• BS-Z15 secondary metabolites were shown to enhance innate and adaptive immune function in mice, laying a theoretical foundation for its development and application in the field of immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to foster interdisciplinary basic, translational, and clinical research that will define Natural Killer (NK) cell functions and interactions with other components of the innate and adaptive immune system affecting the potency and durability of HIV-1-specific immunity, including vaccine efficacy, reservoir size, reactivation or post-treatment control. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, the lab has identified defects in innate immunity to bacterial infection from a mouse HPS2 model, partly explaining the recurrent bacterial infections observed in HPS2 patients, and is uncovering mechanisms by which the endosomal adaptor AP-3 influences toll-like receptor recruitment to phagosomes, inflammasome signaling from phagosomes, and autophagy activation in dendritic cells. (chop.edu)
  • The complement pathway is a component of innate immunity that includes proteins that circulate in an inactive state, but can be activated to recruit phagocytes to the site of an injury or antigen, cause inflammation to further enhance immune response, and activate the membrane attack complex. (promegaconnections.com)
  • These proteins, ROP18 (a Toxoplasma -secreted kinase) and ROP5 (a family of secreted pseudokinases), cooperatively block the murine interferon-gamma (IFN)γ-induced immunity related GTPases (IRGs), thereby preventing destruction of the vacuole in which the parasite lives. (saeijlab.com)
  • These results suggest that Fc/FcR triggering by immune checkpoint blockade can reprogram macrophages to have aggressive, protumorigenic characteristics and indicate that innate immunity may play a role in hyperprogressive disease. (aacr.org)
  • It expresses a range of cell surface molecules involved in adaptive and innate immunity, as well as crucial sentinel molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are pivotal in early cellular defense against virus infection. (molvis.org)
  • Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. (ijbs.com)
  • We identified ELAVL1 and APP, previously implicated in regulating the activation of innate immunity [ 13 , 14 ] and T cells [ 15 ], the most significant up- and downregulated genes. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, this study identifies another important function for the evolutionarily conserved Toll pathway, in addition to its well-studied roles in embryonic dorso-ventral patterning and innate immunity. (sdbonline.org)
  • Perturbations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota are accompanied by a decline in immune homeostasis during ageing, characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and enhanced innate immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To provide insight into the possible reasons for the presumed immune sufficiency to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa, this review critically examines literature published from 2020 onwards on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection and immunity and how other prevalent infectious diseases in Africa might have influenced the outcome of COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, an initial analysis of epidemiological data showed that COVID19 cases were not severe in some countries that implemented universal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policies, thus supporting the potential of BCG vaccination to boost innate immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional pathways involved with innate immunity (Complement and Coagulation, Toll-like Receptors, NOD-like Receptors, and Cytosolic DNA-sensing), cell adhesion (Focal Adhesion, Cell Adhesion Molecule), and cytokines (Cytokine-cytokine Receptor). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies of human genome demonstrate that protein-coding genes only occupy less than 2% of the entire genome [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • the team and its collaborators have shown that the products of HPS-associated genes in skin melanocytes regulate two pathways of membrane protein transport from endosomes to newly forming melanosomes and a retrograde pathway from melanosomes. (chop.edu)
  • Some of the down-regulated genes included those involved in cell migration, adhesion, epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation, while some of the up-regulated genes were implicated in learning and memory, immune response, and neuroplasticity. (promegaconnections.com)
  • When mice were treated with LPS, the researchers observed 4,936 genes that were differentially expressed compared to control mice. (promegaconnections.com)
  • Giving LPS-treated mice Runner Plasma reversed the expression of many of the LPS differentially expressed genes, and the hippocampal gene expression profile of the mice treated with LPS and receiving Runner Plasma infusion was very close to that of the control mice that did not receive any LPS. (promegaconnections.com)
  • Moreover, cGAS is an important molecule for regulating basal expression levels of cell-intrinsic immune genes in cells and is, therefore, a central protein in immune responses to virus infection 10 . (nature.com)
  • A total of 173 genes were differentially expressed, many of which were not found in previous transcriptional studies of other flaviviruses ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that four main pathways, cytokine signalling, transmembrane transport, haemostasis and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPRC) signalling were differentially regulated between control and weaned calves and underwent significant transcriptomic alterations in response to weaning stress on day 1, 2 and 7. (maynoothuniversity.ie)
