• In insulin-producing β cells, excess autophagy degrades insulin granules, resulting in decreased insulin contents and systemic glucose intolerance, whereas in insulin-responsive cells, activating autophagy decreases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and improves insulin sensitivity [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Reduced insulin sensitivity is a key factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. (biosyn.com)
  • In HFD-fed mice, supplementation with the sialic acid precursor N-acetyl-D-mannosamine restored IgG sialylation and preserved insulin sensitivity without affecting weight gain. (jci.org)
  • This method helps answer key questions in the fields of Type 2 diabetes and obesity on regulation of insulin sensitivity and organ blood flow. (jove.com)
  • High-fat diet-induced hyperinsulinemia, as a result of potentiated insulin secretion, coupled with selective insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of Cry1/2-/-mice, correlates with increased lipid uptake. (eur.nl)
  • To address this, we fed wild-type (WT) and human IAPP transgenic (HIP) rats either 10 weeks of regular chow or a high-fat diet and prospectively examined the relations among beta-cell mass and turnover, beta-cell ER stress, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. (escholarship.org)
  • Insulin sensitivity was assessed as rate of whole body glucose turnover (R g ) per animal plasma insulin level ( d ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Carriers of p.E40K, a variant that abolishes ANGPTL4 ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, have lower odds of T2D (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.92, p = 6.3 × 10 −10 ), lower fasting glucose, and greater insulin sensitivity. (nature.com)
  • Functional studies in Angptl4 -deficient mice confirm improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • We also evaluate the functional consequences of rare and novel genetic variants identified by exome sequencing, as well as the effect of Angptl4 deletion on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • In non-obese subjects, adipocytes release higher levels of adiponectin that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances M2 macrophage polarization [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normal pregnancy was accompanied by a decrease in the sensitivity of the liver and peripheral tissues to insulin, with a normal responsiveness to insulin. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • In SDF rats no further decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin occurred during pregnancy when compared with non-pregnant rats, and the dose-response curves of the glucose metabolic clearance rate during hyperinsulinaemia were similar in pregnant control and pregnant SDF rats. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • There was, however, a modest decrease in the sensitivity of the liver to insulin during pregnancy in SDF rats. (endocrinology-journals.org)
  • The conclusion is that prescription of stevia in the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/d decreases the omentin level indirectly via activating insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats. (researchgate.net)
  • This study tests the hypothesis that PM2.5 exposure decreases vascular insulin sensitivity by inducing pulmonary oxidative stress. (greenheartlouisville.com)
  • they also increase peripheral insulin sensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • Also, vitamin D reduced the incidence of T1DM, enhanced insulin secretion, and relieved pancreatic inflammation in STZ-treated mice via enhancing autophagy in pancreatic β cells [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the mechanisms of action of insulin in the specific context of prostate cancer (PCa) and, in particular, the specific receptor that mediates its actions have not been elucidated yet. (scienceopen.com)
  • Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that insulin activated the insulin receptor (INSR), but not the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). (scienceopen.com)
  • Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease. (scienceopen.com)
  • In mammals, the insulin receptor (IR) gene has acquired an additional exon, exon 11. (scienceopen.com)
  • Remarkably, IGF-1-induced IGF-1 receptor, Akt, and ERK1/2 phosphorylations were restored when protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B was inhibited, suggesting that polycystin-1 knockdown deregulates this phosphatase in cardiomyocytes. (cas.cz)
  • Here, we identified insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) as an EPI64-interacting protein. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Here, we report an active humanized cone snail venom insulin with an elongated A chain and a truncated B chain, and use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and protein engineering to elucidate its interactions with the human insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain. (tu-dresden.de)
  • Curiously, the receptor displays a continuum of conformations from the symmetric state to a highly asymmetric low-abundance structure that displays coordination of a single humanized venom insulin using elements from both of the previously characterized site 1 and site 2 interactions. (tu-dresden.de)
