozole were examined in vitro in two breast cancer models. (aacrjournals.org)
The role of the mTOR pathway in estrogen response was evaluated in aromatase-expressing MCF7/Aro breast cancer cells by immunoblotting. (aacrjournals.org)
Treatment of MCF7/Aro cells with estradiol or androstenedione caused modulation of the mTOR pathway, a phenomenon reversed by letrozole or RAD001. (aacrjournals.org)
This study investigated changes in mTOR pathway and telomerase activity in hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 treated with chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). (biomedcentral.com)

and (5) orthologues of the translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF5A. (rupress.org)

In contrast, radial nerve showed an unexpected level of complexity with the expression of 3,370 genes significantly altered more than two-fold with age, including genes involved in nerve function, signaling, metabolism, transcriptional regulation and chromatin modification. (nature.com)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
It has been found that the effect of m6A modification on RNA metabolism involves processing, nuclear export, translation and even decay. (biomedcentral.com)
Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This is then converted to GlcNAc-1P (N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate) by PGM3/AGM1 (phosphoglucomutase) and further to UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) by UAP/AGX1 (UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase), utilizing UTP from the nucleotide metabolism pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION . (lookformedical.com)
Consequently, we treated consistency of gene proximity in loci in evolutionary distant genomes as an indication of functional relatedness, which led to a prediction of SBDS protein involvement in initiation of translational wybutosine metabolism. (cancercurehere.com)

The encoded protein also associates with eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. (wikipedia.org)
It upregulates S6 kinase, the downstream effector ribosomal protein, and it downregulates the mTOR kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Translation initiation in eukaryotes is an early step in protein synthesis, requiring multiple factors to recruit the ribosomal small subunit to the mRNA 5' untranslated region. (bvsalud.org)
The protein levels of phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (p-4E-BP1), 4E-BP1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, in the liver of fish fed the 0.84% diet were higher than those in fish fed the 0.40% diet. (researchsquare.com)
tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (N2), proteasome subunit (EC 3.4.25.1) (N3), probable exosome complex RNA-binding proteins 1 (N4), huge ribosomal subunit proteins Retigabine tyrosianse inhibitor L37 Ae (N5) huge ribosomal subunit proteins L15electronic (N7), ribonuclease P (tRNA processing) proteins element 3 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N8), ribonuclease P protein element 2 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N9), prefoldin, chaperonin cofactor (N10), and a predicted exosome subunit containing the IMP4 domain within small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (N11). (cancercurehere.com)

This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1β and topoisomerase-I (topo‑I). Furthermore, celastrol prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). (spandidos-publications.com)
5′-GACGTG-3′) on the promoter region in various target genes ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
Conversely, m 6 A can modulate the activity of signal transduction networks via m 6 A modification of signaling pathway genes or by acting as a ligand for receptors. (molcells.org)
Functionally related genes are commonly found clustered in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes,12C17 and predicting gene function based on physical proximity to other genes has been used successfully in a number of studies. (cancercurehere.com)
The vast majority of these co-happening genes are linked to RNA modification and degradation, ie, probable exosome complicated exonuclease 2 (EC 3.1.13. (cancercurehere.com)
Currently, there are 72 genes in SZGR 2.0 (with evidence in schizophrenia) that are present at this pathway. (uth.edu)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by loss of the FMR1 gene product FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein), a repressor of mRNA translation. (jneurosci.org)
The mGluR5-ERK1/2 pathway is not constitutively overactive in the Fmr1 KO, however, suggesting that mRNA translation is hypersensitive to basal ERK1/2 activation in the absence of FMRP. (jneurosci.org)
Our data suggest that elevated protein synthesis in the Fmr1 KO is due to saturation of mRNA translation downstream of the MAP kinase ERK1/2 which is basally activated by mGluR5. (jneurosci.org)
GCGs direct the timing of maternal mRNA translation to promote germ cell development in the early embryo and establish the germ line for the next generation. (rupress.org)

Oxidative stress pathways are caused by the imbalance of oxidation and antioxidation in body. (springer.com)
Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
Oxidative stress has been related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading global cause of death. (biomedcentral.com)
Contributions of environmental factors such as oxidative stress on complex traits and disease may be partly mediated through changes in epigenetic marks (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
In males, ACOT1 deficiency increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) protein abundance while reducing 4-hydroxynonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, in white adipose tissue and liver of HFD-fed mice. (jci.org)

