ResistanceInsulinlike growth factorBindsSensitivityMaternalTyrosine kinaseMitogen-activaGenesDemonstrated that ROCKTransmembrane receptorSubstrateLeptinPlacentaGhrelin receptorPituitaryBlood glucose concentrationsNeuronsType 2 diabetTissuesPeptidesKinaseProgesterone receptorPancreas in responseDiabetesMetabolic effectsCellsSynaptic functionSecretionDecreasesSignal transductionStimulatesVivoSubunitsAffinityPancreaticInhibitionVarious concentrationsRenalPregnancyTissueCardiacHormoneInhibitDifferentiationGeneSerum 25InhibitoryCortisolAbsorptionSteroidSecreteDownstreamSubunitSignalingHumanDisordersGrowth factorGlucagonAdditionally
Resistance28
- Studies have investigated the role of leptin in obesity, anorexia nervosa, insulin resistance, and hypertension. (thermofisher.com)
- GFRAL and GDF-15 signaling is implicated in diet-based obesity and insulin resistance (2-4). (rndsystems.com)
- tension,glucoseintolerance,insulin afterful explanationoftheobjectives resistance[3]andhyperlipidaemia[4]. (who.int)
- Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells either fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin or downregulate insulin receptors in response to hyperinsulinemia . (wikipedia.org)
- In states of insulin resistance, the same amount of insulin does not have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. (wikipedia.org)
- There are many causes of insulin resistance and the underlying process is still not completely understood. (wikipedia.org)
- Risk factors for insulin resistance include obesity , sedentary lifestyle , family history of diabetes, various health conditions, and certain medications. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin resistance is considered a component of the metabolic syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
- There are multiple ways to measure insulin resistance such as fasting insulin levels or glucose tolerance tests, but these are not often used in clinical practice. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin resistance can be improved or reversed with lifestyle approaches, such as exercise and dietary changes. (wikipedia.org)
- There are a number of risk factors for insulin resistance, including being overweight or obese or having a sedentary lifestyle . (wikipedia.org)
- [1] Various genetic factors can increase risk, such as a family history of diabetes, and there are some specific medical conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
- Dietary factors are likely to contribute to insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Foods that have independently been linked to insulin resistance include those high in sugar with high glycemic indices , low in omega-3 and fiber, and which are hyperpalatable which increases risk of overeating. (wikipedia.org)
- The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is inversely correlated with insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- [3] It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors, an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors, and reduced insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of development of insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies have consistently shown that there is a link between insulin resistance and circadian rhythm, with insulin sensitivity being higher in the morning and lower in the evening. (wikipedia.org)
- A mismatch between the circadian rhythm and the meals schedule, such as in circadian rhythm disorders , may increase insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Some medications are associated with insulin resistance including corticosteroids , protease inhibitors (type of HIV medication), [11] and atypical antipsychotics . (wikipedia.org)
- Being exposed to light during sleep has been shown to cause insulin resistance and increase heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
- Many hormones can induce insulin resistance including cortisol , [14] growth hormone , and human placental lactogen . (wikipedia.org)
- Cortisol counteracts insulin and can lead to increased hepatic gluconeogenesis , reduced peripheral utilization of glucose, and increased insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Replacement of GH in adults with GHD markedly reduces central obesity and substantially reduces total cholesterol levels but has produced little change in other risk factors, particularly insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. (medscape.com)
- [ 13 ] For these patients, concerns are the persistent insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, together with the elevated plasma insulin and lipoprotein(a) levels observed with GH replacement. (medscape.com)
- Beneficial roles for vitamin D in a spectrum of pathologic processes, including autoimmunity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and malignancies, are emerging concomitantly with the appreciation of a global pandemic of vitamin D deficiency (Figure 3) [5, 13, 14]. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Background: Recent reports indicate the potential role of the stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) protein in developing insulin resistance. (mdpi.com)
Insulinlike growth factor2
- The insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a new target for the treatment of breast cancer. (snmjournals.org)
- A potential new target for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer is the insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). (snmjournals.org)
Binds5
- Because it crosses the blood-brain barrier so that the the alpha receptors it binds are ones in the CNS instead of on the effector organ. (proprofs.com)
- This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)
- Insulin binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase and induces downstream signaling pathways (MAPK and PI3K). (picmonic.com)
- When insulin binds to insulin receptors, it induces glucose uptake. (picmonic.com)