  • The application of SecinH3 in human liver cells showed that insulin-receptor-complex-associated cytohesins are required for insulin signalling. (nature.com)
  • Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmunity to insulin or insulin receptor is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
  • The insulin receptor was evaluated at different disease stages in the sand rat (Psammomys obesus), a model for nutrition-induced diabetes. (biu.ac.il)
  • The initial effects of overeating (i.e., development of hyperinsulinemia without hyperglycemia) were associated in the sand rat with a dramatic decrease in in vitro and in vivo insulin-induced receptor tyrosine kinase activity in both liver and muscle. (biu.ac.il)
  • These observations indicate that loss and gain of receptor tyrosine kinase activity were dependent on insulin levels. (biu.ac.il)
  • Out of 29 liver tissue sections examined, 14 had a low level of expression of insulin receptor type 1 by immunohistochemical studies. (who.int)
  • Similarly, NF-ĸB p65 small interfering RNA reduced NF-ĸB p65 subunit expression and nuclear translocation and TNF-α production but improved insulin-stimulated phosphorylation (Ser473) of Akt and translocation of GLUT-4. (biosyn.com)
  • Here, we show that excess FFA decreased IPMK expression, and blockade of IPMK decrease attenuated the FFA-induced suppression of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, treatment with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, inhibits FFA-induced decrease in IPMK expression and Akt phosphorylation in PMH. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, the activation of FcγRIIB by IgG from obese mice impaired endothelial cell insulin transcytosis in culture and in vivo. (jci.org)
  • We evaluated the role of insulin in inflammatory parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic mice using a systemic mycosis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) model. (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetic C57BL-6 mice and controls were infected with Pb18 and treated with insulin for 12 days prior to experiments. (hindawi.com)
  • The data suggest that diabetic mice present impaired immunological response to Pb18 infection and insulin modulates inflammation by reducing IL-6 levels in lung and CINC-1 levels in spleen and liver homogenates, restoring leukocyte concentrations in PeLF and also restoring populations of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes in lungs of diabetic mice, permitting the host to better control the infection. (hindawi.com)
  • The obese model mice, induced by feeding high-fat diet (HFD), were treated with BMJ by gavage for 10 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Consequently, these results sustain BMJ as a novel functional food for obesity, on the basis of its opposing effects on HFD-induced obesity in mice. (nih.gov)
  • β-cell-specific Piezo1-knockout mice show impaired glucose tolerance in vivo and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion, β-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ elevation in vitro. (lu.se)
  • The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that modulates unfolded protein response (UPR), and mice with GRP78 heterozygosity were resistant to diet-induced obesity. (umassmed.edu)
  • Diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation was reduced, and bone marrow-derived macrophages from Lyz- GRP78(-/-) mice demonstrated a selective increase in IL-6 expression. (umassmed.edu)
  • SecinH3-treated mice show increased expression of gluconeogenic genes, reduced expression of glycolytic, fatty acid and ketone body metabolism genes in the liver, reduced liver glycogen stores, and a compensatory increase in plasma insulin. (nature.com)
  • Mice deficient in the Rac activator Tiam1 are resistant to Ras-induced skin tumours. (nature.com)
  • Our findings show that WTD-fed GATA4iKO mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Transcript analysis of white adipose tissue reveals upregulated expression of lipogenic genes, many of which are insulin targets. (eur.nl)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, SUs can close the K ATP channel in pancreatic β cells, followed by membrane depolarization and open the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCCs) to increase intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ), resulting in insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our results directly illustrate the importance of GDH in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Na+-H+ exchange in the process of glucose-induced insulin release from the pancreatic B-cell. (ac.be)
  • Endocytosis after insulin secretion plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Pancreatic histopathology slides demonstrated that stevia extract did not induce any increase in the number of β-cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Chlorpropamide may increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea that stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Tolbutamide increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • In HIP rats, in contrast, neither beta-cell function nor mass compensated for the increased insulin demand, leading to diabetes. (escholarship.org)
  • IAPP-induced ER stress distinguishes the successful versus unsuccessful islet adaptation to a high-fat diet in rats. (escholarship.org)