In this review, we will focus on how the signal transduction pathways, which play key roles in diverse physiological and pathological conditions, coordinate cellular processes through m 6 A. Given that m 6 A also controls signaling pathways through RNA modification or acting as a ligand, understanding the crosstalk between signal transduction networks and m 6 A RNA processing will provide us insights into the complex biological systems. (molcells.org)

Therefore, modification of one of those eukaryotic translation initiation factors or changes in their gene expression may result in resistance. (bvsalud.org)
In response to environmental changes, signaling pathways rewire gene expression programs through transcription factors. (molcells.org)

We find that elevated basal protein synthesis in Fmr1 KO mice is selectively reduced to wild-type levels by acute inhibition of mGluR5 or ERK1/2, but not by inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). (jneurosci.org)
We find that hypersensitivity to ERK1/2 pathway activation also contributes to audiogenic seizure susceptibility in the Fmr1 KO. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the ERK1/2 pathway, and other neurotransmitter systems that stimulate protein synthesis via ERK1/2, represent additional therapeutic targets for FXS. (jneurosci.org)
To figure out regardless of whether ERK1/2 signaling pathway mediates the motion of taurine on cell proliferation, P5 hippocampal stem/ progenitor cells have been uncovered to the ERK1/two inhibitor PD98059 (ten mM) followed by taurine therapy. (adenosine-receptor.com)

MAPK pathways refer to various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (springer.com)
negative ATP by a common MAPK mRNA initiation 1. (evakoch.com)

Cells activate stress response pathways to survive adverse conditions. (bvsalud.org)
L-783,281, an antidiabetic fungal metabolite that has previously been shown to activate insulin signaling in CHO cells, was tested for its effect on intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and insulin secretion in single mouse pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)

Two mRNAs from the gene have been identified that encode proteins of 1335 (isoform 1) and 1177 (isoform 2) amino acids long. (wikipedia.org)
Some mRNAs are programmed for immediate translation, a process that remodels the protein coat and assembles a polysome. (rupress.org)
After productive translation, mRNAs are deadenylated, polysomes are disassembled, and the mRNA is either degraded or stored. (rupress.org)
Other mRNAs are programmed for delayed translation, allowing transcripts to be transported or stored until developmental or environmental cues call for their translation. (rupress.org)
In certain mRNAs, the termination fails due to the recoding of the canonical stop codon, and ribosomes continue translation to generate C-terminally extended protein. (bvsalud.org)
m 6 A recruits effector proteins that determine the fate of mRNAs through changes in splicing, cellular localization, stability, and translation efficiency. (molcells.org)
Furthermore, the alterative splicing of mRNAs through the maturation of eukaryotic pro-mRNA is normally another system for the forming of soluble receptors. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

This inhibits autophagy, the major degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
The m 6 A-modified RNAs then recruit m 6 A-binding proteins (readers) that guide these RNAs for RNA biogenesis processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export, stabilization, degradation, and translation. (molcells.org)

RPS6KA1 stimulates mTORC1 activity by phosphorylating at Ser-719, Ser-721, and Ser-722 as a response to growth factors. (wikipedia.org)
Because astrin is frequently upregulated in tumors, it is a potential target to sensitize tumors to apoptosis through the mTORC1 pathway. (wikipedia.org)

Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondria are the center of many diverse cellular functions integrating signals between the organelle and the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation , and cell proliferation . (lookformedical.com)

In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)

AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)
With the histone of synthesis, the signaling glutamate is to introduce released well nuclear after protein. (evakoch.com)
Negative Feedback Inhibition In addition to genetic regulation, tryptophan can inhibit the first enzyme in the synthesis pathway. (pdfcoffee.com)

Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Other two pathways, ΔΨm/ATP/cAMP/JNK/AP-1 and ROS/Src, are also involved in LPLI-induced proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Excess HER2 signaling leads to numerous oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation and survival [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to their deregulated proliferation, HER2 overexpressing cells exhibit altered survival signals. (biomedcentral.com)
One such protein factor is the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), which increases the activity of the eIF4A RNA helicase, and is linked to cell survival and proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
Collectively, our experiments suggest that the IRE1α-mediated signaling promotes muscle regeneration through augmenting the proliferation of satellite cells in a cell non-autonomous manner. (elifesciences.org)