- In many tissues the activity of testosterone appears to depend on reduction to dihydrotestosterone, which binds to cytosol receptor proteins. (nih.gov)
Sensitivity5
- This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
- Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
- DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
- The results support the theory that adiponectin might be part of a feedback mechanism improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health in pre-eclamptic patients. (who.int)
- The measurement of serum testosterone in women is difficult with most automated immunoassays because of poor sensitivity, accuracy and precision at low concentrations. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Maternal3
- Maternal protein restriction inside the rat3 and calorie restriction within the mouse67 are linked with decreased maternal plasma insulin, IGF-I and leptin. (faahinhibitor.com)
- Calorie restriction in non-pregnant humans and animals usually increases serum concentrations of adiponectin.131 Maternal serum concentrations of IGF-I are decreased in human IUGR132 and some studies indicate that maternal serum leptin concentrations are decreased within this pregnancy complication.133 Additionally, placental insulin receptor number134, placental insulin/IGF-I signali. (faahinhibitor.com)
- glucocorticoids, protein restrictions, and maternal diet and obesity. (cdc.gov)
Tyrosine kinase4
- Binding of insulin to its receptor activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, resulting in autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of several substrates, including insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 through -4. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to a class of receptor tyrosine kinase. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin binding to the alpha subunit causes autophosphorylation of the beta subunit tyrosine kinase. (picmonic.com)
- The tyrosine kinase, in turn, activates two major intracellular pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which mostly mediates the metabolic effects of insulin, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is involved in mitogenesis and growth. (picmonic.com)
Mitogen-activa1
- Subsequently, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways can be activated, resulting in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis ( 13 , 14 ). (snmjournals.org)
Genes4
- These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
- For example, cerebellar granule cells express six subunit genes abundantly (α 1 , α 6 , β 2 , β 3 , γ 2 , and δ), and so they probably have several distinct GABA A receptor subtypes of unknown subunit stoichiometry. (jneurosci.org)
- Transcriptomic analysis on 72 h-exposed fetal testis explants revealed 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including genes involved in steroid synthesis and toxic substance response. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although most cells have vitamin D receptors, several key genes that encode proteins and peptides are modulated in part by vitamin D and thus affect musculoskeletal functions, mitochondrial respiration, cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [13]. (vitamindwiki.com)
Demonstrated that ROCK1
- Embryonic mouse models have demonstrated that ROCK protein inhibitor decreases the number of terminal lung buds. (medscape.com)
Transmembrane receptor1
- The IGF-1R is a transmembrane receptor expressed in many human cancers, including 36% of all triple-negative breast carcinomas ( 11 ). (snmjournals.org)
Substrate5
- This was associated with DIM‐enhanced phosphorylation of the signaling intermediates Akt, insulin receptor substrate‐1, and insulin receptor early in differentiation. (researchgate.net)
- To date, the role of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in tumorigenesis and metastasis of head and neck cancer has not been elucidated. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is an adaptor protein that integrates multiple transmembrane signals from growth factors and hormones, to regulate cell growth, survival, differentiation and metabolism ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- As a major substrate of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and mainly functioning through activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway, IRS-1 has been considered oncogenic in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
- On binding of insulinlike growth factors to the receptor, adaptor proteins, such as insulin-receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2, are recruited to the phosphorylation site of the cytoplasmic domain ( 19 - 21 ). (snmjournals.org)
Leptin11
- Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin-sensitive. (wikipedia.org)
- Sandwich ELISA: To detect Rat Leptin by sandwich ELISA (using 100 µL/well antibody solution) a concentration of 0.5-2.0 µg/mL of this antibody is required. (thermofisher.com)
- Western Blot: To detect Rat Leptin by Western Blot analysis this antibody can be used at a concentration of 0.1-0.2 µg/mL. (thermofisher.com)
- Leptin is a 167 amino acid long protein hormone with important effects in regulating body weight, metabolism and reproductive function. (thermofisher.com)
- Leptin receptors are highly expressed in areas of the hypothalamus known to be important in regulating body weight, as well as in T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells. (thermofisher.com)
- Leptin is involved in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and adiposity through hypothalamic leptin receptors. (thermofisher.com)
- There are two main neuronal populations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that are sensitive to signals indicating systemic fuel availability (e. g., leptin, ghrelin and insulin). (researchgate.net)
- Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, is a hormone that is secreted principally by adipose tissue (adipocyte-derived hormone). (researchgate.net)
- Conclusions In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plasma ghrelin level increases and leptin level decreases and growth accelerates because of an increase in appetite and daily calories, carbohydrate and protein amount in children with nutritional iron deficiency anemia after iron therapy. (researchgate.net)
- 12 Other important effects of leptin include increase in glucose utilization, inhibition of lipogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, and reduction of trigliceride accumulation in liver and skeletal muscles, accounting for leptin's insulin-sensitizing properties. (researchgate.net)
- 13 Leptin is synthesized and released predominantly by adipocytes, and its serum concentrations correlate positively with body mass index (BMI) and the amount of adipose tissue. (researchgate.net)
Placenta2
- NOX-4 is also expressed in fetal tissues, placenta, glioblastoma and vascular cells. (novusbio.com)
- However, this hormone can cross the placenta and stimulates the foetal pituitary to secrete thyrotropin. (spiritsong.org)
Ghrelin receptor3
- Ghrelin was discovered after the ghrelin receptor (called growth hormone secretagogue type 1A receptor or GHS-R) was determined in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- Side-chains other than octanoyl have also been observed: these can also trigger the ghrelin receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- GHSR1a, ghrelin receptor. (researchgate.net)
Pituitary1
- Both insulin and pituitary growth hormone (GH) stimulate hepatic IGF-1 synthesis and secretion. (picmonic.com)
Blood glucose concentrations2
- Systemic administration of PTEN ASO once a week in mice suppressed PTEN mRNA and protein expression in liver and fat by up to 90 and 75%, respectively, and normalized blood glucose concentrations in db / db and ob / ob mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
- However, IGF-1 is far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood glucose concentrations. (picmonic.com)
Neurons4
- Ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics (growth hormone secretagogues) increase body weight and fat mass by triggering receptors in the arcuate nucleus that include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Ghrelin receptors are located on neurons in this circuit. (wikipedia.org)
- It is expressed on both fetal and adult hindbrain neurons of the CNS (3), and would appear to function as an anti-apoptotic molecule during neuronal stress. (rndsystems.com)
- Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Type 2 diabet2
- Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
- Signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) pathway is crucial for metabolic responses to insulin, and defects in PI3K signaling have been demonstrated in type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Tissues2
- Cholecalciferol is bound to serum vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and through a two-step enzymatic pathway involving 25-hydroxylase of the liver and 1a-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) of the kidney and extrarenal tissues, it is converted to the biologically active hormone calcitriol (1a,25(OH)2D3) [1]. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Of note, some tissues do not require insulin to uptake glucose (insulin-independent glucose uptake). (picmonic.com)
Peptides2
- However the presence and/or the concentrations of those peptides in human plasma has been questioned. (phoenixbiotech.net)
- They are translated into a single pre-protein α 2 δ and post-translationally cleaved into α 2 and δ peptides, which remain attached by di-sulfide bonds ( Dolphin, 2012 ). (elifesciences.org)
Kinase1
- Phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) is a crucial signaling enzyme whose activity is regulated by a variety of biological stimuli, including insulin ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Progesterone receptor2
- We also found that SRC-3 depletion in cultured HESCs results in a significant attenuation in the induction of a wide-range of established biomarkers of decidualization, despite exposure of these cells to a deciduogenic stimulus and normal progesterone receptor expression. (frontiersin.org)
- Triple-negative breast tumors are estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor-, and HER2 / neu -negative. (snmjournals.org)
Pancreas in response1
- Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to carbohydrates consumed in the diet. (wikipedia.org)
Diabetes2
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an insulin deficiency. (researchgate.net)
- In this study, we investigated whether DIM could improve insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
Metabolic effects1
- The lipid products of PI3K initiate phosphorylation and activation of Akt, which is believed to act as a downstream mediator of many of the metabolic effects of insulin ( 5 , 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Cells11
- This protein is highly expressed at the site of erythropoietin production in the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells of the renal cortex. (novusbio.com)
- Here, removal of intact α 6 protein from cerebellar granule cells allowed perturbations in other subunit levels to be studied. (jneurosci.org)
- Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). (wikipedia.org)
- The potential of regenerative medicine ranges from allowing pancreatic cells to produce insulin for diabetics to reconnecting the nerves in severed spinal cords. (bartleby.com)
- study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to confirm that ILL can inhibit the invasion and migration of A549 cancer cells, with the possible mechanisms potentially involving the inhibition of MMP-2 and -catenin protein expression resulting from the up regulation of NM23-H1 expression. (insulin-receptor.info)