  • Evidence for alternative splicing of genes was also detected, indicating a number of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response may be alternatively transcribed, including those responsible for toll receptor cascades and T cell receptor signalling. (maynoothuniversity.ie)
  • Most of the target genes were involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and innate immune response. (hindawi.com)
  • To identify key genes differentially expressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) following low-level West Nile virus (WNV) infection. (molvis.org)
  • Functional annotation clustering of the microarray data showed that gene clusters involved in immune and antiviral responses ranked highly, involving genes such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ( CCL5 ), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 ( CXCL10 ), and toll like receptor 3 ( TLR3 ). (molvis.org)
  • In this study, three independent microarray studies of CD were integrated and 9912 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed by NetworkAnalyst to screen candidate crucial genes. (hindawi.com)
  • We investigated publicly available transcriptomic gut profiles of young germ-free mouse hosts transplanted with old donor gut microbiota to identify immune-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and used to construct a gut network of encoded proteins, in which DEGs were functionally annotated as being involved in an immune process based on gene ontology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These genes may have a potential role as candidate markers of immune dysregulation during gut microbiota ageing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We additionally searched the National Library of Medicine (NLM) PubMed using the additional terms: (differentially expressed genes OR DEGs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand how differentially methylated genes (DMGs) might participate in the pathogenesis of RA, we evaluated the stability of the RA signature and whether DMGs are enriched in specific pathways and ontology categories. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differentially methylated loci (DML) involve many key genes implicated in inflammation, immune responses, cell-cell interactions, and matrix regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, circRNAs can also induce antiviral immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • A recent study found that the delivery of circRNAs generated in vitro activates RIG-I-mediated innate immune responses and provides protection against viral infection. (ijbs.com)
  • NK cells can modulate the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune responses by interacting with, editing or killing dendritic cells or B and T cells, thereby bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 directs a cGAS-STING mediated, NF-κB-driven inflammatory immune response in human epithelial cells that likely contributes to inflammatory responses seen in patients and could be therapeutically targeted to suppress severe disease symptoms. (nature.com)
  • For SARS-CoV-2, lung epithelial cells are the primary site of infection and therefore are responsible for initiating immune responses to virus infection. (nature.com)
  • DCs express a wide range of receptors for the recognition of conserved pathogen patterns as well as the induction of subsequent immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding H, Qian L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs as regulators in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • This review will update the current knowledge about EBV miRNAs implicated in host immune responses. (ijbs.com)
  • Delayed and/or inadequate innate immune responses can result in failure to combat pathogens, whereas excessive and/or inappropriate responses cause runaway inflammation. (sdbonline.org)
  • Therefore, immune responses are tightly regulated from initiation to resolution and are repressed during the steady state. (sdbonline.org)
  • however, the function of glycans of host organisms in innate immune responses is less well known. (sdbonline.org)
  • Our major goal is to decipher the mechanisms by which these viruses manipulate host cell functions to facilitate their life cycle and to escape immune responses. (gencelldis.fr)
  • The assembly of DENV RC and its RNA genome generate specific organelle-like structures in the host endoplasmic reticulum that facilitate RNA amplification and protect the viral double-stranded RNA from immune responses. (gencelldis.fr)
  • Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • Among the miRNAs involved in regulating host responses and pathologic outcome of Chlamydia infection, we have shown that miR-378b was significantly differentially expressed during primary infection and reinfection. (cdc.gov)
  • Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results of the present study indicate that microRNAs play important roles in regulating asthma immune responses. (cdc.gov)
  • What is the mechanistic link between infections, immune reactions and their microenvironment, inflammatory responses and central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative disease, and how can we use this information to better understand and treat these disorders? (mdc-berlin.de)
  • microRNAs (miRNAs) are often highly conserved between species and have an intricate role within homeostatic conditions and immune responses. (dokumen.tips)
  • Glycoprotein pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF): This secreted protein has roles in neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and inflammation (5). (promegaconnections.com)