This study aimed to determine how chronic treatment with morphine, a prototypical opioid agonist, induced adaptations to subsequent morphine signaling in different subcellular contexts. (iasp-pain.org)
This review provides a bird's eye view of miRNAs expressed in different subcellular locations, thus affecting the gene regulatory pathways therein. (eurekaselect.com)

Thus, GCGs contain proteins involved in translation initiation, translation control, and mRNA decay, which is consistent with their proposed role in the regulation ofs maternal mRNA expression. (rupress.org)

The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the HBP utilizes major macromolecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to produce UDP-GlcNAc, cells may use it as a 'sensor' of energy availability that influences a large number of functional targets that contribute to cancer phenotypes (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)

ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)
Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria most readily produce ATP by the oxidation of NADH and FADH 2 yielded from the breakdown of sugars such as glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, muscular PEPCK and glycogen synthase, and hepatic glucose transporters 2 mRNA levels were induced by 1.28% methionine. (researchsquare.com)

for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)

There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
AMPK pathways are energy regulation pathways. (springer.com)

As a result, viral receptors over the cell membrane offer binding sites for the trojan and so are also mixed up in structural modulation of viral envelopes, resulting in the fusion Pseudouridimycin from the viral and mobile membranes and virion entrance, the first step in viral an infection of focus on cells [2]. (angiogenesis-blog.com)

To address this, we investigated what role anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, key regulators of cancer cell survival, might play in the viability of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Being an integral part of the eukaryotic transcriptome, miRNAs are regarded as vital regulators of diverse developmental and physiological processes. (eurekaselect.com)

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway has been reported as an important intracellular mediator frequently activated in cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

More than 60% of all RNA modifications are methylated modifications, and m6A is the most abundant chemical modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). (biomedcentral.com)

Myofiber-specific ablation of IRE1α dampens Notch signaling and canonical NF-κB pathway in skeletal muscle of adult mice. (elifesciences.org)

In this review, we briefly summarize the pathogenesis of NAFLD and factors that influence the progression of NAFLD, and focus on the potential mechanisms of BBR in the treatment of NAFLD. (mdpi.com)
These studies have revealed multiple mechanisms and pathways in the carcinogenic process. (biomedcentral.com)
Clearly, miRNA activity is kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms that control their biogenesis and decay pathways. (eurekaselect.com)

Exposure to a variety of growth factors has also been shown to increase HIF-1 activity in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

RPTOR encodes part of a signaling pathway regulating cell growth which responds to nutrient and insulin levels. (wikipedia.org)

We review the relationship between different classes of these granules and discuss how spatial organization regulates messenger RNA translation/decay. (rupress.org)
Surprisingly, the analysis revealed that the rate of translation inversely regulates the efficiency of SCR. (bvsalud.org)

This latter finding is likely to preclude the existence of cryptic transcription factor binding site(s) in the 5'-untranslated region of p27 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
ChIP-QPCR analysis revealed that ATF4, an ER-stress inducible transcription factor, directly activated Zbtb38 transcription by binding to the Zbtb38 promoter. (oncotarget.com)
encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)

Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that transient levels of the evolutionarily conserved factor RACK1 are critical for adult SC activation and proper skeletal muscle regeneration, favoring the efficient progression of SC from a committed to a fully differentiated state. (sdbonline.org)

Nrf2 is a master eukaryotic redox-active factor and belongs to Cap 'n' Collar (Cnc)-bZIP (basic leucine zipper) family of transcription factors. (springer.com)
Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)

According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths occurred worldwide in 2020, and GC ranked fifth (5.6%) and fourth (7.7%), respectively ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)

