• Mushroom body (MB) extrinsic neurons leaving the output region of the MB, the lobes and the peduncle, are thought to be especially important in these processes. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Their MB arborisations are either restricted to the lobes and the peduncle, here called A3 lobe connecting neurons, or they provide feedback information from the lobes to the input region of the MB, the calyces, here called A3 feedback neurons. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • In this study, we analyzed the morphology of individual A3 lobe connecting and feedback neurons using confocal imaging. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • We describe for the first time the anatomical details of A3 lobe connecting neurons and show that their connection pattern in the lobes resemble those of A3 feedback cells. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Previous studies showed that A3 feedback neurons mostly connect zones of the vertical lobe that receive input from Kenyon cells of distinct calycal subcompartments with the corresponding subcompartments of the calyces. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • We can show that this also applies to the neck of the peduncle and the medial lobe, where both types of A3 neurons arborize only in corresponding zones in the calycal subcompartments. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Some A3 lobe connecting neurons however connect multiple vertical lobe areas. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Contrarily, in the medial lobe, the A3 neurons only innervate one division. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Arranged in pairs, each mushroom body consists of a column-like portion, called the lobe, capped by a dome-like structure, called the calyx, where neurons that relay information sent from the animal's sensory organs converge. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This information is passed to neurons that supply thousands of intersecting nerve fibers in the lobes that are essential for computing and storing memories. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • Antennal lobe loss and calycal regression also typify taxa with short nonfeeding adults, in which olfaction is redundant. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
  • Exposure to sulfoxaflor led to sparse increases in neuronal apoptosis, localized primarily in the optic lobes, however there was no effect of imidacloprid. (frontiersin.org)
  • The latter included relatively larger optic lobes containing ommatidia in which six (of the eight) retinula cells elongated the entire length of each ommatidia. (neiu.edu)
  • In the insect brain, the mushroom body is a higher order brain area that is key to memory formation and sensory processing. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Mushroom bodies in the brain have been shown to be the central processing units where sensory input converges. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Mushroom bodies have been associated with complex sensory processing in arthropods. (neiu.edu)
  • Elaborated mushroom bodies and central complexes have been associated both with complex sensory processing and complex control of motor behaviors in arthropods (analogous to the roles played by the basal ganglia in vertebrates). (neiu.edu)
  • Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The cerebral ganglia of all mantises that we examined had highly complex mushroom bodies with dense concentrations of Kenyon cells atop robust calyces. (neiu.edu)
  • A more evolutionarily "modern" group of crustaceans called Reptantia, which includes many lobsters and crabs, do indeed appear to have brain centers that don't look at all like the insect mushroom body. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the current paper, the group provides evidence that neuro-anatomical features that define mushroom bodies -- at one time thought to be an evolutionary feature proprietary to insects -- are present across crustaceans, a group that includes more than 50,000 species. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We know of several proteins that are necessary for the establishment of learning and memory in fruit flies," Strausfeld said, "and if you use antibodies that detect those proteins across insect species, the mushroom bodies light up every time. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Consequently, such a coding scheme may not be adapted for species that use a wide range of different pheromones (often including many different components), such as social insects. (jneurosci.org)
  • Until now, however, this theoretical view has not been tested systematically in any insect species. (jneurosci.org)
  • The anatomy of flowers of some species of orchids makes them accessible to many kinds of pollinator insects at once, and other orchids form the close union only with one or few species of pollinator insects, and nectar from these flowers is inaccessible to casual visitors. (narod.ru)
  • One species of forest Dendrobium orchids attracts insects with bright yellow flowers with orange strokes on petals. (narod.ru)
  • In 2017, Strausfeld's team reported a detailed analysis of mushroom bodies discovered in the brain of the mantis shrimp, Squilla mantis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The praying mantis is a charismatic, predatory insect that depends on vision for prey identification. (neiu.edu)
  • Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Both insects and crustaceans possess mushroom-shaped brain structures known in insects to be required for learning, memory and possibly negotiating complex, three-dimensional environments, according to the study, led by University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Foraging insects such as bees, ants, and wasps visit a variety of food sources such as flowers, insect prey, and rotting fruit. (springer.com)
  • New research shows that crustaceans such as shrimps, lobsters and crabs have more in common with their insect relatives than previously thought -- when it comes to the structure of their brains. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The research, published in the open-access journal eLife , challenges a widely held belief in the scientific community that these brain structures -- called "mushroom bodies" -- are conspicuously absent from crustacean brains. (sciencedaily.com)
  • That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Neural coding of pheromones has been intensively studied in insects with a particular focus on sex pheromones. (jneurosci.org)
  • Neural coding and processing of pheromone information have been studied intensively in insects, strongly focusing on sex pheromones. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies, and likely to serve various functions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
  • We focused here on the honey bee Apis mellifera , a social insect that relies on a wide range of pheromones to ensure colony cohesion. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition to insects and crustaceans, other arthropods include arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders, and myriapods, such as millipedes and centipedes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The second group split again to provide the lineage leading to modern crustaceans, including shrimps and lobsters, and six-legged creatures, including insects -- the most diverse group of arthropods living today. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Crustaceans share a brain structure known to be crucial for learning and memory in insects, researchers have discovered. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The mushroom body is an incredibly ancient, fundamental brain structure," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the University of Arizona's Center for Insect Science. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Brain analysis of crustaceans has revealed that while the mushroom bodies found in crustaceans appear more diverse than those of insects, their defining neuroanatomical and molecular elements are all there. (sciencedaily.com)
  • One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • We found evidence for both input and output areas in the vertical lobe. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • An established technique for monitoring wide field visual motion detection in insects is the optomotor response ( 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the center of the protocerebrum housed an elaborated central body complex with efferents displaying ACh-like immunoreactivity. (neiu.edu)
  • To understand the process of learning in insects which are comparatively less studied than those such as honeybees and bumblebees, we trained wasps to discriminate between two similar colours using three different types of conditioning methods. (springer.com)
  • Racemes are perfect, the calyx is fine toothed and deflexed in the front. (findmeacure.com)
  • Mammals, birds, reptiles and insects find in forest canopy enough food for all tastes. (narod.ru)