  • As oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathology of IR, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rosiglitazone alone or combined with α-lipoic acid, a potent antioxidant, on fructose-induced IR syndrome in rats. (ejbcp.com)
  • This study investigates the effect of stevia on serum omentin and visfatin levels as novel adipocytokines in diabetic induced rats to find potential mechanisms for the anti hyperglycemic effect of stevia. (researchgate.net)
  • Forty male wistar rats weighing 180-250 g were induced with diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). (researchgate.net)
  • Collectively, these data indicate that Cry deficiency results in an increased vulnerability to high-fat diet-induced obesity that might be mediated by increased insulin secretion and lipid storage in adipose tissues. (eur.nl)
  • We tested the hypothesis that a high oxidative capacity could attenuate lipid-induced IR. (medscape.com)
  • In untrained subjects, lipid infusion reduced oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal (NOGD), whereas trained subjects were completely protected against lipid-induced reduction in NOGD, supported by dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase. (medscape.com)
  • We conclude that chronic exercise training attenuates lipid-induced IR and specifically attenuates the lipid-induced reduction in NOGD. (medscape.com)
  • However, whether mitochondrial function and content are important in the prevention of lipid-induced muscular fat accumulation and IR has not been firmly established. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15−20 ] Thus, this model can be used to investigate whether mitochondrial function and content affect lipid-induced IR by comparing subjects with high and low mitochondrial function. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, the primary aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that a high mitochondrial oxidative capacity could prevent the development of lipid-induced IR. (medscape.com)
  • To this end, the current study examined the development of lipid-induced IR in endurance-trained athletes, who were selected based on a high maximal oxygen uptake in a graded exercise test and compared with untrained, but otherwise healthy, subjects. (medscape.com)
  • Markers chosen for assessment included effects on body weight gain, glucose and insulin levels, IR, β- cell function, lipid profile, nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and antioxidant status. (ejbcp.com)
  • Omega-3 fatty acids had no significant effect on serum lipid levels, ApoA-I, glucose, insulin and HbA1c. (who.int)
  • Insulin induced gene 1, also known as INSIG1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INSIG1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is called an insulin-induced gene because the molecule insulin can regulate it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr Anne Peters reports on the latest updates presented at EASD 2023 on insulin therapy for T2D, including insights from the ONWARDS trials and STOP study. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a group of metabolic diseases related to defective production, secretion, or activity of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia associated with deleterious effects on the life quality of patients [ 16 , 17 ], and it is frequently associated with complications that lead to multiple organ dysfunction. (hindawi.com)
  • These results suggest that glibenclamide-induced autophagy plays an inhibitory role in promoting insulin secretion by activating the AMPK pathway instead of altering the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (hindawi.com)
  • Yet, PIEZO1 expression is elevated in islets from human donors with type-2 diabetes (T2D) and a rodent T2D model (db/db mouse), in which insulin secretion is reduced. (lu.se)
  • Why do some people with type 2 diabetes who are using insulin have poor glycaemic control? (bmj.com)
  • Kooy et al found improved body weight, glycemic control, and insulin requirements when metformin was added to insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
  • Because of these sustained beneficial effects, the policy to continue metformin treatment after the introduction of insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus should be followed unless contraindicated. (medscape.com)
  • The severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD) subgroup is characterised by non-autoimmune impaired insulin secretion and was previously hidden in the type 2 diabetes group. (lu.se)
  • This sequence of events may be relevant to diet- related changes in human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (biu.ac.il)
  • Diabetes mellitus was assessed by measures of fasting plasma glucose, two-hour glucose (OGTT) and serum insulin in participants aged 12 years and over in the morning (AM) examination session only. (cdc.gov)
  • Insulin concentrations are severely reduced in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and some other conditions, while insulin concentrations are raised in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), obesity, and some endocrine disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Conversely, IR-B is predominantly expressed in adult, well-differentiated tissues, including the liver, where it enhances the metabolic effects of insulin. (scienceopen.com)
  • I used sample tissues from canine kidney cortexes that were treated with various concentrations of insulin and Angiotensin II. (oakland.edu)