  • It can also stimulate a hyperactive immune response that can cause inflammation and tissue damage. (saeijlab.com)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • One of the research areas at the MDC is immunology and inflammation, which covers tumor immunology, DNA repair in B lymphocytes, the role of tumor stroma-immune cell interaction in cancers, the role of innate immune cells in gliomas and neurodegenerative diseases, and the development of immunotherapy strategies. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Lipopeptides act as immunomodulators by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) to activate immune functions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, the innate immune system, including epithelial barriers, the complement system, phagocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells, provides a much more rapid and less specific response to infection. (nih.gov)
  • We have previously reported that dendritic cells (DCs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanisms for SARS-CoV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different innate immune cells, like dendritic cells, recognize the antigens via pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NLR, and then regulate the activation of T cells [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Among these proteins, 26% were associated with the complement and coagulation pathways. (promegaconnections.com)
  • Plus-strand RNA viruses have evolved numerous ways to limit or block these cellular immune pathways. (nature.com)
  • The Proteome and Citrullinome of Hippoglossus hippoglossus Extracellular Vesicles-Novel Insights into Roles of the Serum Secretome in Immune, Gene Regulatory and Metabolic Pathways. (open.ac.uk)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Here, using the same approaches, we show that physiological concentrations of hemin in the bacterial growth medium result in the repression of the expression of the proteins of the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways, leading to less production of these two siderophores. (cnrs.fr)
  • Moreover, the presence of both hemin and a xenosiderophore resulted in (i) the strong induction of the expression of the proteins of the added xenosiderophore uptake pathway, (ii) repression of the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways, and (iii) no effect on the expression levels of the Has, Phu, or Hxu systems, indicating that bacteria use both xenosiderophores and heme to access iron. (cnrs.fr)
  • The results demonstrate a pattern of differentially methylated pathways in RA FLS that define pathogenic processes that could permit identification of novel therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NGS identified 106 miRNAs significantly differentially expressed between ALK+ and ALK- ALCL and 228 between ALK+ ALCL and normal T-cells. (nih.gov)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
  • Knowing the miRNA expression profile will help understand the role of miRNAs in modulating the host response to adenovirus infection and possibly improve the diagnosis of adenovirus-infected pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs are very important regulators that modulate transcriptome changes [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs regulate gene expression in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as in immune response and viral replication [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
  • As binding of miRNAs to a target mRNA may result in an airway inflammatory disease closely correlates with either mRNA degradation or inhibition of protein immune regulation, more and more evidences suggest translation.1 More than 2000 miRNAs have been discovered in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • After 24 weeks of CS exposure, 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed in lung tissue and 78 in BAL supernatant. (dokumen.tips)
  • EMR2/ADGRE2 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor differentially expressed by human myeloid cells. (figshare.com)
  • We discovered that the TIM and TAM proteins, two receptor families that mediate the phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells, are DENV entry factors. (gencelldis.fr)
  • Complement Factor H (FH): This is a soluble protein that is essential for regulating the alternative complement pathway (4). (promegaconnections.com)
  • In senju mutants, reduced expression of galactose-containing glycans resulted in hyperactivation of the Toll signaling pathway in the absence of immune challenges. (sdbonline.org)
  • Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
  • While the defined roles of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in regulating cell death have been well-established, additional factors that modulate JNK-mediated cell death have yet to be fully elucidated. (sdbonline.org)
  • Most interestingly, we found that the KEGG 'Rheumatoid Arthritis' pathway was consistently the most significantly enriched with differentially methylated loci. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To evaluate whether it also modulates immune function in mice to exert antifungal effects, we investigated the effect of BS-Z15 secondary metabolites on both the innate and adaptive immune functions of mice, and explored its molecular mechanism through blood transcriptome analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunological memory, or the ability of the adaptive immune response to recognize previously encountered pathogen epitopes with exquisite specificity and speed, is a fundamental principle in vaccine development, yet this process takes days to weeks to develop. (nih.gov)
  • During virus infection, the specific immune signals produced from infected cells are important for dictating the recruitment and activation of innate or adaptive immune cells that are required to fight virus infection. (nature.com)
  • Weaning stress induces the activation of a number of cytokine, chemokine and integrin transcripts and may alter the immune system whereby the ability of a number of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system to locate and destroy pathogens is transcriptionally enhanced. (maynoothuniversity.ie)