NF-κB pathways are associated with immunity, inflammation and cell survival. (springer.com)
We investigated the effects of chronic morphine treatment on subsequent morphine signaling at MThal-DMS synapses and MThal cell bodies in male and female mice. (iasp-pain.org)
Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)
We used cell lines as an in vitro model of HER2-overexpressing cells in order to evaluate how anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, and pro-apoptotic Puma and Bim impact on their survival, and to investigate how the constitutive expression of these proteins is regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
L-767,827, an inactive structural analog of the insulin mimetic, had no effect on β-cell [Ca 2+ ] i . (diabetesjournals.org)
LY294002 (25 μmol/l) significantly reduced the effect of the insulin mimetic on β-cell exocytosis. (diabetesjournals.org)
The crosstalk between the translation machinery and elements of the cytoskeleton provides an explanation as to how cell chemotactic defects may be caused by SBDS malfunction. (cancercurehere.com)
It can also be performed quickly and repeatedly to track how a cell responds to environmental changes or crucial developmental signals. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Anti-apoptotic signals induced downstream of HER2 are known to contribute to the resistance to current treatments of breast cancer cells that overexpress this member of the EGFR family. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, targeted ablation of IRE1α also reduces Notch signaling, abundance of satellite cells, and skeletal muscle regeneration in the mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (elifesciences.org)
L-783,281 also resulted in insulin secretion at single β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
It is concluded that L-783,281 evokes [Ca 2+ ] i increases and exocytosis in β-cells via an IRS-1/PI3-K-dependent pathway and that the [Ca 2+ ] i increase involves release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores. (diabetesjournals.org)
The signal in question is molecule called DAF-7, which is released by several sensory neurons-nerve cells that are used for detecting cues from the environment. (elifesciences.org)
Finally, cells have been washed and resuspended in tradition media supplemented with FGF-2 (R&D Techniques) and EGF (Merck), equally at 20 ng/ml in five mg/ml heparin. (adenosine-receptor.com)

IL23 is the Janus mitochondria JAK2 and TYK2, rotting in membrane of the combination senescence, which is the being enzymes for Signal efficiency and water of library 3( STAT3) and STAT4 to be and be Prolonged. (evakoch.com)
Oncogene activation is therefore generally only tumorigenic when it is coupled with inactivation or inhibition of oncogene-induced pro-apoptotic or senescence pathways [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Levels of proteins, including Cyt C, Bcl-2/BAX, and Nrf2 /HO-1-associated proteins, were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. (sdbonline.org)
This review summarizes our knowledge about Nrf2 and HO-1 across different phyla suggesting their conservative role as stress-protective and anti-aging factors. (springer.com)

Additionally, the TME is influenced by m 6 A regulatory factors, impacting the progression and prognosis of CRC. (biomedcentral.com)

As the eIFiso4E translation initiation factor was identified as indispensable for PPV infection, a selection of ten different eIFiso4E haplotypes along 13 accessions were tested by infection with PPV and eight of them displayed a range of reduced susceptibility to resistance, indicating new potential sources of resistance to sharka. (bvsalud.org)
Thus, L-783,281 is an insulin mimetic, in that it initiates insulin signaling and has antidiabetic effects in rodent models of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)

Up-regulation of the expression of p27 is likely due to the activation of translation rather than transcription of p27 because (a) up-regulation is mediated by the 5'-untranslated region (-575) of the p27 gene and (b) the antibiotic actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, did not attenuate the up-regulation of p27. (biomedcentral.com)
Akt signaling leads to mTOR activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Given your extensive knowledge, I've always wondered what your take on the underlying problem/genetic pathway might be in his case (microglial activation, MTOR activation, perhaps? (epiphanyasd.com)
Skeletal muscle regeneration is regulated by coordinated activation of multiple signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)

Although defects from prenatal alcohol exposure can be replicated in mouse models [ 10 ], identifying genetic factors that contribute to susceptibility to FASD is virtually impossible in human populations since time, dose, and frequency of exposure are generally unknown, and manifestations of FASD are diverse and become evident long after exposure. (biomedcentral.com)

This Mcl-1 dependence is due to Bim expression and it directly results from oncogenic signaling, as depletion of the oncoprotein c-Myc, which occupies regions of the Bim promoter as evaluated in ChIP assays, decreases Bim levels and mitigates Mcl-1 dependence. (biomedcentral.com)

17(2): 199-203, 2023 12. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy24

Organisms18

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs128

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes63

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Regulate13

Tumor14

Receptor10

PI3K11

Molecules5

Phosphorylation3

MTOR pathway11

EIF4E1

Metabolism7

Ribosomal5

Genes7

MRNA translation4

Oxidative6

Transduction pathways1

Gene expression2

ERK14

MAPK2

Activate2

MRNAs7

Degradation2

MTORC12

Extracellular1

Cellular functions2

Mammalian1

Synthesis3

Proliferation7

Different subcellular2

Proteins involved1

Amino3

Glucose4

Protein kinase1

AMPK2

Receptors1

Regulators2

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kina1

Modification1

Canonical1

Mechanisms3

Growth factors2

Encodes1

Regulates2

Transcription factor3

Evolutionarily conserved1

Redox2

20201

Cell8

Cells6

Senescence2

Nrf22

Progression1

Resistance2

Activation5

Genetic1

Depletion1

20231