- Transfection of cells in culture with ASO targeting PTEN reduced PTEN mRNA and protein levels and increased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in α-mouse liver-12 (AML12) cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The regulation of VDR expression is one of the main mechanisms through which target cells respond to calcitriol so that polymorphisms of this receptor can change the usual mode of functioning. (vitamindwiki.com)
- 111 In-R1507 (concentration required to inhibit binding by 50%, 0.1 nM) was slowly internalized by SUM149 cells. (snmjournals.org)
- Growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules, often proteins, that bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and, in doing so, initiate downstream signaling. (picmonic.com)
- These cells don't use GLUT4 for importing glucose, but rather, another transporter that is not insulin-dependent. (picmonic.com)
- This action reduces the tubular sodium concentration and the concentration gradient between the tubular fluid and cells and thereby retards the reabsorption of sodium. (spiritsong.org)
Synaptic function1
- Why is this receptor heterogeneity needed for synaptic function? (jneurosci.org)
Secretion2
- The IGF-I decrease in postpartum may be by the decreased expression of receptors for growth hormone (GH) in the liver, and consequently reduced synthesis and/or IGF-I hepatic clearance, which reduce of the negative feedback of IGF-I on GH secretion. (ufrgs.br)
- The total calcium concentrations were below the threshold (8.50 mg/dL) established by Goff [10] at parturition, week +1 and +2 and probably is due to the secretion of 20-30 g of calcium per day during the colostrum synthesis. (ufrgs.br)
Decreases2
- Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)
- In the USA, while fetal exposure to tobacco decreases, cannabis use during pregnancy rises along with the enhanced perception that there are no risks with cannabis consumption during pregnancy [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Signal transduction2
- Data suggest that NOX4 provides a novel link between the insulin receptor and the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species that enhances insulin signal transduction. (novusbio.com)
- PTEN (MMAC1/TEP1) is a dual-specificity protein phosphatase involved in signal transduction and tumor suppression ( 9 , 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Stimulates2
- Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific receptor - the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A (GHSR-1A). (wikipedia.org)
- Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)
Vivo4
- PTEN (MMAC1) is a lipid/protein phosphatase that can negatively regulate the PI3K pathway by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate, but it is unclear whether PTEN is physiologically relevant to insulin signaling in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
- These results suggest that PTEN plays a significant role in regulating glucose metabolism in vivo by negatively regulating insulin signaling. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Importantly, this paradigm resulted in a fetal overgrowth and in vivo transport studies demonstrated marked increases in placental clearances of both 3H-methyl-glucose and 14C-MeAIB in response towards the higher fat diet regime. (faahinhibitor.com)
- We determined the expression of components of the ECS in the human fetal testis from 6 to 17 developmental weeks and assessed the direct effects of phytocannabinoids Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on the testis morphology and cell functions ex vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunits2
- The extracellular alpha subunits are the site of insulin binding. (picmonic.com)
- Auxiliary α 2 δ subunits are important proteins for trafficking of voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca V ) at the active zones of synapses. (elifesciences.org)
Affinity1
- Антипсихотичні препарати Antipsychotic drugs are divided into conventional antipsychotics and 2nd-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) based on their specific neurotransmitter receptor affinity and activity. (msdmanuals.com)
Pancreatic1
Inhibition2
- It does not activate the GHS-R receptor but does have other effects: cardiac, anti-ghrelin, appetite stimulation, and inhibition of hepatic glucose output. (wikipedia.org)
- Inhibition of PTEN expression also dramatically reduced insulin concentrations in ob/ob mice, improved the performance of db/db mice during insulin tolerance tests, and increased Akt phosphorylation in liver in response to insulin. (diabetesjournals.org)
Various concentrations1
- SPS was added to the culture medium at various concentrations in time-of-addition assay. (molvis.org)
Renal2
- Another effect of PTH is the stimulation of renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production with possibly misleading 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations within the normal range. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Substances such as creatinine or urea, which are excreted by the kidney and have a lower concentration in the renal vein than the artery are said to be cleared by the kidneys. (spiritsong.org)
Pregnancy1
Tissue3
- Glucose uptake is done via carrier-mediated transport into insulin-dependent tissue. (picmonic.com)
- One such insulin receptor is GLUT4, which facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal muscle). (picmonic.com)
- Objective: Androsterone glucuronide (ADTG) concentrations have been suggested as a more reliable marker of the effects of androgen at the target tissue level and is significantly elevated in hirsute compared to non-hirsute women with PCOS. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Cardiac1