  • I have devoted the large majority of our work on the role of the innate and adaptive immune response to this fungus. (uc.edu)
  • NK receptors are differentially expressed, creating a diverse population with multiple specificities and functions. (nih.gov)
  • This process produces short and long double-stranded RNA intermediates with polyuridine tracts at the 5′ end which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors in the host cell such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthases (OASes), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). (insidecorona.net)
  • Lectin receptors binding to coronavirus S-protein suppresses macrophages function causing anti-inflammatory cytokines release and T-lymphocytes apoptosis, which can lead to an inadequate immune response as a "cytokine storm" [5]. (pharmcourse.com)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Recently, EMR2 was found to activate NLRP3 inflammasome in monocytes via interaction with FHR1, a regulatory protein of complement Factor H. However, the functional involvement of EMR2 activation and its signaling mechanisms in eliciting NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain elusive. (figshare.com)
  • To understand the mechanisms by which n-3/n-6 PUFA imbalance affects CNS development, we investigated the impact of maternal dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency on offspring's microglia, the resident immune cells involved in CNS development and homeostasis 11 . (nature.com)
  • Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • We, and others, established that Toxoplasma virulence caused by high parasite burdens in mice, is largely determined by two proteins that cooperatively block mouse innate immune mechanisms that would otherwise destroy the vacuole in which the parasite lives. (saeijlab.com)
  • While much recent research has focused on the physiological response of the bovine immune system to stress in recent years, little is known about the molecular mechanisms modulating the immune response. (maynoothuniversity.ie)
  • Although several studies have tried to clarify some of the immune mechanisms involved in periodontal disease, more studies must be conducted to understand its development and progression and consequently to discover new alternatives for the prevention and treatment of this severe inflammatory disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, this review summarizes some immune mechanisms involved in periodontal disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tested mycotoxins differentially modulated TEER and FITC-dextran flux as well as mRNA expression of selected TJ proteins, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and TLR4. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Additionally, circRNAs modulate pre-mRNA alternative splicing and possess protein-coding capacity. (ijbs.com)
  • These vesicles are carriers of active or non-autonomous function biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA and non-coding regulatory RNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Of interest, miR-181a, which regulates T-cell differentiation and modulates TCR signalling strength, was significantly downregulated in ALK+ ALCL cases. (nih.gov)
  • Our results demonstrates that SARS-CoV did not modulate TLR-1 to TLR-10 gene expression but significantly induced the expression of CCR-1, CCR-3, and CCR-5. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ageing is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function that may significantly impact overall human health, increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders, infection, and mortality [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How can our knowledge of the immune system be applied to develop innovative therapies, including the identification of novel antigens for immune therapies and gene repair strategies in monogenic immune diseases? (mdc-berlin.de)
  • The association between the expression of immune-process DEGs and abundance of immune infiltrates from gene signatures in normal colorectal tissues was estimated from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis revealed a 25-gene signature of immune-associated DEGs and their expression profile was positively correlated with naïve T-cell, effector memory T-cell, central memory T-cell, resident memory T-cell, exhausted T-cell, resting Treg T-cell, effector Treg T-cell and Th1-like colorectal gene signatures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, these DEGs may provide insights into the altered immune response to microbiota in the ageing gut, including reduced antigen presentation and alterations in cytokine and chemokine production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It modulates diverse cellular functions of innate immune cells and a missense EMR2 variant is directly responsible for vibratory urticaria. (figshare.com)
  • Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
  • During Adv DNA replication, host cellular proteins such as nuclear factor I and POU2F1 are used by Adv [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These findings support the hypothesis that the tested mycotoxins can disrupt barrier and innate immune homeostasis of bovine mammary epithelial cells, and that yeast cell wall-based adsorbents possess the capacity to adsorb selected mycotoxins. (uoguelph.ca)
  • The group turned their attention from gene expression and differential RNA analysis to differential protein analysis of plasma. (promegaconnections.com)
  • Small RNAs include microRNA (miRNA), siRNA, tRFs, piRNA, and rasiRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a wide range of processes such as viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, environmental factors have been reported to modulate epigenetic modifications and thereby affect gene expression and phenotype [ 11 , 12 ]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Zhang et al cytokines, mediators and signals and closely related to demonstrated that microRNA let-7i was upregulated immune regulation. (cdc.gov)