  • The principal function of insulin is to control the uptake and utilization of glucose in the peripheral tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • This finding suggests that constitutively activated GDH enhances oxidation of glutamate, which is intracellularly converted from glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate, which thereby stimulates insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Insulin-induced vasodilation regulates muscle perfusion and increases the microvascular surface area (microvascular recruitment) available for solute exchange between blood and tissue interstitium. (jove.com)
  • Our findings provide the first evidence that polycystin-1 regulates IGF-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through a mechanism involving protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. (cas.cz)
  • Herein, we showed that glibenclamide promoted insulin release and further activated autophagy through the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in MIN-6 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is a protein known to be overexpressed in a majority of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors. (tmc.edu)
  • Our recent study suggested that EPI64, a GTPase activating protein for Rab27a, contributes to the regulation of glucose-induced endocytosis, which is mediated by the GDP-bound form of Rab27a. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • Moreover, ANG II treatment of L6 myotubes induced NF-ĸB activation and TNF-α production and decreased insulin-stimulated Akt activation and GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation to plasma membranes. (biosyn.com)
  • INSIG1 is regulated by insulin and highly expressed in liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, overeating may lead to the development of hyperinsulinemia through ineffective extraction of excess insulin by the scarce liver receptors. (biu.ac.il)
  • Endurance-trained athletes, characterized by a high oxidative capacity, have elevated intramyocellular lipids, yet are highly insulin sensitive. (medscape.com)
  • Genes associated with metabolism or insulin signaling were further quantified using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (thno.org)
  • Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for controlling glucose metabolism, and its secretion is determined by plasma glucose concentration. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, inhibiting obesity-induced IR is one of the key therapeutic strategies to improve T2DM. (authorea.com)
  • Observation of therapeutic efficacy of metformin on glucose dysregulation and dyslipidaemia induced by quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia [J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2021, 41(6): 776-780. (shsmu.edu.cn)
  • We reveal how an extended A chain can compensate for deletion of B-chain residues, which are essential for activity of human insulin but also compromise therapeutic utility by delaying dissolution from the site of subcutaneous injection. (tu-dresden.de)
  • This finding suggests approaches to developing improved therapeutic insulins. (tu-dresden.de)
  • Insulin treatment restored the leukocyte number in PeLF and restored the presence of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells in lungs of diabetic animals. (hindawi.com)
  • IR-A is often aberrantly expressed in cancer cells, thus increasing their responsiveness to IGF-II and to insulin and explaining the cancer-promoting effect of hyperinsulinemia observed in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. (scienceopen.com)
  • The aims of this study were to investigate whether insulin can directly induce mitogenic activities in PCa-derived cell lines and to examine the mechanisms responsible for these actions. (scienceopen.com)
  • Further research is needed to fully dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological actions of insulin in PCa. (scienceopen.com)
  • Inhibits follicle proliferation, if induced by mitogens. (cdc.gov)
  • SecinH3 inhibits insulin signalling in HepG2 cells. (nature.com)
  • β cells are the targets of glibenclamide and the only highly differentiated insulin-secreting cell in the human body, which secrete a certain amount of insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The amount of light produced is directly proportional to the amount of insulin in the sample. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to its normal spectrum of metabolic effects, insulin can act as a growth factor and has the ability to promote mitogenic activity. (scienceopen.com)
  • Our studies suggest that IRS-2 plays a significant role by activating, at least in part, NF-κB via PI3K/Akt pathway in IGF-1-induced responses in breast cancer cells and the crosstalk between nuclear IRS-2 and NF-κB might be responsible for transcriptional progression of the breast cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Metformin can be used as monotherapy or with sulfonylureas, glitazones, or insulin. (medscape.com)
  • Obesity, a significant public health problem worldwide, is considered as a high-risk factor to induce IR and T2DM. (authorea.com)
  • Natural products from herbs and nutraceuticals have shown promising efficacy on obesity-induced IR and T2DM owing to its multi-component and multi-target characteristics. (authorea.com)