- Clear indices of cell death-myocyte disruption, coagulative necrosis, elevation of cardiac proteins in serum-are present by 24 hours. (spiritsong.org)
Hormone3
- Insulin, a peptide hormone, is one such GF. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), formerly called somatomedin C, is a peptide hormone that primarily functions to stimulate growth. (picmonic.com)
- Generally, the amount of this sex-hormone binding globulin in the plasma will determine the distribution of testosterone between free and bound forms, and the free testosterone concentration will determine its half-life. (nih.gov)
Inhibit1
- This means that they block or inhibit the activity of the α1 receptors. (proprofs.com)
Differentiation1
- Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
Gene1
- Insulin binding to insulin receptors also induces gene transcription. (picmonic.com)
Serum 254
- Although 1,25(OH)2D3 is the biologically active form of vitamin D the vitamin D status is mainly assessed by the measurement of serum 25(OH)D3 concentration. (vitamindwiki.com)
- Evidence supports wider beneficial effects of vitamin D but to achieve such, maintaining serum 25 dihydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)2D] concentrations of more than 30 ng/mL is necessary. (vitamindwiki.com)
- The individual and the population health can be markedly improved by maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of greater than 30 ng /mL (75 nmol/L). This would also improves the quality of life and reduces all-cause mortality. (vitamindwiki.com)
- However, for prevention of certain other diseases and to reduce all-cause mortality, serum 25(OH)D concentrations need to be maintained between 40 and 60 ng/mL. (vitamindwiki.com)
Inhibitory1
- In vertebrate brains, GABA A receptors are the principal mediators of inhibitory synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)
Cortisol1
Absorption1
- Based on associations between plasma 25(OH)D3 and PTH concentration, calcium absorption, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density, investigators have argued that a plasma 25(OH)D3 concentration of greater than 75 nmol/l (to convert to ng/ml divide by 2.5) is appropriate to define vitamin D sufficiency [5-7]. (vitamindwiki.com)
Steroid2
- In a wide variety of cell types vitamin D exerts its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear steroid receptor superfamily and an intracellular transcription factor [2]. (vitamindwiki.com)
- The steroid-receptor complex is transported to the nucleus where it initiates transcription events and cellular changes related to androgen action. (nih.gov)
Secrete1
- Normal transpulmonary pressure of about 2.5mm Hg allows the fetal lung to actively secrete fluid into the lumen. (medscape.com)
Downstream2
- GFRAL is a functional receptor for GDF-15, facilitating weight-loss functions of the protein through c-Ret downstream signaling (2-4). (rndsystems.com)
- Therefore inhibits the phosphorylation of indication transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and regulates the downstream digesting of STAT3 pathways, raising B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-extra huge proteins appearance, and inhibiting X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis appearance. (insulin-receptor.info)
Subunit2
- however, the rules guiding receptor subunit assembly are unclear. (jneurosci.org)
- What is the subunit composition of native subtypes of receptor? (jneurosci.org)
Signaling2
- 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
- A moderate concentration of BMP signaling is needed to generate the correct number of medial interneurons. (bartleby.com)
Human7
- Detection of the Tau protein in human serum by a sensitive four-electrode electrochemical biosensor. (mdx.ac.uk)
- Insulin-like growth factor-II and heparin are anti-apoptotic survival factors in human villous cytotrophoblast. (mdx.ac.uk)
- Mature human GFR alpha-like is a 376 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane protein. (rndsystems.com)
- Apelin is an endogenous ligand of the human orphan receptor APJ (orphan G protein-coupled receptor). (phoenixbiotech.net)
- In this context, we aimed to determine whether cannabis exposure has the potential to directly impact the human fetal testis. (biomedcentral.com)
- We demonstrate the presence in the human fetal testis of two key endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) and to a lower level anandamide (AEA), as well as a range of enzymes and receptors for the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our study is the first to evidence the presence of the ECS in the human fetal testis and to highlight the potential adverse effect of cannabis consumption by pregnant women onto the development of the male gonad. (biomedcentral.com)
Disorders2
- Which of the following is true regarding the reduction in the neutrophil granulocyte count Concentration rises in tubular fluid as the glomerular filtrate passes down the nephron C. Most of the disorders displaying this type of expansion show an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. (spiritsong.org)
- Feeding low-protein diets to pregnant rats produces a increased more than in children not exposed to tobacco in broad spectrum of disorders in their offspring (7): hyper- utero. (cdc.gov)
Growth factor2
- Insulin like growth factor type I (IGF-I) showed marked reduction between pre and postpartum, and the lowest value was observed in the week +1. (ufrgs.br)
- Transforming growth factor family proteins like TGFß1 can oppose these effects. (medscape.com)
Glucagon2
- Insulin inhibits glucagon release. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin and glucagon also generally have opposite functions: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis, while insulin inhibits these functions. (picmonic.com)
Additionally1
- Additionally, we also discovered that upregulated anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was negatively mediated by miR-381-3p. (hindawi.com)