  • Interestingly, the SARS-CoV infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ and IL-12p40), moderate upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) but significant upregulation of inflammatory chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL-5, interferon-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10)/CXCL10 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CCL2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In turn, the host will trigger an innate immune response against Adv infection. (hindawi.com)
  • EBV can establish life-long latent infection in host due to the balance between EBV and host immune system. (ijbs.com)
  • EBV can not be completely cleared once entry into the host cells and ultimately establishes life-long latent infection in host, indicating that EBV has developed elaborate strategies to evade host immune surveillance [ 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • however, Toll activation in response to infection leads to degalactosylation, which raises the immune response to an adequate level and contributes to the prompt elimination of pathogens. (sdbonline.org)
  • DENV, like all flaviviruses, encodes seven non-structural (NS) proteins that co-assemble and recruit poorly characterized host factors to form the DENV replication complex (RC) essential for viral infection. (gencelldis.fr)
  • Although the relevance of this co-infection is recognized, several aspects, such as the immune response, are not yet fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of FOXP3+ Treg cells in leprosy skin lesions and to correlate their clinical forms, laboratory characteristics (CD4, CD8, and CV), and the immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-leprosy co-infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • In summary, our data reveal a miRNA signature linking ALK+ ALCL to a deregulated immune response and may reflect the abnormal TCR antigen expression known in ALK+ ALCL. (nih.gov)
  • Small RNAs are important regulators that modulate development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of organisms [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, studies dedicated to understanding the molecular components of the immune response in seaweeds are rare and restricted to indirect stimulus. (asm.org)
  • Gram-positive cell wall Penicillin binding protein forming cross-links in newly formed bacterial cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The antiviral dsRNA-binding proteins, NF90/NF110, act as key regulators in circRNA biogenesis. (ijbs.com)
  • Immune function refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy foreign invading foreign bodies (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and to remove senescent, damaged, dead and mutated cells as a mechanism of resistance to disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current research strategies aiming to prevent, control or eradicate HIV emphasize the adaptive arm of the immune system, harnessing effector functions of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, B cells and antibodies to attack HIV and HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)
  • Historically, NK cells have been considered part of the innate immune system, recognizing and eliminating virus-infected or tumor cells either directly by release of cytotoxic granules or indirectly by cytokine release and facilitation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (nih.gov)
  • These processes result from a complex inflammatory response that is initiated through the innate immune system by interactions between host cells and microbes or endogenous host factors that are released during injury or cell death. (ucsf.edu)
  • However, throughout millions of years of viral evolution, biological objects, in particular mammals, have created a unique mechanism for fighting viruses - interferon proteins system. (pharmcourse.com)
  • Evidences in the literature, including ours, support the role of immune evasion in the severity and immunopathology of SARS (Reviewed by [ 5 - 7 ]), and we further suggested that the developmental status of the host immune system may be responsible for the age-dependence of disease severity in SARS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crohn's disease (CD), as a systemic inflammatory disease, mainly influences the gastrointestinal tract with a wide range of contributing factors including host genetics, immune system, environmental exposures, and the gut microbiome [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Among the factors associated with CD in immune system, T cells were highlighted in CD pathology because about 200 CD risk loci are involved in T cell signaling [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • There is a mood of optimism among the immunology community, because the past few years have seen great strides made in immune system research. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Researchers are uncovering ever more details about the complex system of organs, tissues, and different cell types that make up the human immune system. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • The inflammatory cytokine response is involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 S-protein interacts with C- and L-type lectins, which are expressed on the outer membranes of a wide range of cells involved in immune response. (pharmcourse.com)
  • Adv replicates efficiently in human cells and triggers an innate immune response such as inflammatory response in the host cells. (hindawi.com)
  • How is the tissue specificity of immune cells generated and how is it affected by environmental influences, plasticity and the tissue microenvironment? (mdc-berlin.de)
  • There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)
  • The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the largest RNA genomes among RNA viruses [1], comprised of a replicase gene which encodes non-structural proteins (nsps), structural proteins, and accessory proteins. (insidecorona.net)
  • Toxoplasma and Plasmodium protein kinases: roles in invasion and host cell remodelling. (saeijlab.com)
  • An aberrant expression profile of Th9/IL-9 was associated with pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia, possibly through cooperative interaction with Th17/IL-17. (cusabio.cn)
  • Binding of this protein to CXCR3 results in pleiotropic effects, including stimulation of monocytes, natural killer and T-cell migration, and modulation of adhesion molecule expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Interestingly, Toll activation in immune-challenged wild type (WT) flies reduced the expression of galactose-containing glycans. (sdbonline.org)
  • Huntington Disease (HD) is a progressive neurological disorder, with pathological manifestations in brain areas and in periphery caused by the ubiquitous expression of mutant Huntingtin protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although more and animals and plants and regulate gene/protein expression more progressions have been made about the through direct complementarity between their 5' region pathogenesis of asthma in recent years, the increasing and the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs. (cdc.gov)
  • Pigment cell-specific transmembrane proteins SLC45A2 and OCA2 are a transporter and channel, respectively, that modulate melanosome pH at different stages of melanosome maturation and that are targets of mutation in different forms of oculocutaneous albinism. (chop.edu)
  • Genetic insights into the interaction between age-related alterations in the gut microbiota and immune function remain largely unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current understanding of the interactions between age-related changes in the gut microbiota and immune function under a genetic perspective, remain poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tissue extracts of Mouse Testis (Lane 6) and Mouse Kidney (Lane 7) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE™ 3-8% Tris-Acetate Protein Gel (Product # EA0378BOX). (thermofisher.com)
  • NetworkAnalyst identified ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) as the most crucial upregulated gene and amyloid- β precursor protein (APP) as the most crucial downregulated gene in peripheral blood of CD patients. (hindawi.com)
  • and 3) describing the functions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in regulating the LDL:HDL ratio in humans, including therapeutic strategies targeting CETP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therapies aimed at modulating immune activation to attenuate the detrimental inflammatory response or promote an antiviral cytokine response represent an important avenue for treating patients with severe COVID-19. (nature.com)
  • The aberrant polyQ tract results in Huntingtin protein misfolding, which generates insoluble intracellular inclusions and aggregates, important hallmarks of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The rhoptry proteins ROP18 and ROP5 mediate Toxoplasma gondii evasion of the murine, but not the human, interferon-gamma response. (saeijlab.com)
  • In addition, these proteins can also associate with claudin, occludin and F-actin, at tight junction stands, where they provide a linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the tight junction. (thermofisher.com)
  • Although not essential for viral replication, recent studies suggest nsp15 plays a role in repressing activation of the host innate immune response [11-13]. (insidecorona.net)
  • In previous studies, secondary metabolites of B. subtilis strain Z15 (BS-Z15) were found to be highly effective as a broad-spectrum antibacterial in vitro and could act as an elicitor to regulate systemic resistance in plants by inducing the immune response of plants [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein is an extracellular chaperone and may also have functions in lipid transport and modulating the immune response. (promegaconnections.com)
  • The aim of this study was to assess how exposure to fine PM collected from Sacramento, CA, shapes the allergic airway immune response in BALB/c mice undergoing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). (cdc.gov)
  • Substrate recognition by either RNA or DNA sensors leads to signaling cascades that activate two major branches of the innate immune response, the type I/III IFN response and the inflammatory cytokine response (reviewed in ref. 11 ). (nature.com)
  • We postulated that this lack of antiviral cytokine response against a background of intense chemokine upregulation could represent a mechanism of immune evasion by SARS-CoV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identifying gene makers of immune dysregulation during gut microbiota ageing may contribute to mechanistic insights in preventing age-related alterations of intestinal physiology and associated disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The factors governing the development of neurologic disease, host immune response, patterns of clinical features, and outcomes are poorly understood in those infected with neurotropic flaviviruses ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Toxoplasma proteins that are secreted into the host cell are called ROPs and GRAs, which are secreted from Toxoplasma secretory organelles called rhoptries and dense granules. (saeijlab.com)
  • This study shows that innate immune quiescence and strength of the immune response are controlled by host glycosylation involving a novel UDP-galactose transporter called Senju (CG14040) . (sdbonline.org)